Classical Conditioning

1. Who discovered classical conditioning?

Answer: Ivan Pavlov

2. In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Answer: Food

3. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer: Bell (tone)

4. What is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus called?

Answer: Conditioned Response (CR)

5. What do we call the process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex?
Answer: Classical Conditioning

6. Who conditioned fear in ‘Little Albert’?

Answer: John B. Watson

7. What was the unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert study?

Answer: Loud noise

8. What conditioned response did Little Albert develop?

Answer: Fear of the white rat (generalized to furry objects)

9. What is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response called?

Answer: Extinction

10. What is the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction called?

Answer: Spontaneous Recovery

11. When a dog salivates to both a bell and a buzzer, what principle is shown?
Answer: Generalization

12. When a dog responds only to one tone and not another, what principle is shown?
Answer: Discrimination

13. Which psychologist proposed that conditioning depends on the predictive value of stimuli?
Answer: Robert Rescorla

14. Who is considered the pioneer of operant conditioning?

Answer: B.F. Skinner

15. What is the device Skinner used to study behavior called?

Answer: Skinner Box (Operant Chamber)

16. Who formulated the Law of Effect?

Answer: Edward Thorndike

17. What does the Law of Effect state?

Answer: Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur.

18. What is reinforcement?

Answer: Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
19. What is punishment?
Answer: Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

20. What type of reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus?

Answer: Positive Reinforcement

21. What type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus?

Answer: Negative Reinforcement

22. Fastening your seatbelt to stop the buzzer is an example of what?

Answer: Negative Reinforcement

23. Giving a child candy for doing homework is an example of what?

Answer: Positive Reinforcement

25. What is the technique of reinforcing successive steps toward a target behavior?
Answer: Shaping

26. What reinforcement schedule reinforces every response?

Answer: Continuous Reinforcement

27. Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses is called?

Answer: Fixed Ratio Schedule

28. Reinforcement after varying numbers of responses is called?

Answer: Variable Ratio Schedule

29. Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time is called?

Answer: Fixed Interval Schedule

30. Reinforcement after varying amounts of time is called?

Answer: Variable Interval Schedule

31. Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Answer: Variable Ratio

32. Slot machines operate on which schedule?

Answer: Variable Ratio

33. A weekly paycheck follows which schedule?

Answer: Fixed Interval

34. Checking your phone for messages at random times reflects which schedule?
Answer: Variable Interval

34. Who discovered latent learning through rat maze experiments?

Answer: Edward Tolman

35. What is a mental representation of a spatial environment called?

Answer: Cognitive Map

36. What is learning that occurs without reinforcement but appears later called?
Answer: Latent Learning

37. Who demonstrated observational learning with the Bobo doll experiment?
Answer: Albert Bandura
38. What is learning by watching others called?
Answer: Observational Learning

39. What neurons fire both when performing and observing an action?
Answer: Mirror Neurons

40. What is the tendency for conditioned behavior to return to innate patterns called?
Answer: Instinctive Drift

41. Which law states that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur?
Answer: Law of Effect (Thorndike)

42. What is learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences?

Answer: Operant Conditioning

43. What is the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli resembling the conditioned stimulus?
Answer: Generalization

44. What is a reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, like food or water?
Answer: Primary Reinforcer

45. Who is considered the “father of psychology”?

Answer: Wilhelm Wundt

46. In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?

Answer: 1879

47. Where was the first psychology lab located?

Answer: Leipzig, Germany

48. Which early perspective focused on breaking down consciousness into basic elements?
Answer: Structuralism

49. Who founded structuralism?

Answer: Edward Titchener

50. Which perspective emphasized how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?
Answer: Functionalism

51. Who is most closely associated with functionalism?

Answer: William James

52. What is Gestalt psychology’s famous principle about perception?

Answer: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

53. Which two psychologists were pioneers of Gestalt psychology?

Answer: Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler

54. Which psychologist developed psychoanalysis?

Answer: Sigmund Freud

55. According to Freud, what part of the mind contains thoughts and desires we are unaware
of?
Answer: Unconscious
56. Which psychologist is associated with behaviorism?
Answer: John B. Watson

57. What famous experiment did Watson conduct with Rosalie Rayner?
Answer: Little Albert

58. Who expanded behaviorism by introducing operant conditioning?

Answer: B.F. Skinner

59. Which perspective emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human potential?
Answer: Humanistic Perspective

60. Name two major humanistic psychologists.

Answer: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

61. Which perspective studies how people think, remember, and process information?
Answer: Cognitive Perspective

62. Which perspective emphasizes the influence of biological factors on behavior?

Answer: Biopsychological Perspective

63. Which perspective looks at how social and cultural factors influence behavior?
Answer: Sociocultural Perspective

64. Which perspective focuses on traits inherited through evolution?

Answer: Evolutionary Perspective

65. What is the definition of psychology?

Answer: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

66. What does “behavior” refer to in psychology?

Answer: Observable actions of humans and animals.

