Wilk: Sorrentino's Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker, 5th Edition

Chapter 31: Growth and Development

Chapter 31

Growth and Development

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Principles (1 of 2)
 Growth refers to the physical changes that a
person experiences that are measured and
that occur in a steady and orderly manner.
 Growth is measured in weight and height.
 Changes in appearance and body functions also
measure growth.
 Development relates to changes in
psychological and social functioning.
 A person behaves and thinks in certain ways at
each stage of development.

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Principles (2 of 2)
 Although they differ, growth and development:
 Overlap
 Depend on each other
 Occur at the same time

 Basic principles of the process:

 Starts at fertilization and continues until death
 Proceeds from the simple to the complex
 Occurs in certain directions
 Occurs in a sequence, order, and pattern
 The rate of the process is uneven
 Each stage has its own characteristics and developmental
tasks as guidelines.

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 Selected Theories of
Human Development (1 of 8)
 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
 Published in 1936
 Focuses on children from birth through
adolescence
• Piaget’s basic assumptions about children:
 Children build their own knowledge based on
their experiences.
 Children learn things on their own without
influence from adults or other children.

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Slide 4

Selected Theories of
Human Development (2 of 8)
 Piaget
 Four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development
 Sensorimotor stage (ages birth to 18-24 months)
 Preoperational stage (ages 2-7 years)
 Concrete operational stage (ages 7-11 years)
 Formal operational stage (age 11 years and older)

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Slide 5

Selected Theories of
Human Development (3 of 8)
 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
 Eight stages of psychosocial development
 Each stage involves a crisis of two opposing forces
• Stage 1: Trust vs. mistrust
• Stage 2: Autonomy vs. doubt
• Stage 3: Initiative vs. guilt
• Stage 4: Competence vs. inferiority
• Stage 5: Identify vs. role confusion
• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. isolation
• Stage 7: Generativity vs. stagnation
• Stage 8: Integrity vs. despair
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 Selected Theories of
Human Development (4 of 8)
 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
 See textbook Table 31.1: Erikson’s Theory of
Psychosocial Development From Birth Throughout
Old Age

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Selected Theories of
Human Development (5 of 8)
 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
 Factors that influence psychosocial health include:
 Personality
 Family background
 Environment
 Life circumstances

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Selected Theories of
Human Development (6 of 8)
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Maslow was an American psychologist known for his
theory of needs.
• Need—something necessary or desirable for maintaining life
and psychosocial well-being.
 Certain basic needs must be met for person to survive
and function.
 Needs are arranged in a hierarchy, in order of
importance (lower-level needs at bottom of hierarchy
must be met first).

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Slide 9

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 Selected Theories of
Human Development (7 of 8)

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Slide 10

Selected Theories of
Human Development (8 of 8)
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 These basic needs are, from lowest to highest
level:
• Physical needs (must be met first)
• The need for safety
• The need for love and belonging
• The need for self-esteem
• The need for self-actualization

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Growth and Development

(1 of 36)
 Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
 Time of rapid physical, psychological, and social
growth and development.
 The developmental tasks are:
• Learning to walk
• Learning to eat solid foods
• Beginning to talk and communicate with others
• Beginning to have emotional relationships with parents,
brothers, and sisters
• Developing stable sleep and feeding patterns

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 Growth and Development
(2 of 36)
 Neonate or Newborn
 Average length: 48−53 cm (19−21 in)
 Weight: 3 200−3 600 g (7−8 lb.)
 Birth weight doubles by 5 to 6 months and triples
by first birthday.
 Central nervous system is not well developed.
 Movements are uncoordinated and lack purpose.

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Growth and Development

(3 of 36)

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Growth and Development

(4 of 36)
 Neonate or Newborn
 Newborns hear well; react to touch and pain.
 They can taste and smell.
 Newborns have certain reflexes:
• Moro (startle) reflex occurs when a baby is startled by a
loud noise
• Rooting reflex occurs when the cheek is touched near
the mouth, with a sudden movement, or with the head
falling back
• Sucking reflex occurs when the lips are touched
• Grasping (palmar) reflex occurs when the palm is stroked

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 Growth and Development
(5 of 36)
 Birth to 1 Month
 The newborn’s head is large compared with the
rest of the body.
 The trunk is long; abdomen is large, round, and soft.
 The newborn has fat, pudgy cheeks, a flat nose, and a
receding chin.
 Newborns can see at birth, but vision is not clear.
 For first 6 months, diet is mainly breastmilk or formula
milk.
 Solid foods are usually added at 5–7 months.
 Care must be taken to observe for allergies to food
products.
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Growth and Development

