TISSUES
1) Tissues :-
Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function.
In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out
specific functions.
Eg :- In human beings the cells of the muscular tissue contract and
relax and help in movements.
In plants the cells of the vascular tissue conduct water and food
from one part of the plant to the other.
2) Differences between plant and animal tissues :-
a) Plant tissues :- b) Animal tissues :-
• Plants do not move from place to • Animals move from place to
place. place and need more energy than
• tissues consists of dead cells plants.
because they provide mechanical • Cells and tissues in animals are
support and strength to the living cells.
plant. • The growth of animals is more
• The growth of plants takes place uniform.
only in some regions. • They do not have separate
• Have tissues called meristematic dividing and non dividing cells.
tissues which divide and help in • similar Cells come together to
growth. form tissues which in turn form
• Have permanent tissues which do organs which perform specific
not divide. functions.
Plant Tissue
⚫ Plant tissues are of two main types. They are Meristematic tissues and
⚫ Permanent tissues.
⚫ i) Meristematic tissues :- are of three types. They are Apical meristematic
⚫ tissues, Intercalliary meristematic tissues and Lateral meristematic
tissues.
⚫ ii) Permanent tissues :- are of two types . They are Simple permanent
tissues
⚫ and Complex permanent tissues. Simple permanent tissues are of three
⚫ types. They are Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex
⚫ permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem
.
Plant tissues
Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues
Apical Intercalliary Lateral
meristematic meristematic meristematic
tissues tissues tissues
Simple permanent Complex permanent
tissues tissues
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem
Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma
A) MERISTEMATIC TISSUE :-
Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the plant like the tips of root, stem
and branches. They divide continuously and help in the growth of the plant. They are of three
types.
i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips of stems and roots.
They help in the growth of stems and roots.
ii) Lateral meristematic tissues :- are present in in the sides of stems and
roots. They help to increase the girth of the stems and roots.
iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at the base of leaves and
internodes and help in the growth of those parts.
b) Permanent tissues :-
Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues. They do not divide
and have permanent shape and size. They differentiate into different types of
permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are of two main types. They are Simple
permanent tissues and Complex permanent tissues.
Simple permanent tissues :- are made up of one type of cells. They
are of three types called Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma
◼ consists of loosely packed thin
walled cells having more
intercellular spaces.
◼ Some parenchyma cells in leaves
contain chloroplast and
prepares food by photosynthesis.
◼ Some parenchyma cells have
large air cavities which help the
plant to float on water
◼ . Some parenchyma cells of
roots and stem store water and
minerals
Collenchyma :
◼ consists of elongated cells having
less intercellular spaces
◼ and thicker at the corners. They
give flexibility and allows easy
bending of
◼ different parts like stem, leaf
etc. They also give mechanical
support to the
◼ plant.
Sclerenchyma
◼ consists of long, narrow, dead
thick walled cells. The cell
◼ walls contain lignin a chemical
substance which act like cement
and hardens
◼ them. It gives strength and
hardness to the plant parts.
Complex permanent tissues :- are made up of more than one type
of cells. There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem. They are called
vascular or conducting tissues.
Xylem
◼ It consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parechyma and xylem
fibres.
◼ The tracheids and vessels help to
transport water and minerals
from roots to all part of the
plant.
◼ Xylem parenchyma stores food
◼ Xylem fibres help in support.
Phloem
◼ It consists of sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem
parenchyma and phloem fibres.
◼ The sieve tubes and companion
cells transports food from leaves
to all parts of the plant.
◼ Phloem parenchyma stores food
◼ Phloem fibres help in support.
Animal tissues :-
Animal tissues are of four main types . They are :- Epithelial tissue, Muscular
tissue, Connective tissue and Nervous tissue.
i) Epithelial tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Squamous, Columnar,
Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
ii) Muscular tissues :- are of three types. They are :- Striated, Unstriated and
Cardiac.
iii) Connective tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Blood, Bone,
Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
iv) Nervous tissue :- consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Animal tissues
Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue
Squamous Striated Blood
Columnar Unstriated Bone
Cuboidal Cardiac Ligaments
Glandular Tendons
Cartilage
Areolar
Adipose
Epithelial tissue :-
▣ Epithelial tissue is the covering or
protective tissue in animals.
▣ It forms the outer covering like
skin, outer covering of organs,
inner lining of blood vessels, lungs,
oesophagus, etc.
▣ It protects the body and controls
the movement of materials between
the body and the surroundings and
between the parts of the body.
▣ The cells are closely arranged and
have a fibrous basement membrane.
Squamous epithelial tissue
◼ It consists of a layer of thin flat
cells.
◼ It is present in the linings of
blood vessels, lungs, mouth,
oesophagus etc.
◼ The skin has several layers of
epithelial cells. This tissue is
called Stratified squamous tissue.
Columnar epithelial tissue
◼ consists of tall pillar like cells. It
is present in the walls of the
intestine.
◼ The columnar epithelial tissue in
the respiratory tract has hair like
projections called cilia. This
tissue is called Ciliated
columnar epithelial tissue.
Cuboidal epithelial tissue
◼ Consists of cone shape cells
having a basement membrane.
◼ It forms the lining of kidney,
tubules and ducts of salivary
glands
◼ it provide mechanical support.
Glandular epithelial tissue
◼ Sometimes epithelial tissue
folds inwards and forms a
multicellular gland which
secretes substances. This tissue is
called Glandular epithelial tissue.
b) Muscular tissue :-
• Connective tissue helps in the
movements of the body.
• It consists of elongated cells
called muscle fibres.
• It contains a protein called
contractile protein which contracts
and relaxes and helps in
movements.
• Muscles which can move under
our will are called voluntary
muscles.
• Muscles which do not move
under our will are called
involuntary muscles.
Striated muscles
◼ are voluntary muscles having
light and dark striations.
◼ The cells are long, cylindrical
and are multinucleated.
◼ They are also called skeletal
muscles because they are
attached to bones.
◼ They help in voluntary
movements of the body.
Unstriated muscles ( Smooth
muscles)
◼ are involuntary muscles
having no striations.
◼ The cells are long and spindle
shaped and are uninucleated.
◼ They are present in alimentary
canal, blood vessels, bronchi of
lungs, iris of eye etc.
◼ They help in involuntary
movements.
Cardiac muscles
◼ are involuntary muscles having
faint striations.
◼ The cells are long, cylindrical,
branched and multinucleated.
◼ They are present in the heart and
helps in the contraction and
relaxation of the heart.
c) Connective tissue :-
Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body
together. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed and
the space between the cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
i) Blood :- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which
contains red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and
platelets. The blood transports gases, digested food, hormones,
waste materials etc.
ii) Bone :- is a hard and strong tissue. It consists of cells which are
embedded in a hard matrix containing calcium and phosphorus
compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports
the body and the main organs.
iii) Ligaments :- are flexible tissues which joins bones together and
helps in movements.
iv) Tendons :- are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to bones and
helps in movements.
v) Areolar tissues :- fills the space between skin and muscles, inside
the organs, around blood vessels etc. It helps to repair the tissues.
vi) Adipose tissue :- is found below the skin and between internal
organs. It contains fats and helps to store fats.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS
Aerolar tissue Adipose tissue
Bone tissue Cartilage tissue
d) Nervous tissue :-
Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part of the body
to the other and responds to stimuli. It is found in the brain, spinal
cord and nerves. It consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Neuron (Nerve cell) :- has a cell body containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm. It has hair like structures called dendrites and a long part
called axon having nerve endings. The axon has a protective covering
called myelin sheath. The neurons are joined together to form nerve
fibres. The junction between two neurons is called synapse.
