BPhO

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British Physics Olympiad

BPhO Practice
Question 1
A golf ball is struck and begins to move at an initial velocity of 60 m s−1 at an angle 40◦ above
the horizontal. Determine at time t = 3 s after the strike

a) the velocity of the ball, and

b) the position of the ball relative to the origin.

[4]

Question 2
A drone flies horizontally. The displacement of the drone is given by s = 2tı̂ + 6tˆ, whereı̂ and
ˆ are unit vectors to the East and North respectively. Determine at t = 2 s:

a) the speed of the drone,

b) its bearing in degrees,

c) its acceleration.
[3]

Question 3
Figure 1 shows the cross section of a high voltage overhead electrical transmission cable. The
central strand is of steel and the six outer strands are of aluminium. The resistivity of steel is
2.0 × 10−7 Ω m, and that of aluminium 3.2 × 10−8 Ωm. The cross-sectional area of each strand
is 5.0 × 10−4 m2 . The steel is present to give mechanical strength to the cable and only reduces
the resistance of a length ℓ of cable by 1.4 × 10−4 Ω when it is included. Calculate the length
of the cable.

Figure 1
[5]

Question 4

1
This question concerns three vessels at sea: a ferry (F), a container ship (C), and a pilot boat
(P). The ferry is sailing on a bearing of 090◦ at 5 m s−1 . Relative to the ferry, the container ship
is sailing on a bearing of 160◦ . The pilot boat is sailing on a bearing of 270◦ at 7.5 m s−1 , and
the pilot boat observes the container ship moving on a bearing of 120◦ .
Determine the speed and direction of the container ship relative to the water.
Note: all bearings are measured clockwise from North.
[7]

Question 5
A car accelerates from a standing start. If the mass of the car is m, and the car is driven at
constant driving power P , find an expression for the velocity of the car v as a function of
distance travelled from a standing start, x. Ignore resistive effects and inefficiencies in power
transmission.
[4]

Question 6
An experiment is proposed which involves submerging a ball of mass m and radius r to a depth
of d ≫ r in a swimming pool. The ball is then released, and emerges from the water and rises
to a height h ≫ r above the surface. The quantities d and h are measured from the centre of
the ball to the water surface. An initial model is proposed, which ignores any resistive effects
and the inertia of the water. Determine the prediction this initial model makes for the ratio h/d
in terms of m, r and the density of water, ρ.
[5]

Question 7
An excited neon-20 isotope travels with a velocity of 3.0 × 106 m s−1 into a detector and
disintegrates into an alpha particle and oxygen-16. The event produces an additional
6.25 MeV of kinetic energy. The oxygen nucleus leaves the event at right angles to the path of
the original neon nucleus.
Determine the velocity of the alpha particle. Relativistic effects may be neglected.
1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J [5]

Question 8
An aeroplane flies due East along the equator at a constant low altitude and constant speed
relative to the ground. On the aeroplane, a one kilogram mass is suspended on a spring balance
and records a weight W1 . The aeroplane then flies due West along the equator, at the same
altitude and speed, and measures a balance reading of W2 .
If the speed of the plane relative to the ground is 250 m s−1 , calculate the difference in apparent
weights.
[5]

2
Question 9
Determine the current in the 6.0 Ω resistor shown in Figure 2. The cells have no internal
resistance.

6.0 9.0

4.0

9.0 V 6.0 V
Figure 2

[5]

Question 10
An electrically isolated copper sphere of radius 2 mm is illuminated by light of wavelength
150 nm. Determine

a) the maximum electric potential that the copper sphere can reach

b) the number of electrons lost reaching the maximum potential

(Work function of copper = 4.5 eV)
[4]

Question 11
Three conducting spheres of radii 13 R, 12 R and R are mounted on insulating rods, and are well
separated from each other. The 31 R and R spheres are each charged to a potential V , whilst the
1
2
R sphere is uncharged. Then a thin copper wire is used to briefly connect all three spheres.
What fraction of the original charge on the two spheres is now on the 12 R sphere?
[5]

Question 12
The Milky Way galaxy has a period of rotation of 240×106 years. The Sun is 26 000 light years
from the centre of the galaxy. How fast is the Sun moving with respect to the centre of the
galaxy, given in units of m s−1 ?
A light year is the distance that light travels in one year of 365.25 days.
[3]

Question 13

3
A smooth sphere of radius 6.0 cm is suspended from a thread of length 9.0 cm attached to a
smooth wall as shown in shown in Figure 3. If the mass of the sphere is 0.5 kg, calculate the
tension, T , in the thread.

Figure 3

[3]

Question 14
The displacement of an object is determined by the following function:

s = 2t3 − 9t2 + 12t + 4

where s is the displacement in metres, and t the time elapsed in seconds. Determine

a) the times when the object comes to rest,

b) the time when the acceleration is zero,

c) the object’s velocity when its acceleration is zero,

d) the object”s accelerations when its velocity is zero.

[4]

Question 15
The distance in which a train can be stopped is given by:

s = av + bv 2

where s is the stopping distance, v the initial velocity, and a and b are constants. When moving
at 40 km hr−1 , the train can be stopped in 100 m, and at 80 km hr−1 it can be stopped in 280 m.
Find the greatest speed such that the train can be stopped in 500 m.
[4]

Question 16
Two planes set out at the same time from an aerodrome. The first flies north at 360 km h−1 , the
second south-east at 300 km h−1 . After 40 minutes they both turn and fly towards each other.
Calculate

a) the bearing, and

4
 b) the distance
of the meeting point from the aerodrome.
[7]

Question 17
A neutron moving through heavy water strikes an isolated and stationary deuteron (the nucleus
of an isotope of hydrogen) head-on in an elastic collision.
a) Assuming the mass of the neutron is equal to half that of the deuteron, find the ratio of
the final speed of the deuteron to the initial speed of the neutron.
b) What percentage of the initial kinetic energy is transferred to the deuteron?
c) How many such collisions would be needed to slow the neutron down from 10 MeV to
0.01 eV?
[6]

Question 18
A uniform chain of mass per unit length, µ, is suspended from one end above a table, with the
lower end just touching the surface. The chain is released, falls and comes to rest on the table
without bouncing.
a) Determine an expression, in terms of µ and the gravitational field strength g, for the
reaction force exerted by the table on the chain as a function of time, t.
Hint: you might consider F in the form F = ∆m ∆t
v.
b) In terms of the total weight W of the chain, what is the maximum reaction force exerted
by the table, and at what time during the fall does this occur?
[6]

Question 19
A small particle of mass m can slide without friction round the inside of a cylindrical hole of
radius r, in a rectangular shaped object of mass M . The rectangular object is held between rigid
walls by small wheels so that it can slide up and down without friction, as shown in Figure 4.
If the small particle m is initially at rest at the bottom of the cylindrical hole, and is then given
an impulse to give it a speed v, what is the minimum speed v needed to just lift the rectangular
mass M off the ground?

Figure 4
[5]

Question 20

5
Two resistors and two cells are connected in the circuit shown in Figure 5. One cell has an
e.m.f. of 2.0 V and an internal resistance of 1.0 Ω, the other an e.m.f. of 1.5 V and an internal
resistance of 0.5 Ω. The resistors are connected in series and the point between them is at earth,
i.e. zero potential. Calculate

a) the current through the cells,

b) the potential difference across each cell, and

c) the potential, relative to earth, at points A and B.

Figure 5
[4]

Question 21
A thick-bottomed, cylindrical glass beaker is placed on a bench. Water and oil are poured into
the beaker and form discrete layers, as shown in Figure 6. The bottom of the beaker is 1.8cm
thick, the water is 1.2 cm deep, and the oil layer is 0.8 cm deep.

a) Draw a diagram showing the path of a ray at a small angle to the normal, travelling from
the underside of the beaker and being refracted through the layers.

b) Assuming the angles of deviation of the ray are small, calculate the apparent vertical
displacement of the lab bench when viewed from above.
The refractive indices are 1.5, 1.3 and 1.1 for the glass, water and oil respectively.

observer's
eye

oil
water
glass

Figure 6
[7]

Question 22

6
A person might reasonably expect to jump a height of 1 m on Earth. On a planet with a density
two thirds that of Earth, and radius twice that of the Earth, to what height might the person
jump? Assume that they supply the same energy to make the jump
[4]

Question 23
A pond containing water of density ρ is covered to a depth b by oil of density 23 ρ. A long wood
block of square cross section 4b × 4b, with the same density as the oil, floats in the pond, as
shown in Figure 7. What fraction of the wood block is immersed below the top of the surface
oil level?

