SCIENCE 9 – 1st lesson notes:
Geyser- ground water that explodes periodically
Cone- striking part of a volcano
Fumaroles- mixture of steam and other gases hydrogen sulfide
Cinder- Steep conial cone
Lava- magma that reach the surface
Shield- broad gently sloping
Volcano- cone shape hill formed by extrusion of lava
Throat- entrance of a volcano
Conduit- channel or pipe conveting liquid material
Vent- opening through which eruption takes place
Geomorphology- study of the relief features of the earth
Lahar - also called mudflows
Ash- expelled in the atmosphere pulverize rock
Dike- barrier or obstacles in a volcano
Flank- side of a volcano
Sills- intrusive sheets
Active- volcanoes that erupt
Geomorphology – the study of the relief features of the Earth’s crust.
Three Types of Primary Geologic Forces
1) Diastrophism – vertical and horizontal movement of the Earth’s crust. (internal
forces)
2) Erosion – physical removal pf rock or wearing down of landmasses by geomorphic
agent
such as running water, glacial ice, and wind. (external forces)
3) Volcanism (Volcanicity) – phenomenon related to various processes associated
with the
surface discharge of magma or hot water and steams including:
a. Geyser – ground water beneath the shallow surface is heated up until it explodes
to
boiling water and steam.
b. Fumaroles – emit mixtures of steam and other gases.
c. Hot Spring – occur when surface of the Earth intersects with water table.
d. Volcano – an extrusive volcanism
Kinds of Rock
1) Igneous Rocks – forms when molten materials solidify.
a. Intrusive – solidifies inside the Earth; forms when magma is trapped deep inside
the
Earth; coarse-grained texture.
b. Extrusive – solidifies outside the Earth; forms produced when magma exits and
cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface; fine-grained texture
2) Sedimentary Rocks – formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic
materials.
3) Metamorphic Rocks – had their original form changed by immense heat or
pressure.
Volcanoes - an opening in the earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and
debris to escape
to the surface.
Volcanic Eruption - happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.
Features of a Volcano
1) Cone – most striking part of the volcano
2) Vent – opening through which an eruption takes place
3) Magma Chamber – large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath Earth’s
crust
4) Crater – a basin-like depression
5) Caldera – volcanic depression much larger than the original crater
6) Lava – rock or magma expelled from the volcano
7) Dikes – barriers or obstacles in a volcano
😎 Sills – knows as intrusive sheets; solidified lava flows
9) Conduit – channel or pipe conveying liquid materials such as magma
10) Flank – side of the volcano
11) Summit – highest point or apex of the volcano12) Throat – entrance of the
volcano
13) Ash Cloud – expelled in the atmosphere
14) Volcanic Bombs – chunks of lava blasted into the air; solidifies before reaching
the ground
15) Tephra Fall – fragmented materials that consists of pumice, scoria, lithic
materials
or crystals or combination of the four.
16) Lahars – also called mudflows; flowing mixture