67. What do “mental processes” refer to?

Answer: Internal experiences like thinking, feeling, and remembering.

68. What is the scientific method’s first step?

Answer: Perceiving the question

69. What is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon called?

Answer: Hypothesis

70. What is replication in research?

Answer: Repeating a study to confirm results.

71. What type of research describes behavior but does not explain cause?
Answer: Descriptive Research

72. What is a detailed study of one individual called?

Answer: Case Study

73. What is an advantage of naturalistic observation?

Answer: Gives a realistic picture of behavior.

74. What is the biggest disadvantage of surveys?

Answer: Possible inaccuracy due to social desirability or memory errors.
75. What does correlation measure?
Answer: The relationship between two variables.

76. What does a correlation coefficient range between?

Answer: –1.00 to +1.00

77. Does correlation prove causation?

Answer: No

78. In experiments, what is the variable manipulated by the researcher?

Answer: Independent Variable

79. In experiments, what is the variable measured for change?

Answer: Dependent Variable

80. What is the group that receives the experimental manipulation?

Answer: Experimental Group

81. What is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment?
Answer: Control Group

82. What is the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally influence results?

Answer: Experimenter Effect

83. What method helps reduce experimenter bias?

Answer: Double-blind Study

84. What does a random sample ensure?

Answer: Each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.

85. What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system?
Answer: Neurons

86.What are the support cells in the nervous system called?

Answer: Glial Cells

87.What part of the neuron receives messages?

Answer: Dendrites

88.What part of the neuron carries messages away from the cell body?
Answer: Axon

89.What fatty layer speeds up neural transmission?

Answer: Myelin Sheath

90.What is the gap between neurons called?

Answer: Synapse (or Synaptic Cleft)

91.What are chemical messengers between neurons called?

Answer: Neurotransmitters

92.Which neurotransmitter is linked to learning and memory?

Answer: Acetylcholine (ACh)

93.Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and appetite?

Answer: Serotonin
94.Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure and reward pathways?
Answer: Dopamine

95.Too little dopamine is linked to which disorder?

Answer: Parkinson’s disease

96.Too much dopamine is linked to which disorder?

Answer: Schizophrenia

97.Which neurotransmitters are the body’s natural painkillers?

Answer: Endorphins

98.What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer: Glutamate

99.What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Answer: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

100. What part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Answer: Central Nervous System (CNS)

101. What part of the nervous system connects the CNS to the rest of the body?
Answer: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

102. Which nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles?

Answer: Somatic Nervous System

103. Which nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion?
Answer: Autonomic Nervous System

104. Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for stress
(“fight or flight”)?
Answer: Sympathetic Nervous System

105. Which division of the autonomic nervous system restores the body to normal
(“rest and digest”)?
Answer: Parasympathetic Nervous System

106. Which structure in the brain controls basic life functions like breathing and
heartbeat?
Answer: Medulla

107. Which brain structure is involved in coordination and balance?

Answer: Cerebellum

108. Which brain structure acts as a relay station for sensory information?
Answer: Thalamus

109. Which brain structure regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, and the endocrine
system?
Answer: Hypothalamus

110. Which part of the limbic system is crucial for memory formation?
Answer: Hippocampus
111. Which part of the brain is responsible for fear and aggression?
Answer: Amygdala

112. What is the outermost layer of the brain responsible for higher thinking?
Answer: Cerebral Cortex

113. Which lobe of the brain is involved in planning, reasoning, and motor control?
Answer: Frontal Lobe

114. Which lobe processes visual information?

Answer: Occipital Lobe

115. Which lobe processes auditory information?

Answer: Temporal Lobe

116. Which lobe processes touch, pressure, and body position?

Answer: Parietal Lobe

117. Which area in the frontal lobe is responsible for speech production?
Answer: Broca’s Area

118. Damage to Broca’s area causes what disorder?

Answer: Broca’s Aphasia

119. Which area in the temporal lobe is responsible for language comprehension?
Answer: Wernicke’s Area

120. Damage to Wernicke’s area causes what disorder?

Answer: Wernicke’s Aphasia

121. Which part of the brain connects the two hemispheres?

Answer: Corpus Callosum

122. What technique uses magnetic fields to study brain activity?

Answer: fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

123. Which imaging technique records electrical activity of the brain?

Answer: EEG (Electroencephalogram)

124. Which imaging method uses radioactive glucose to show brain activity?
Answer: PET Scan