4b
4b

Figure 7
[4]

Question 24
A steel girder is planted securely between two sides of a ravine in order to provide a bridge. The
total cross-sectional area of the girder is 30 cm2 , and the length of the girder is 4.0 m. Installed
at a temperature of 5 ◦ C, the temperature now rises to 20 ◦ C. Calculate the force exerted by the
girder due to the change in temperature, assuming the ends do not move.
Young modulus of steel = 2.0 × 1011 Pa
Linear expansivity of steel (fractional expansion per unit temperature rise) = 1.2 × 10−7 ◦ C−1
at 5 ◦ C.
[4]

Question 25
A narrow beam of monochromatic light falls on a diffraction grating of 1200 lines mm−1 , and
two diffracted beams of successive orders are observed at 14◦ and 73◦ to the normal, both of
them on the same side of the normal. The incident beam of light is not along the normal to the
grating.

a) Sketch a diagram to show the path difference between rays passing through adjacent
slits, for a ray incident on the diffraction grating at angle θ1 , and for the corresponding
ray emerging from the grating at angle θ2 , with respect to the normal.

b) Derive an equation relating the angles θ1 and θ2 to the order of diffraction, n, and the
wavelength, λ.
Determine:

c) The wavelength of the light used.

d) The angle of incidence of the beam on the grating.

e) The angle of diffraction of a third transmitted beam.

[6]

7
Question 26
A simple pendulum consists of a small mass on the end of a light, inextensible string, as shown
in Figure 8. It swings from an initial angle θ = 14◦ , for which it would have a period T0 , but
it hits a wall elastically, which is at angle ϕ = 7◦ to the vertical. What is the new period of
oscillation in terms of T0 ?
(θ, ϕ are small angles such that sin θ ≈ θ and sin ϕ ≈ ϕ).

wall

Figure 8

[4]

Question 27
Four charges are placed at the corners of a square of side 10 cm, as shown in Figure 9.

A = +10 × 10−9 C
B = +8 × 10−9 C
C = −12 × 10−9 C
D = −6 × 10−9 C

a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field strength at the centre of the
square.

b) Calculate the work done taking an electron from the centre to the mid-point of side CD.

A B

D C

Figure 9
[7]

Question 28
A window cleaner’s ladder shown in Figure 10 is narrower at the top than the bottom. It has a
weight of 350 N and a length of 5.0 m. When it lies flat on the ground, a force of 80 N is needed
to lift the narrow end off the ground.

(i) How far is the centre of mass from the narrow end?

8
 Figure 10

(ii) What force is required to lift the wide end of the ladder off the ground?

[5]

Question 29
A particle moves in a straight line with an initial acceleration of 10 m s−2 . The acceleration
decreases uniformly with time until, after ten seconds, the acceleration is 5 m s−2 , and from
then on the acceleration remains constant. If the initial velocity is 100 m s−1 ,

(i) find when the velocity has doubled;

(ii) sketch a graph of the velocity against time.

[7]

Question 30
A student standing at a distance a from a vertical wall kicks a ball from ground level with
velocity V at an angle α to the horizontal in a plane perpendicular to that of the wall. The ball
strikes the wall and rebounds. The coefficient of restitution for the collision is e = 2/3. The
ball first strikes the ground at a distance 2a from the wall. e is the ratio of the components of
velocity at normal incidence to the wall, before and after collision;
vafter
e= vbefore
≤ 1.
Find a in terms of V , α and g, the gravitational field strength.
[6]

Question 31
A helicopter of total mass 1000 kg is able to remain in a stationary position by imparting a
uniform downward velocity to a cylinder of air below it of effective diameter 6 m. Assuming
the density of air to be 1.2 kg m−3 , calculate the downward velocity of the air.
[5]

Question 32
In this question, distances are measured in nautical miles and speeds in nautical miles per hour.
A motor boat sets out at 2 p m from a point with position vector −4î − 5ĵ relative to a marker
buoy (where √î and ĵ are two fixed perpendicular unit vectors) and travels at a steady speed of
magnitude 41 in a straight line to intercept a ship S. The ship S maintains a steady velocity
vector î + 4ĵ and at 3 p m is at a position 3î − ĵ relative to the buoy.
Find

9
 (i) the position vector of the ship at 2 p m ,

(ii) the velocity vector of the motor boat,

(iii) the time of interception.

[7]

Question 33
A cell, a resistor and an ammeter of negligible resistance are connected in series and a current
of 0.80 A is observed to flow when the resistor has a value of 2.00 Ω. When a resistor of 5.00 Ω
is connected in parallel with the 2.00 Ω resistor, the ammeter reading is 1.00 A.
Calculate the emf and the internal resistance of the cell.
[5]

Question 34
A battery with an emf of 6 V can produce a maximum current of 3 A. A resistor is connected to
the terminals whose value is such that the power dissipated in it is a maximum. Calculate the
maximum energy which can be dissipated in the external resistor in one minute.
[4]

Question 35
A lead ball is attached to the end of a light metal rod of length l, the other end being attached
to a horizontal axle of negligible friction. The rod is given an initial impulse and swings round
in a vertical circle. When it is at the top of the circle, the tension in the rod is zero. What is the
tension in the rod at the lowest point of its swing?
[6]

Question 36
Some sand is sprinkled onto a loudspeaker cone which is pointing vertically upwards. The
loudspeaker is driven in simple harmonic motion when attached to a signal generator and the
frequency is gradually raised. At a particular frequency, when the amplitude of oscillation is
0.20 mm, the sand begins to lose contact with the cone. At what frequency does this occur?
[3]

Question 37
A submerged wreck is lifted from a dock basin by means of a crane to which is attached a
steel cable 10 m long of cross-sectional area 5.0 cm2 and Young’s modulus 5.0 × 1010 Pa. The
material being lifted has a mass of 1.0×104 kg and mean density 8000 kg m−3 . Find the change
in extension of the cable as the load is lifted clear of the water. Assume that at all times the
tension in the cable is the same throughout its length.

(Density of water is 1000 kg m−3 .)

[5]

Question 38

10
A uniform beam AOB, O being the midpoint of AB, mass M , rests on three vertical springs
with stiffness constants k1 , k2 , k3 at A, O and B respectively. The bases of the springs are fixed
to a horizontal platform. Determine the compression of the springs and their compressional
forces in the following two instances:

(i) k1 = k3 = k and k2 = 2k

(ii) k1 = k, k2 = 2k and k3 = 3k

[8]

Question 39
Sketch the electric field lines due to two point charges, of magnitudes +Q and +2Q, at A and
B, separated by a distance d.

(i) Determine the location of the neutral point, P, where the electric field is zero.

(ii) Why does the magnitude of the electric field vary along a field line?

[5]

Question 40
A charge of 0.5 × 106 C passes through a 12 V battery when the battery discharges. Assuming
that the p.d. across the terminals remains constant, calculate the time for which it can supply
0.45 kW.
[2]

Question 41
Draw a general resistive network diagram with:

(i) two resistors in series which are, in turn, in series with three resistors in parallel.

(ii) five resistors that are not in series or parallel, or in a combination of series and parallel
arrangements.

Calculate the resistance in (i) and (ii) if all the resistors have resistance R.
[5]

Question 42
Two spheres, of uniform density, one of mass m1 and radius r1 and the other of mass m2
and radius r2 , attract each other gravitationally. What is their relative speed at the instant of
collision if they are released from rest when a great distance apart?
[7]

11
Question 43
A bicycle tyre has a volume of 1.2 × 10−3 m3 when fully inflated. A bicycle pump has a
working volume of 9.0 × 10−3 m3 . How many strokes, n, of the pump are needed to inflate the
completely flat tyre, containing no air, to a pressure of 3.0 × 105 Pa? The atmospheric pressure
is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Assume the air is pumped in slowly so that there is no change in temperature.
[5]

Question 44
A van, travelling at constant speed of 80 km h−1 , passes a car. The car immediately begins to
accelerate at a constant rate of 1.2 m s−2 and passes the van 0.50 km further down the road.
What is the speed, v, of the car when it passes the van?
[4]

Question 45
A small object of mass m rests on a scale-pan which is supported by a spring. The period of
vertical oscillations is 0.50 s. When the amplitude of the oscillations exceeds the value, A, the
mass leaves the scale-pan. Determine A.
[3]

Question 46
Uncharged metallic spheres of radii 6R, 3R and 2R are mounted on insulated stands. The
spheres of radii 2R and 6R are charged to a potential V above earth potential. All three
spheres are then briefly joined by a copper wire. What, in terms of V , is the subsequent
potential of the sphere of radius 3R?