(6 of 36)
 Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
 1 month—can hold head up
 2 months—smiles, follows movement of objects
 4 months—able to roll over and can sit up if
supported; Moro and rooting reflexes disappear;
able to hold objects in both hands
 6 months—two lower front teeth come in; starts to
chew, hold bottle, sit alone
 10 months—understands a number of words
 1 year—takes a few steps; walks

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Growth and Development

(7 of 36)
 Toddlerhood (1 to 3 Years)
 Growth rate is slower than during infancy.
 Developmental tasks are:
• Tolerating separation from the primary caregiver
• Gaining control of bowel and bladder function
• Using words to communicate
• Becoming less dependent on their primary caregiver
 Toddlers need to assert independence.
• Begin to learn that things can be done with the help of
the primary caregiver

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 Growth and Development
(8 of 36)
 Toddlerhood
 Toilet training—need to be psychologically and
physically ready
 Bowel training—easier than bladder training;
completed at 2.5 years
 Bladder control during the day is achieved before
bladder control at night.
 Bladder training is complete around 3 years of
age.

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Growth and Development

(9 of 36)
 Toddlerhood
 Play alongside other children, but do not usually
play with them (parallel play).
 Very possessive—“mine”
 Temper tantrums and saying “no” are common at
this age—this can frustrate primary caregiver.
 Begin to tolerate separation from primary
caregiver.

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Growth and Development

(10 of 36)

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 Growth and Development
(11 of 36)
 Preschool (3 to 5 Years)
 Preschoolers are thinner, more coordinated, and
more graceful than toddlers.
 Developmental tasks include:
• Increased ability to communicate with and
understand others
• Performing self-care
• Learning gender differences
• Learning right from wrong and good from bad
• Learning to play with others
• Developing family relationships
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Growth and Development

(12 of 36)
 The 3-Year-Old
 3-year-olds become more coordinated.
• Personal care skills increase.
• Language skills increase (roughly 1 000 words).
• Play is important.
• Know that there are two sexes.
• Concept of time develops.
• Children may fear the dark and need night lights in
bedrooms.
• Less fearful of strangers.
• They try to please primary caregivers.

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Growth and Development

(13 of 36)

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 Growth and Development
(14 of 36)
 The 4-Year-Old
 4-year-olds tend to tease, tattle, and tell fibs.
 They can play with other children.
 They play in groups of two or three and tend to be
bossy.
 Prefer the parent of the opposite sex.
 Rivalries with brothers and sisters are seen.
 They are curious about sexuality—how babies are
made.

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Growth and Development

(15 of 36)

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Growth and Development

(16 of 36)
 The 5-Year-Old
 Coordination increases.
 Communication skills increase.
 They are responsible and truthful, and like having rules;
eager to do things the right way.
 Fears are fewer.
 They are proud of accomplishments.
 They imitate adults during play and are interested in TV.
 They enjoy doing things with the primary caregiver of the
same sex.
 Younger children are considered a nuisance.

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 Growth and Development
(17 of 36)
 Middle Childhood (6 to 8 Years)
 Developmental tasks in middle childhood are:
• Developing the social and physical skills needed for playing
games
• Learning to get along with children of the same age and
background (peers)
• Learning gender-appropriate behaviours and attitudes
• Learning basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills
• Developing a conscience and morals
• Developing a good feeling and attitude about oneself

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Growth and Development

(18 of 36)
 The 6-Year-Old
 Often described as being bossy, opinionated,
charming, argumentative, and “know-it-alls”.
 Like to have their own way; may cheat to win.
 Begin to prefer playing with children of the same
sex.
 Have a best friend.
 Tattling is common at this age.

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Growth and Development

(19 of 36)

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 Growth and Development
(20 of 36)
 The 7- to 8-Year-Old
 Quieter, less stubborn, more concerned about
being well liked by others
 Like going to school
 Peer groups are vital.
 Well mannered and relate well to adults.
 8-year-olds can be defensive, opinionated,
practical, and outgoing.

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Growth and Development

(21 of 36)
 Late Childhood: 9−12 Years
 Preadolescents are expected to show more
refinement and maturity in achieving these tasks:
• Becoming independent of adults and learning to depend
on themselves
• Developing and keeping friendships with peers
• Understanding the physical, psychological, and social
roles of their gender
• Developing moral and ethical behaviour
• Developing greater muscular strength, coordination, and
balance
• Learning how to study

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Growth and Development

(22 of 36)
 Late Childhood: 9−12 Years
 Girls have a growth spurt.
 Both boys and girls have more graceful and
coordinated body movements.
 Muscle strength and physical skills increase.
 The onset of puberty nears.
• Puberty is the period when reproductive organs begin to
function, and secondary sex characteristics appear.
• Children at this stage need factual sex education.