What fraction of the original total charge is held by the sphere of radius 3R?
[5]

Question 47
A ladder of length L and mass m, with a uniform density, rests against a frictionless vertical
wall at an angle of 60◦ to the wall. The lower end rests on a flat surface with a coefficient of
static friction of µs = 0.40. A student with a mass M = 2m attempts to climb the ladder. What
fraction of the distance up the ladder will the student have reached when the ladder begins to
slip?
[5]

Question 48
A smooth ball of radius 10.0 cm, mass 0.600 kg, hangs by a weightless string from a support.
What is the speed of a horizontal wind necessary to keep the string inclined at 39◦ to the
vertical? Make the assumption that the wind speed drops to zero on collision with the ball. The

12
density of the air is 1.293 kg m−3 .
[4]

Question 49
Four masses of 1 kg, 4 kg, 3 kg, and 4 kg are arranged cyclically at the corners of a square of
side 2b and centre O. A thin circular metal ring has radius a, mass 8 kg, and with the same
centre O lies in the same plane as the square. Determine the position of the centre of mass of
the system from O.
[3]

Question 50
A particle, mass m, slides down the smooth track, Figure 11, from a height H under gravity. It
is to complete a circular trajectory of radius R when reaching its lowest point. Determine the
smallest value of H.

R
H

Figure 11

[3]

Question 51
A measurement is carried out to check the speed of a camera shutter of 1/15 s. The camera is
focused symmetrically on a rotating turntable which revolves at 33.3 ± 0.1 revolutions per
minute and has a spot at its centre and at its circumference. A photograph shows the arc
produced by the spot on the circumference subtends an angle of 12.4 ± 0.1 ◦ at the centre of
rotation. What is the correct exposure time?
[3]

Question 52
The temperature coefficients of resistance, α, of certain alloys are positive and others are
negative. They have resistance per unit length of r. This makes it possible to produce a
resistor, using the two wires in series, which does not vary with temperature. The values of r,
at 0◦ C, and α are given in Table 1 for constantan and manganin. These wire have lengths Lc
and Lm respectively at 0◦ C. What values of Lc and Lm are required to produce a 5.0 Ω

13
resistor?

Wire r / Ω m−1 α / ◦ C−1

Constantan 6.3 −3.0 × 10−5

Manganin 5.3 +1.4 × 10−5

Table 1

[5]

Question 53
Figure 12 is a section through a smooth parabolic metal bowl, which can be rotated about its
vertical axis of symmetry, the y-axis. Its equation, in Cartesian coordinates, is y = ax2 . The
gradient at the point (x, y) is 2ax. There is one angular speed of rotation, ω, of the bowl about
the y-axis for which a small metal sphere remains at rest relative to the rotating bowl,
wherever it is placed on the inner surface. Determine ω in terms of a and g.
[4]

Figure 12

Question 54
A ray of light is incident on a 60◦ glass prism of refractive index 1.500 at an angle of incidence
of 48.59◦ . Determine:
(i) the angle of emergence, θ, from the prism; i.e. the angle between the emergent ray and
the normal to the prism face.

(ii) the angle of deviation of the ray, δ.

[5]

14
Question 55
Determine, in Figure 13, the total resistances, RT BC , across BC, RT BD across BD and RT BA
across AB.

Figure 13

[6]

Question 56
An a.c. voltmeter displays the rms value of the voltage, V , for a.c. signals and also for
periodic signals that are not sinusoidal. What reading will it display if connected to a periodic
voltage, period 4T , that changes instantaneously from +10 V to −2 V to +4 V repeatedly, the
voltages lasting, respectively, for T , T and 2T ?

Determine the following;

(i) the mean voltage i.e. Vm .

(ii) the rms voltage i.e. Vrms .

(iii) the rms value of deviation from the mean, (V − Vm ) which is Vrmsm .

[4]

Question 57
Assuming the Earth is a homogeneous sphere, calculate the fractional difference between the
acceleration due to free fall at the Earth’s equator and at the poles, indicating which is the
greater. You may not use a value of g given in the constants table as that is an average value,
neither correct at the poles nor at the equator.

Mass of the Earth ME = 5.98 × 1024 kg Radius of the Earth RE = 6.38 × 106 m
[8]

Question 58

15
Two well separated identical conducting spheres of radius 10.0 cm are charged to +200 V and
+400 V. If they are joined by a long wire, how much heat is generated?
[10]

Question 59
The circuit in Figure 14 contains a cell of emf E, a known variable resistance R0 , an unknown
resistance R and an ammeter. When X and Y are short circuited E = I0 R0 .

When R is inserted the current is αI0 , where α is a constant.

A R0

R
X Y

Figure 14

(i) Express R in terms of R0 and α, giving the range of validity of R and α.

(ii) In order to extend the range of α, modify the circuit by putting R in parallel with R0 .
Determine the ranges of R and α for the modified circuit.

[4]

Question 60
A man, on an open wagon of a train travelling along a straight horizontal track at a constant
speed of 10 m s−1 , throws a ball into the air in line with the track, that he judges to be at 60◦ to
the horizontal. A woman standing on the ground observes the ball rise vertically.

How high does the ball rise relative to

(i) the man and;

(ii) the woman?

16
 [5]

Question 61
A glass block of refractive index µ = 1.5 has an ‘L’ cross-section, Figure 15, and is of constant
width and thickness.

Figure 15

a) A laser beam enters the block from the left, as indicated in Figure 15, at an incident angle
of θ = 45◦ . If the block was absent the beam would pass through the point P. Determine
the angle at which the beam will emerge from the bottom face after refraction through
the block.

b) If this beam enters the block below the horizontal through P, determine its possible
subsequent path(s).

[6]

Question 62
The largest moon of Jupiter, Ganymede, revolves around the planet in a circular orbit of radius
1.07 × 106 km and period 7.16 days. Determine the mass of Jupiter, MJ , in terms of the mass
of the Earth, ME .

The radius of the Earth RE = 6.38 × 106 m

[5]

Question 63
Explain why the centre of gravity of a triangular plate lies along a median; the line joining a
vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. An equilateral triangular plate, sides of length b,
has a triangle, formed by two corners and the centre of gravity of the original plate, removed.
Determine the centre of gravity of the remaining plate. The centre of gravity of a triangular
plate is at a point two thirds along the length of a median measured from the vertex.

17
 [7]

Question 64
A vertical U-tube, partially filled with liquid, is accelerated vertically upwards in a lift,
acceleration a. What is the effective value of ’g’, gv ? If the U-tube is mounted in a vehicle
accelerating in a horizontal straight line, acceleration a, Figure 16, what is the effective ’g’,
gh ? Express a in terms of the distance between the arms of the U-tube, L , and the difference
in heights, h, of the liquid in the arms.

h a

Figure 16

[7]

Question 65
In Figure 17 a fixed mirror, a light source and a light receiver are all 0.30 km from a rotating
mirror, with angular frequency ω. The distance between the light source and the receiver is
0.60 m. What is the lowest value of ω required for detection of the reflected light?

Figure 17

[4]

Question 66

18
A ball of mass m and velocity u collides elastically with a larger ball of mass M , initially at
rest. The ball of mass m rebounds along its original line of motion with speed v1 and the ball
of mass M has velocity v2 in the direction of u.

(i) Write down the conservation equations for the system.

(ii) Deduce the result that u–v1 = v2 .

[5]

Question 67
A velocity selector, Figure 18, consists of two slotted discs mounted on a common axis a
distance d apart. The slots are displaced relative to each other by an angle θ. The axis is driven
at an angular velocity ω. Particles in a horizontal beam, with all possible velocities, will get
through the first slit, in the first disc, for a short time interval. To subsequently get through the
second slit, particles must travel a distance d in the times it takes the second slot to line up
with the beam. This will occur, for rotations of the second slit of θ, 2π + θ, 4π + ω, ... etc.

If d = 1.00 m, ω = 24 000 rpm and 60◦ , what are the speeds of those particles that pass through
the velocity selector?

Figure 18

[5]

Question 68
A chain of resistors, Figure 19, is composed of n units, each consisting of three resistors, each
resistor of resistance R, Figure 20. A unit is attached to the left hand end of the chain in order
to increase the number of units from n to (n + 1).

(i) Calculate the resistance (between A and B) across a chain with two units, R2 , and the
resistance R3 , across a chain with three units.

(ii) A unit is attached to a long chain. The resistance of the chain, RT , is not altered by this
addition. Determine the resistance of the chain.

19
 Figure 19 Figure 20

[6]

Question 69

(i) A satellite is in orbit just above a spherical planet of radius R and uniform density ρ. If
the periodic time for each orbit is T , find an expression for ρT 2 . Comment on the result.

(ii) A man with a mass of 75 kg stands at the end of a diving board, depressing it by 0.30 m.
What would be the period of his motion if he was to jump lightly in rhythm with the
harmonic motion of the diving board?

[6]

Question 70
π
A car travels along a horizontal road starting at time t = 0, and finishing at t = 10
. At time t it
has travelled a distance x, has a speed v and an acceleration f given by

x = A sin (5t), v = 5A cos (5t) and f = −25A sin (5t),

where A is a constant.
Determine the average speed, vAV , and average acceleration, fAV .
[3]

Question 71
One gram of hydrogen atoms is separated into electrons and protons. The electrons are
deposited on the Moon, the protons remaining on the Earth. What, numerically, is the force
that results? The Earth – Moon distance is REM = 3.84 × 108 m.
[5]

Question 72
A mixed beam of deuterons (an isotope of hydrogen, 2H+ ) and protons, which have been
accelerated through 1.00 × 104 V, enter a uniform magnetic field of 0.500 T in a direction at
right angles to the field. Calculate the separation of the proton beam from the deuteron beam
when each has described a semicircle in the field.
[6]

20
 Figure 21

Question 73
A beaker, containing some water, has a total mass of 0.300 kg. The beaker rests on a weighing
scale. A 250 g copper sphere, density 8.93 × 103 kg m−3 , is suspended so that it is completely
immersed in the water, but does not touch the bottom of the beaker. What is the reading on the
weighing scale in newtons? The density of water is 1.00 × 103 kg m−3 .

[3]

Question 74
A capacitor, capacitance C1 , with a charge Q0 , is connected in a closed (loop) series circuit
with an uncharged capacitor, capacitance C2 and a switch, which is initially open. Compare
the energy stored in the capacitors before and after the switch is closed by considering the
potential across each capacitor. What can one conclude?

[8]

Question 75
A uniform sphere, radius R and mass M = 5.00 kg, is pulled up an inclined plane, inclination
33.0◦ to the horizontal, by a string of tension T , which is attached to a point P on its surface,
making an angle θ with the line joining the centre of the sphere, O, and its contact point with
the plane, C. The string is parallel to the plane. The coefficient of friction between the sphere
and the plane µ = 0.420. The sphere is about to slide up the plane. The frictional force is F
and the normal reaction is N , Figure 21.
Determine, numerically:

(i) T , by resolving the forces along and perpendicular to the slope

(ii) θ.

21
 [10]

Question 76
Three boats start at time t = 0 from the corners of an equilateral triangle, of side 50 km, and
maintain constant speeds of 30 km h−1 during the subsequent motion. They each maintain a
heading, clockwise, towards the neighbouring boat. They all eventually meet at P .
Determine:

(i) qualitatively, the evolution of the triangle formed by the three boats

(ii) the velocity components of the three boats in the direction of P , as a function of time, t,
and in the perpendicular directions

(iii) the time, tM , at which they all meet

(iv) the distance travelled by each boat, D.

[8]

Question 77
The pulley system in Figure 22 consists of two pulleys of radii a and b rigidly fixed together,
but free to rotate about a common horizontal axis. The weight W hangs from the axle of a
freely suspended pulley P , which can rotate about its axle. If section A of a rough rope is
pulled down with velocity V :

(i) Explain which way W will move.

(ii) With what speed will it move?

Figure 22

22
 [5]

Question 78
Estimate the mean density of the Earth, in g cm−3 , assuming that the radius of the Earth
RE = 6.38 × 103 km and the value of g = 9.81 m s−2 . State any assumptions made.

[5]

Question 79
A horizontal bar, 8.0 m in length, has a 2.0 m rope attached at each end, with a small metal
sphere at each end of each rope hanging under gravity, Figure 23. When the bar rotates about
a vertical axis through its centre, the ropes are inclined at 30◦ to the vertical. Determine the
period, T , of rotation of the system.

Figure 23

[5]

Question 80
A thundercloud has a horizontal lower surface, area 25.0 km2 , 750 m above the surface of
the Earth. Using a capacitor as a model, calculate the electrical energy, E1, stored when its
potential is 1.00 × 105 V above the earth potential. If the cloud rises to 1250 m:
(i) explain why the energy, E2, has increased or decreased
(ii) What is the change in electrical energy, ∆E?

[10]

Question 81
A square metal plate of uniform density has dimensions 3R × 3R. Its centre is the centre of a
Cartesian coordinate system, with axes parallel to the edges of the plate. A complete circular

23
region, radius R, is removed from the plate. Determine the position of the centre of gravity of
the remaining square plate when the centre of the circular hole is at
(i) (x, 0)

(ii) (x, y).

[6]

Question 82
A battery of emf E and internal resistance r drives 3.0 A round a circuit consisting of two
2.0 Ω resistors in parallel. When these resistors are connected in series the current is 1.2 A.
Calculate E, r and the power dissipated, W , in each resistor.

[5]

Question 83
Sketch, on the same diagram, the paths of three alpha particles, of the same energy, which are
directed towards a fixed nucleus so they are deflected through
(i) 10◦ ,

(ii) 90◦ ,

(iii) and 180◦ .

If the nucleus in (iii) is not fixed, what is the relative velocity of the two particles at the
distance of closest possible approach?

[5]

Question 84
A tank contains water to a depth of 1.0 m. Water emerges from a small hole in the vertical side
of the tank at 20 cm below the surface. Determine:
(i) the speed at which the water emerges from the hole

(ii) the distance from the base of the tank at which the water strikes the floor on which the
tank is standing.

[5]

Question 85

24
A smooth flat horizontal turntable 4.0 m in diameter is rotating at 0.050 revs per second. A
student at the centre of the turntable, and rotating with it, releases a smooth flat puck on the
turntable 0.50m from the edge. Describe the motion of the puck as seen by a stationary observer
who is standing at the side of the turntable.

a) How long does the puck remain on the turntable?

b) At what relative velocity would the student, at the centre of the turntable, see the puck
leave the turntable?

[10]

Question 86
A closed wire loop in the form of a square of side 4.0 cm is placed with its plane
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, which is increasing at the rate of 0.030 T s−1 . The
loop has a resistance of 2.0 × 10−3 Ω. Calculate the current induced in the loop, and explain,
with the aid of a diagram, the relation between the direction of the induced current and the
direction of the magnetic field.

[4]

Question 87
The value of a device for storing energy can be assessed by the height to which it would rise if
all the stored energy were used to propel it upwards under gravity. Calculate the height of the
following:

a) a 12 V car battery of capacity 60 A h and mass 20 kg

b) a quantity of petrol of calorific value 4 × 107 J kg−1

[5]

Question 88
A soap bubble, diameter 3.0 cm, containing helium floats in the air. Determine the thickness
of the bubble, as a multiple of the wavelength, 650 nm, of red light, assuming soap solution
has a density of 1.00 × 103 kg m−3 . The density of the air and helium are, respectively,
1.28 kg m−3 and 0.18 kg m−3 .

[4]

Question 89

25
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 40 m s−1 . After 1.0 s, a second ball is
thrown upwards with a velocity of 60 m s−1 .
For this question, you may take g = 10 m s−2
(i) Sketch, on the same axes, velocity-time graphs for each ball. Take the direction upwards
as positive.

(ii) After what time, and at what height do they meet?

(iii) What would be the required time separation between the two balls being thrown if they
were to meet at the moment the first ball reached its maximum height?
[5]

Question 90
A railway carriage for transporting liquids is carrying a viscous liquid and it is only half full.
The carriage is attached to an engine which pulls away with a constant acceleration, so that the
fluid in the carriage forms a steady sloping surface. If the acceleration of the train is 0.84 m s−2 ,
what is the angle of the liquid surface to the horizontal?
[3]

Question 91
An aeroplane files over an observer at speed v and at a fixed height of 3000 m. After some time,
the observer sees the plane at an angle of 60◦ above the horizontal, which is decreasing at a rate
of 0.09 rad s−1 . Calculate
a) the distance from the observer to the plane

b) the speed of the plane

c) the speed at which the plane is receding along the observer’s line of sight.
[5]

Question 92
A smooth wedge of mass M1 with the cross-section of an equilateral triangular is placed on a
smooth horizontal table with its lower edge in contact with a smooth vertical wall. A smooth
sphere of mass M2 is placed between the wedge and the wall, so that the sphere falls without
rotation.
a) By geometry, find a relation between the height fallen by the sphere and the horizontal
distance moved by the wedge.

b) Obtain an expression for a in terms of M1 , M2 and g.