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 Growth and Development
(23 of 36)

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Growth and Development

(24 of 36)
 Late Childhood: 9−12 Years
 Peer groups are the centre of activities.
 Children prefer friends of the same sex.
 Interest in the opposite sex begins.
 These children are aware of the mistakes
and faults of adults.
 Parents and children disagree.
 Parents are needed for the child’s
development.
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Growth and Development

(25 of 36)
 Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
 Adolescence is the time between puberty and
adulthood.
 It is a time of rapid growth and physical, sexual,
emotional, and social changes.
 This stage begins with puberty:
• Girls reach puberty between the ages of 10 and 14
years.
• Boys reach puberty between the ages of 12 and 16
years.
 See textbook Box 31.1: Some Facts About
Adolescent Sexual Orientation
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 Growth and Development
(26 of 36)
 Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
 Developmental tasks of adolescence include:
• Accepting changes in the body and appearance
• Developing appropriate relationships with males and
females of the same age
• Exploring their gender identity and accepting the role
considered normative for one’s age and identified gender
• Becoming independent from parents and adults
• Developing morals, attitudes, and values needed to
function in society
• Increased use of social media and electronic
communication devices for communicating with peers

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Growth and Development

(27 of 36)
 Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
 Menarche marks the onset of puberty in girls
• Menarche is the first menstruation and the start of menstrual cycles
 Pregnancy can occur
 Secondary sex characteristics appear

 Ejaculation (the release of semen) signals the onset of

puberty in boys
• Nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”) occur
• The male can father children
• Other secondary sex characteristics appear
 Adolescents need to become independent of adults,
especially parents.

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Growth and Development

(28 of 36)
 Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
 Growth spurt occurs.
 Considered “awkward stage”—find changes in
physical appearance hard to accept.
 Concern with weight—may try various diets.
 Intense emotions—highs and lows
 Dating begins—“crowd dates”
 Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender youth
have same health care needs as heterosexual
adolescents.

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 Growth and Development
(29 of 36)
 Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
 Teenagers prefer being with peers over doing
things with their families.
 Adolescents may begin to feel or show a sexual
orientation.
 Appearance is important.
 Adolescents begin to think about careers and what
to do after high school.
 Teens need to develop morals, values, and
attitudes for living in society.
• Parents, peers, culture, religion, the media, and school
are some influencing factors.
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Growth and Development

(30 of 36)
 Young Adulthood (18 to 40 Years)
 Psychological and social development continues
during young adulthood.
 There is little physical growth.
 Developmental tasks of young adulthood include:
• Choosing an education and a career
• Selecting a partner
• Learning to live with a partner
• Becoming a parent and raising children
• Developing a satisfactory sex life

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Growth and Development

(31 of 36)
 Young Adulthood (18 to 40 Years)
 Most adults marry
• Some choose to remain single.
• Gay and lesbian persons may commit to a partner.
 Partners must learn to live together.
 Adults need to develop a satisfactory sex life.

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 Growth and Development
(32 of 36)
 Young Adulthood (18 to 40 Years)
 Couples can plan when to have children and how
many children to have or experience an
unplanned pregnancy.
 Parents must:
• Agree on child-rearing practices and discipline methods
• Adjust to the child and to the child’s needs for parental
time, energy, and parental attention

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Growth and Development

(33 of 36)
 Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years)
 This stage is more stable and comfortable.
 Developmental tasks relate to:
• Adjusting to physical changes
• Having grown children
• Developing leisure-time activities
• Relating to and perhaps eventually caring for aging
parents

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Growth and Development

(34 of 36)
 Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years)
 Several physical changes occur:
• Energy and endurance begin to slow down
• Metabolism and physical activities begin to slow down
• Facial wrinkles and grey hair appear
• It is common to need eyeglasses
• Hearing loss may begin
• Menopause occurs in women
• Many diseases and illnesses can develop

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 Growth and Development
(35 of 36)
 Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years)
 Children leave home.
• Parents must let children lead their own lives.
 Hobbies and pastimes bring pleasure.
 Responsibility for aging parents may begin during
this stage.
 Many middle-aged adults deal with the death of
their parents.

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Growth and Development

(36 of 36)
 Late Adulthood (65 Years and Older)
 Developmental tasks are:
• Adjusting to decreased physical strength and loss of
health
• Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
• Coping with a partner’s death
• Developing new friends and relationships
• Preparing for one’s own death

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