[5]

Question 93
An oscillating pendulum bob has a maximum angle of swing of θ. In its lowest position, the
tension in the string is n times the weight of the bob. Obtain an expression for cos θ in terms

26
of n.
[4]

Question 94
The standard railway gauge has tracks separated by 1435 mm. To travel around a curve the
track is banked. Calculate the vertical displacement between the two tracks such that a train
travelling at 200 km h−1 along a curve of radius 1500 m will experience a normal reaction
force on the wheels only.
[5]

Question 95
An isosceles glass prism is shown in Figure 24. A ray of light in the plane of the paper is
incident from air on the face AB.

a) Calculate the critical angle for light in the prism.

b) Sketch the path of the ray incident on face AB such that the refracted ray strikes the face
BC at the critical angle.

c) Calculate the angle of incidence on face AB for this same condition.

Refractive index of glass, n = 1.5

[3]

Figure 24: Isosceles glass prism with an apex angle of 90◦ .

Question 96
An aluminium block 5.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 10 cm is attached to a newton-meter that records a
weight of 6.6 N. A beaker of water sits on a mass balance and records a mass of 600 g. The
aluminium block is then lowered into the water and completely submerged without touching
the sides of the beaker. What is

(i) the new reading on the newton-meter, and

(ii) the new reading on the mass balance?

Density of water is 1000 kg m−3 .

[4]

Question 97

27
For the circuit shown in Figure 25, what should be the value of the variable resistor R in order
to minimise the power converted in the 10 Ω resistor?
[3]

Figure 25: A circuit of a cell and seven resistors.

Question 98
In the arrangement of capacitors in Figure 26, calculate the charge stored on the 4.0 µF
capacitor.
[3]

Figure 26: A circuit with capacitors and a cell.

28
 Solutions
Question 1
Golf ball kinematics [2019r1a]

60 m s−1

40◦

Figure 27: Initial speed of golf ball

(i) First, we resolve the velocity of the golf ball, uy = 60 sin 40◦ and ux = 60 cos 40◦ , in
order to consider the vertical and horizontal velocities separately. Using constant
acceleration formulae, the vertical velocity after 3 seconds can be calculated with ↑
positive,
vy = uy + at = 60 sin 40 − 3g = 9.14 m s−1 .
The horizontal velocity stays constant since we assume no horizontal forces act on the
ball,
vx = 60 cos 40◦ = 46.0 m s−1 .
The magnitude of velocity after 3 seconds can be found using Pythagoaras,
q √
v = vx2 + vy2 = 46.02 + 9.142 = 46.9 m s−1 .

[1]
The direction can be found by trigonometry,
 
vy 9.14
tan θ = ⇒ θ = arctan = 11.2 ◦ above the horizontal.
vx 46.0
[1]

(ii) The vertical position of the ball can be found by constant acceleration formulae,
1 1
sy = uy t + at2 = 60 sin 40 × 3 + g × 9 = 71.6 m.
2 2
[1]
No forces act horizontally so the horizontal position is given by

sx = vx t = 60 cos 40 × 3 = 138 m.

[1]
The position of the ball relative to the origin is (138 m, 71.6 m).
{4}

29
Question 2
Golf ball kinematics [2019r1a]

60 m s−1

40◦

Figure 28: Initial speed of golf ball

(i) First, we resolve the velocity of the golf ball, uy = 60 sin 40◦ and ux = 60 cos 40◦ , in
order to consider the vertical and horizontal velocities separately. Using constant
acceleration formulae, the vertical velocity after 3 seconds can be calculated with ↑
positive,
vy = uy + at = 60 sin 40 − 3g = 9.14 m s−1 .
The horizontal velocity stays constant since we assume no horizontal forces act on the
ball,
vx = 60 cos 40◦ = 46.0 m s−1 .
The magnitude of velocity after 3 seconds can be found using Pythagoaras,
q √
v = vx2 + vy2 = 46.02 + 9.142 = 46.9 m s−1 .

[1]
The direction can be found by trigonometry,
 
vy 9.14
tan θ = ⇒ θ = arctan = 11.2 ◦ above the horizontal.
vx 46.0

[1]

(ii) The vertical position of the ball can be found by constant acceleration formulae,
1 1
sy = uy t + at2 = 60 sin 40 × 3 + g × 9 = 71.6 m.
2 2
[1]
No forces act horizontally so the horizontal position is given by

sx = vx t = 60 cos 40 × 3 = 138 m.

[1]
The position of the ball relative to the origin is (138 m, 71.6 m).
{4}

30
Question 3
Drone vectors [2019r1b]

ds
(i) Since v = dt
, we can calculate the velocity of the drone by differentiating s(t).

d
v(t) = (2tı̂ + 6tˆ) = 2ı̂ + 6ˆ.
dt
Then we can find the speed, which is a scalar, by Pythagoras,
√
speed = 22 + 62 = 6.3 m s−1 .

[1]

(ii) The position can be found by substituting t,

s2 = (2 × 2)ı̂ + (6 × 2)ˆ = 4ı̂ + 12ˆ.

Then the bearing (angle from the vertical) is found by trigonometry,

 
4 4
tan θ = ⇒ θ = arctan = 018.4 ◦ .
12 12

[1]

dv
(iii) Because a = dt
, we can calculate the acceleration of the drone by finding the derivative
of v(t).
d
a(t) = (2ı̂ + 6ˆ) = 0.
dt
[1]
{3}

Question 4
Resistance of a strengthened cable [2019r1e]

RA
We can use the definition of resistivity, ρ = l
, to find the resistance of each metal,

ρAl l
RAl =
A
ρS l
RS =
6A
[1]
The resistance of the cable can be found by considering the strands as resistors in parallel. Then
1 1 1 RS RAl
= + ⇒ RC = .
RC RS RAl RS + RAl

31
 [1]
As the cable reduces the resistance of the cable by δR to RC , then δR = RAl − RC . So

δR = RAl − RC
RS RAl
= RAl −
RS + RAl
2
RAl
=
RS + RAl
ρAl l ρAl l 1
= × × ρAl l ρS l
6A 6A 6A
+ A
ρAl l 1
= .
6A 1 + 6ρρ Al
S

Now rearranging for l,

 
6A 6ρS
l= · δR 1 + [1]
ρAl ρAl
and substituting values,
6 × 5.0 × 10−4 × 1.4 × 10−4 6 × 2.0 × 10−7
 
= 1+
3.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−8
= 505 = 500 m. [1]

{5}

Question 5
Relative boat vectors [2019r1h]

Diagram required [1]

[1]
We can use the sine rule to find θ by considering both figures. From the ferry view,
vC vF
◦
= ,
sin 110 sin (70◦ − θ)
[1]
and from the pilot boat,
vC vB
= .
sin 30◦ sin (θ − 30◦ )
[1]
We divide to eliminate vC which allows us to find the direction of the container ship,
sin 30◦ sin θ − 30◦ vF
= ·
sin 110◦ sin 70◦ − θ vB
[1]
5 sin 110◦
sin (70◦ − θ) = × sin (θ − 30◦ )
7.5 sin 30◦
sin 70◦ cos θ − cos 70◦ sin θ = 1.253(sin θ cos 30◦ − sin 30◦ cos θ)

32
 vF vB
160 ◦ 120◦
◦ ◦
θ 110

vC vobserved vC vobserved

70-θ ◦
θ◦ 30◦
−vF −vB

Figure 29: Ferry view Figure 30: Pilot boat view

1.427 sin θ = 1.566 cos θ

tan θ = 1.097 ⇒ θ = 47.7◦ .
[1]
The bearing is therefore 90 + 48 = 138◦ . To find the velocity of the container ship,
sin 30◦ × vB 0.5 × 7.5
vC = ◦
= = 12.4 m s−1 .
sin (θ − 30 ) sin 17.7◦

[1]
{7}

Question 6
Velocity of accelerating car [2019r1i]

Using P = F · v and Newton II,

mav = P. [1]
dv dv dx dv
Then, a = dt
= dx dt
= v dx can be substituted to give

dv
mv v=P [1]
dt
dv
mv 2 =P
dt
mv 2 dv = P dx.
This can be integrated, Z Z
2
mv dv = P dx

mv 3
= P x + c.
3

33
Since the question specifies a standing start, v = 0 when x = 0 so c = 0. [1]
Therefore, rearranging for v,
 1
3P x 3
v= .
m
[1]
{5}

Question 7
Submerged ball [2019r1j]

By Archimedes’ principle (which states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a
body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces), net force
upwards = buoyancy force − weight. [1]

ma = ρw V g − mg
ρw V g
a= − g.
m
Since a is constant, the constant acceleration formulae apply. [1]
Therefore using v 2 = u2 − 2as at depth d,
 
2 2 ρw V g
v =0 +2 − g · d.
m

[1]
2 h
Then v = 2gh can be used at the surface of the water to find d
, [1]
 
ρw V
2gh = 2g −1 ·d
m
 
h ρw V
= −1
d m
and by substituting V = 43 πr3 ,
4 ρw r 3
 
h
= π −1 .
d 3 m
[1]
{5}

Question 8
Disintegrating neon atom [2019r1l]

Conservation of momentum needs to be considered both parallel and perpendicular to the line
of flight of the neon atom. (
mNe vNe = mα vα cos θ
mO vO = mα vα sin θ

34
 vα

mα θ
vNe
mNe
mO

vO

Before After

Figure 31: Before and after atom disintegrates

[1]
[1]
And with values substituted, (
20vNe = 4vα cos θ
16vO = 4vα sin θ
By squaring and adding the equations and using the fact that sin2 + cos2 = 1,
2
400vNe + 256vO2 = 16vα2

[1]
Rearranging for vO2 ,
1 2 25 2
vO2 = v − v .
16 α 16 Ne
Now considering conservation of energy,
1 2 1 1
· 20u · vNe + E0 = · 4u · vα2 + · 16u · vO2 .
2 2 2
[1]
Then substituting the expression found for vO2 using conservation of momentum (and
multiplying by 2),
 
2 1 2 25 2
20u · vNe + 2E0 = 4u · vα2 + 16u · v − v
16 α 16 Ne
2
20u · vNe + 2E0 = 4u · vα2 + u · vα2 − 25u · vNe
2

Rearranging for vα2 and substituting values,

5u · vα2 = 45u · vNe

2
+ 2E0

2E02
vα2 = 9vNe +
5u
2 × 6.25 × 106 × 1.6 × 10−19
vα2 = 9 × (3.0 × 106 )2 +
5 × 1.66 × 10−27
vα2 = 3.22 × 1014
vα = 1.79 × 107 = 1.8 × 107 m s−1 .

35
 [1]
{5}

Question 9
Flight along the equator [2019r1m]

First, we need to find the speed of the equator using v = ωr,

2πr 2π6.37 × 106

vE = = = 463 m s−1 .
T 24 × 3600
[1]
When the plane flies East, its velocity is in the same direction as the equator so their speeds
add, whereas when the plane flies West, its velocity is in the opposite direction to the equator
so their speeds subtract. Therefore using Newton II and assuming that the altitude of flight is
low enough to approximate the gravitational force as mg,

(463 − 250)2
W1 = mg − m
r
and [1]

(463 + 250)2
W2 = mg − m .
r
[1]
Subtracting,

(463 + 250)2 (463 − 250)2

W1 − W2 = m −m [1]
r r
1 2 2
= (713 − 213 )
6.37 × 106
= 0.0727 = 0.073 N.

[1]
{5}

Question 10
Resistor loops [2019r1o]
[1]

info=6 Ω info=9 Ω

i3

i1 A info=4BΩ i2
info=9 V info=6 V

Figure 32: Circuit with 2 loops A and B

36
We can use Kirchhoff’s voltage law (sum of all voltages around a closed loop in any circuit
must equal 0) along with V = IR to find an equation for each loop,
(
A : 9 = −4i3 + 6i1
B : 6 = 9i2 + 4i3

[1]
[1]
Then using Kirchhoff’s first law (current flowing into a junction must be equal to the current
flowing out), a third equation can be found,

i2 = i1 + i3 .

[1]
We can then substitute for i1 in the first two equations.
(
A : 9 = −4i3 + 6(i2 − 6i3 ) = 6i2 − 10i3
B : 6 = 9i2 + 4i3

Then A can be multiplied by 23 .

(
3
A: 2
9= 9i2 − 15i3
B: 6 = 9i2 + 4i3

Subtracting the B from A,

3
9 − 6 = 9i2 − 15i3 − 9i2 − 4i3
2
27
− 6 = −19i3
2
15
i3 = − = −0.395 A.
38
To find the current in the six ohm resistor, we need to solve for i1 by substituting for i3 in the
first equation,

9 = −4(−0.395) + 6i1 ⇒ i1 = 1.24 A flowing to the left.

[1]
{5}

Question 11
Illuminated copper sphere [2019r1p]

(i) When the copper sphere is illuminated by light which causes photoemission, electrons
escape the sphere, leaving it positively charged. As the positive charge becomes larger, it
becomes more difficult for electrons to escape due to the Coulomb force between the
negatively charged electron and positively charged sphere, until the positive charge is
sufficient to stop electrons escaping. This is when the sphere reaches its maximum

37
 potential (which corresponds to EKmax = EV max ). The energy provided by the light is
found using E = hf along with c = f λ which gives
hc 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
E= = = 1.326 × 10−18 J = 8.2875 eV.
λ 150 × 10−9
[1]
Then using E = Φ + EKmax , the maximum kinetic energy of an electron can be found.

EKmax = E − ϕ = 8.2875 eV − 4.5 eV = 3.7875 eV.

[1]
dE
Using the definition of electric potential, V = dq
,

EKmax 3.7875e
Vmax = = = 3.7875 = 3.8 V.
e e
[1]

1 Q
(ii) The total charge lost can be found using V = 4πϵ0
· r
and rearranging for Q,

Q = 4πϵ0 rVmax = 4πϵ0 × 2 × 10−3 × 3.7875× = 8.42 × 10−13 C.

Then to find the number of electrons lost, we calculate how many electrons form this
charge,
Q 8.42 × 10−13
n= = = 5.3 × 106 electrons.
e 1.6 × 10−19
[1]
{4}

Question 12
Three conducting spheres [2019r1q]

Since charge is conserved, the total charge in the system must be the same before and after the
1
spheres are connected. The total charge can be found using Q = krV where k = 4πϵ 0
for
conciseness.
1 4
QT = Q1 + Q3 = kr1 V1 + kr2 V2 = kV R + kV R = kRV.
3 3
[1]
When the three spheres are connected, they must reach the same potential, V ′ . This is because
different potentials lead to a potential difference which causes charge flow until the potential
difference reaches zero. Therefore, using a similar equation for total charge but considering the
system after the spheres are connected,
1 1
QT = kRV ′ + kRV ′ + kRV ′ . [1]
3  2 
′ 1 1
= kRV + +1
3 2
11
= kRV ′ · . [1]
6

38
 [1]
Then we can equate the two expressions found for QT ,
4 11 8
kRV = kRV ′ · ⇒ V ′ = V.
3 6 11
[1]
Hence by substituting the results found above,

Q2 1
2
kRV ′ 3V′ 3 8 3
= 4 = = = .
QT 3
kRV 8V 8 11 11

[1]
{5}

Question 13
Speed of the Sun [2018r1a]

The velocity of the Sun with respect to the centre of the galaxy is given by

v = ωr,

where ω is the angular velocity of the Sun around the galaxy and r is the distance between
the Sun and centre of the galaxy. ω can be calculated in terms of the period of rotation of the
galaxy using
2π
ω= .
T
Therefore the velocity of the Sun is given by
2πr
v= .
T
[1]
Substituting values from the question, remembering to convert the units,

2π × 26000 × 3.0 × 108 × 1 year

v=
240 × 106 × 1 year
[1]

78 × 1011
v = 2π
2.4 × 108
v = 2.04 × 105 m s−1 .
[1]

{3}

Question 14
Tension in thread [2018r1b]

39
 T
θ

mg

Figure 33: Forces on sphere

The radius of the sphere is r = 6.0 cm and the length of thread is l = 9.0 cm. Using Figure 33,
sin θ is given by
r 6.0
sin θ = = = 0.4
r+l 6.0 + 9.0
[1]
So
θ = arcsin 0.4 = 23.6◦ .
Now resolving forces vertically,
T cos θ = mg.
[1]
From this, an expression for T can be found,
mg
T =
cos θ
0.5 × 9.81
T = .
cos 23.6◦
[1]
{3}

Question 15
Displacement, velocity and acceleration [2018r1c]

(i) The object comes to rest when its velocity is zero. The velocity is calculated by taking
the time derivative of the displacement function,
ds
= 6t2 − 18t + 12.
dt
Equating this to zero,
6t2 − 18t + 12 = 0
6(t2 − 3t + 2) = 0
(t − 2)(t − 1) = 0.
Therefore, the object comes to rest when t = 1 s and t = 2 s. [1]

40
 (ii) The acceleration is given by the time derivative of the velocity function (or the second
time derivative of the displacement function),
d2 s
= 12t − 18.
dt2
Equating this to zero,
12t − 18 = 0
6(2t − 3) = 0 ⇒ t = 1.5 s.
[1]

(iii) We have already found the velocity function of the object, so t = 1.5 s can be substituted
into this,
v(1.5 s) = 6(1.5)2 − 18(1.5) + 12 = −1.5 m s−1 .
[1]

(iv) We have already found the acceleration function of the object, so t = 1 s and t = 2 s can
be substituted into this,

a(1 s) = 12(1) − 18 = −6 m s−2

a(2 s) = 12(2) − 18 = 6 m s−2 .

[1]
{4}

Question 16
Train stopping distance [2018r1d]

We can substitute the information in the question to obtain two equations:

(
100 = 40a + 402 b
280 = 80a + 802 b.

Subtracting twice the first equation from the second,

80 = b(802 − (2 × 402 )) ⇒ b = 0.025 m km−2 h−2 .

[1]
Substituting this value of b back into the first equation,

100 = 40a + 1600 × 0.025 ⇒ a = 1.5 m km−1 h−1 .

[1]
Now to find the greatest speed such that the train can be stopped in 500 m,

500 = 1.5v + 0.025v 2

[1]

0 = v 2 + 60v − 20000

41
 √
−60 ± 602 + 4 × 20000
v= = −30 ± 144.6.
2
Only the positive value of velocity is meaningful here, so v = 114.6 = 115 km h−1 . [1]
{4}

(Note that the units of speed do not have to be converted in this question because the constants
absorb this.)
Question 17
Planes meet [2018r1e]

θ
a

θc c

Figure 34: Paths of planes

diagram [1]

The distances a and b can be found using s = vt. Taking care to convert the times to hours (by
dividing by 60),
40
a = 360 × = 240 km
60
40
b = 300 × = 200 km.
60
[1]
◦
Since the planes move north and south-east initially, the bearing θc = 90 + 45 = 135 . Using
cosine rule,
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θc .
Substituting,
c2 = 2402 + 2002 − 2(240)(200) cos 135◦
c = 406.80 km.
[1]
In order to meet, the two planes cover this distance in time t, which can be found by considering
the combined speed of the planes, vc = 300 + 360 = 660 km h−1 . So
s 406.90
t= = = 36.98 min.
vc 660
[1]
In this time, plane a travels
36.98
sa = vt = 360 × = 221.9 km
60
42
which indicates the meeting point. [1]

θ
240 km 221.9 km

ϕ
d
Figure 35: Meeting point position

Figure 35 is drawn to help find the position of the meeting point. To find θ, we return to Figure
34 and use the sine rule,
c b
◦
=
sin 135 sin θ
406.80 200
= ⇒ θ = 20.34◦ .
sin 135◦ sin θ
Now the cosine rule can be used on Figure 35 to find the meeting point,
d2 = 2402 + 221.92 − 2(240)(221.9) cos 20.34◦
d = 83.5 km.
[1]
Then using the sine rule to find the bearing, ϕ,
d 221.9
=
sin θ sin ϕ
83.5 221.9
◦
= ⇒ ϕ = 67.5◦ .
sin 20.34 sin ϕ
[1]
{7}

Question 18
Measuring the Planck constant [2018r1f]

u vn vd
n d n d

Before After

Figure 36: Neutron approaches deuteron with velocity u

43
 (i) Let the mass of the neutron be m and hence the mass of the deuteron be 2m. By
considering conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, two equations can
be formed, (
Momentum: mu = mvn + 2mvd
1
Energy: 2
mu2 = 12 mvn2 + 21 (2m)vd2
[1]
(
Momentum: u = vn + 2vd
Energy: u2 = vn2 + 2vd2 .
[1]

From the momentum equation,

u − vn = 2vd
and from the energy equation,

(u − vn )(u + vn ) = 2vd2 .

Dividing the two,

u + vn = vd .
(We can divide and neglect the lost answer since the alternative case is that u = vn and
vd = 0 which is when there is no interaction.)
Combining this result with u − vn = 2vd ,

vd − u = vn = u − 2vd
vd 2
2u = 3vd ⇒ = .
u 3
[1]

(ii) The initial kinetic energy is 12 mu2 . The final kinetic energy of the deuteron is
 2
1 1 2 4
(2m)vd2 = (2m) u = mu2 .
2 2 3 9

Therefore, the percentage of initial kinetic energy transferred to the deuteron is

4
9
mu2 8
1 = = 89%.
2
mu2 9

[1]

(iii) Since 89 of the kinetic energy is transferred to the deuteron, 1

9
of the kinetic energy is left
with the neutron after each collision. So after N collisions,
 N
1
10 MeV = 0.01 eV
9

44
 [1]
 N
1
10 × 106 = 0.01
9
1
= 1 × 10−9
9N
9N = 109
N log10 9 = 9
9
N= = 9.4.
log10 9
So 10 collisions would be required. [1]
(This result is for head-on collisions, but is similar to the general result.)
{10}

Question 19
Falling chain [2018r1g]

(i) The reaction force exerted by the table on the chain is due to the weight of chain on the
table and the impulse that the falling chain exerts on the table,

R = weight of chain + rate of change of momentum.

[1]
In free fall, the links of the chain accelerate down at the same rate so there is no force
acting between the links. Therefore, tension does not need to be considered in the chain.
We consider a length l of chain has fallen, which arrives at the table with speed v. Using
constant acceleration formula v 2 = u2 + 2as, this speed is
p
v 2 = 2gl ⇒ v = 2gl.

[1]
The force on the table due to the impact can be found by considering the rate of change
of momentum,
dm dm
F = (vf − vi ) = v.
dt dt
(In a short time interval, a mass dm arrives, but v changes to v + dv ≈ v.)
Now, dm can be expressed as µvdt because a length vdt of chain arrives in time interval
dt by using s = vt. Then µ is the mass per unit length so dm = µvdt. Substituting this
into the expression found above,
µvdt
F = v = µv 2 .
dt
Substituting the expression for v,
F = 2glµ.

45
 Considering the second part of the reaction force exerted by the table, the weight of chain
on the table can be expressed as µlg because m = µl. Now the reaction force exerted by
the table can be written as
R = µlg + 2glµ = 3µgl.
[1]
Using constant acceleration formula s = ut + 21 at2 , l can be expressed as a function of t
(as required by the question):
1 3
R = 3gµ gt2 = µg 2 t2 .
2 2
[1]

(ii) The maximum reaction force occurs at the end of the fall, when t is maximum. [1]
The total weight of the rope is given by µlmax g so
3 1
Rmax = µg 2 t2max = 3(µ gt2max g) = 3(µlmax g) = 3W.
2 2
[1]
{6}

Question 20
Forces on particle in circular motion [2018r1h]

N
mg

Figure 37: Forces on particle at the top of the cylinder

N′

Mg

Figure 38: Forces on rectangular object

Resolving forces on Figure 37,

2
mvtop
N + mg = .
r
46
 [1]
In order to lift the rectangular mass M off the ground, the minimum force N ′ is

N ′ = M g.

By Newton’s third law,

N − N ′ = 0 ⇒ N = M g.
[1]
Substituting this into the result found from Figure 37,
2
mvtop
M g + mg =
r
2 gr
vtop = (M + m) .
m
[1]
This is the required speed for the particle at the top of the cylinder. To find the minimum speed
that has to the given to the particle at the bottom of the cylinder, we need to take into account
energy conservation since the particle gains gravitational potential energy,
1 2 1 2
mv = mg(2r) + mvtop
2 2
[1]

v 2 = 4gr + vtop
2
.
Substituting the result for vtop ,
gr
v 2 = 4gr + (M + m)
m
 
2 M
v = gr 5 + .
m
[1]
{5}

Question 21
Internal resistance [2018r1i]

(i) By Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the sum of voltages around a closed loop must be zero. The
emfs of the two cells can be summed to give an overall emf, and their internal resistances
act as additional resistors in series. The total resistance of the circuit can be found by
adding the resistors in series. Therefore, from V = IR,
V sum of emfs
I= =
R sum of resistances
2.0 + 1.5 7
I= = = 0.37 A.
5.0 + 3.0 + 1.0 + 0.5 19
[1]

47
 (ii) Using V = ϵ − Ir,
V2.0 = 2.0 − 0.37(1.0) = 1.6 V.
[1]

V1.0 = 1.5 − 0.37(0.5) = 1.3 V.

[1]

(iii) The potential difference across each resistor relative to earth can be found using V = IR,

VA = IR = 0.37 × 5.0 = 1.8 V

VB = IR = −0.37 × 3.0 = −1.1 V.

[1]
Note the negative sign for VB .
{4}

Question 22
Refraction [2018r1j]

θ4

θ3 θ4 A oil

θ2 water
R
x
θ1
glass

Figure 39: Ray diagram

diagram [1]
θ1 < θ2 < θ3 < θ4 [1]

In Figure 39, let A be the apparent depth, x the offset vertical displacement and R the real
depth. Using Snell’s law, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 , we can write

nglass sin θ1 = nwater sin θ2

nwater sin θ2 = noil sin θ3

noil sin θ3 = nair sin θ4 .

48
So
nglass sin θ1 = nair sin θ4 .
[1]
Considering Figure 39 and using trigonometry,

A tan θ4 = dglass tan θ1 + dwater tan θ2 + doil tan θ3 .

[1]
By making the assumption that the angles of deviation of the ray are small, we can use tan θ ≈
sin θ for small angles. Therefore,

A sin θ4 = dglass sin θ1 + dwater sin θ2 + doil sin θ3 .

[1]
Rewriting the angles in terms of θ4 by using the Snell’s law equations above,
nair nair nair
A sin θ4 = dglass sin θ4 + dwater sin θ4 + doil sin θ4 .
nglass nwater noil

Substituting values,
1.8 1.2 0.8
A sin θ4 = (+ + ) sin θ4
1.5 1.3 1.1
1.8 1.2 0.8
A= + + = 2.85 cm.
1.5 1.3 1.1
[1]
The real depth is given by
R = 1.8 + 1.2 + 0.8 = 3.8 cm.
Hence, the vertical displacement is

x = 3.8 − 2.85 = 0.95 cm.

[1]
{7}

Question 23
Jumping on another planet [2018r1k]

The energy supplied to jump one metre on earth is given by mgE (1) = mgE . This energy
must be supplied in both jumps. [1]
The acceleration due to gravity on earth (on the earth’s surface) is given by
GME
gE = 2
.
RE

It is useful to express the earth’s mass in terms of its density since the density of the other
planet is defined comparatively. Using ρ = M V
and the formula for the volume of a sphere (we
approximate earth to a sphere), V = 34 πr3 , g can be expressed as

G( 34 πRE3
ρE ) 4
gE = 2
= GπRE ρE .
RE 3

49
 [1]
Now consider the acceleration due to gravity on the other planet, given by
4
gP = GπRP ρP .
3
We can substitute the density and radius given in the question and relate gP to gE ,
   
4 2 4 4 4
gP = Gπ(2RE ) ρE = GπRE ρE = gE .
3 3 3 3 3

[1]
The energy supplied when jumping is mgE , as found previously. Therefore by energy
conservation,
mgE = mgP hP
4 3
gE = gE hP ⇒ hP = = 0.75 m.
3 4
[1]
{4}

Question 24
Buoyant block [2018r1l]

Let the length of the block be l. The oil and block have the same density, so a height b of the
block is neutrally buoyant in depth b of oil. Therefore, we can consider a a block 3b high,
floating in water alone, of dept d. Using ρ = M
V
, the weight of the 3b high block is

2
Wb = 3b · 4b · l ρg.
3
The weight of water displaced by the block is

Ww = d · 4b · lρg.

[1]
By Archimedes’ principle (which states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a
body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces), [1]
2
3b · 4b · l ρg = d · 4b · lρg
3
8b = 4d ⇒ d = 2b.
[1]
3
Since 2b is submerged in water and an additional b is submerged in oil, 4
= 75% of the block
is submerged.
[1]
{4}

Question 25
Expanding steel [2018r1n]

50
Let the length by which the girder expands be dl. The linear expansivity is the fractional
expansion per unit temperature rise, so can be written as
dl 1
linear expansivity = .
l ∆T
Rearranging for dl,
dl = linear expansivity · l∆T
dl = 1.2 × 10−7 × 4 × (20 − 5) = 7.2 × 10−6 m.
[1]
The Young’s modulus is given by
Fl
E=
Adl
σ F dl
(which can be derived from E = ϵ
, σ = A
and ϵ = l
). Rearranging the Young’s modulus
expression for F ,
dl
F = EA .
l
[1]
2
Substituting values and remembering to change the surface area units to m ,

7.2 × 10−6
F = 2.0 × 1011 × 30 × 10−4 × = 1080 = 1100 N.
4
[2]
{4}

Question 26
Diffraction grating [2018r1o]

(i) Diagram required [1]

B θ2
θ1
A

d θ2
θ1
D
C

Figure 40: Path difference between rays passing through adjacent slits

51
 angles, rays parallel [1]

(ii) The path difference between the top and bottom ray is given by AB − CD. From Figure
40, AB = d sin θ1 and CD = d sin θ2 . Therefore,

path difference = d(sin θ1 − sin θ2 ).

For a maximum to occur, the path difference must be equal to a whole number of
wavelengths so
nλ = d(sin θ1 − sin θ2 ).
[1]

(iii) The two observed diffracted beams are of successive orders. Substituting values, where d
is the reciprocal of lines per mm (converted to m),
(
1
1.2×106
(sin θ1 − sin 73◦ ) = nλ
1
1.2×106
(sin θ1 − sin 14◦ ) = (n ± 1)λ
(
sin θ1 − sin 73◦ = nλ(1.2 × 106 )
sin θ1 − sin 14◦ = (n ± 1)λ(1.2 × 106 )
Subtracting the top equation from the bottom,

sin 73◦ − sin 14◦ = ±λ · 1.2 × 106

We take the positive case since sin 73◦ − sin 14◦ is always positive.

sin 73◦ − sin 14◦ = λ · 1.2 × 106

sin 73◦ − sin 14◦
λ= = 595 nm
1.2 × 106
[1]

(iv) In order to find n, λ is substituted back into the relations found previously,
(
sin θ1 − sin 73◦ = n(595 × 10−9 1.2 × 106 )
sin θ1 − sin 14◦ = (n ± 1)(595 × 10−9 1.2 × 106 )
(
sin θ1 = sin 73◦ + 0.714n
sin θ1 = sin 14◦ + 0.714(n ± 1).
Here, we can see that the only possible value of n is negative. So the diffracted rays must
be the other side of the normal, or below the horizontal, in Figure 40. By subtracting the
equations,
0 = sin 14◦ − sin 73◦ ± 0.714
sin 73◦ = sin 14◦ ± 0.714,
we find the result is only true when 0.714 is added. Therefore,
(
sin θ1 = sin 73◦ + 0.714n
sin θ1 = sin 14◦ + 0.714(n + 1).

52
 Both equations can only be satisfied by n = −1 or n = −2 since sine is defined for
−1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1. Also note that θ1 need to be negative in order to be consistent with the
earlier finding that the diffracted rays must be the other side of the normal. As a result,
only n = −2 is relevant. Hence

sin θ1 = sin 73◦ + −2(0.714) ⇒ θ1 = −28 ◦ .

[1]

(v) For n = −3 (remembering to use negative values of n), θ2 > 90◦ so there is no diffracted
beam.
Alternatively, the third diffracted beam could be for when n = 0, which gives θ2 = 28◦ .
(Note that Figure 41 is more accurate than Figure 40 and does not require negative
diffraction orders.)

θ1 θ2

θ1
θ2
d

Figure 41: Path difference between rays passing through adjacent slits

[1]
{6}

Question 27
Limited pendulum [2018r1q]

The small angles mean that the pendulum undergoes SHM. We can use the SHM result

θ = θ0 cos ωt.

[1]
The initial angular frequency is given by
2π
ω = 2πf = .
T0
Now to find the period of oscillation with the wall, we consider how long it takes for the
pendulum to hit the wall,
−7 = 14 cos ωt

53
 [1]
1
− = cos ωt
2
1 1
t = arccos −
ω 2
1 2π
t= .
ω 3
Substituting ω found above to find t in terms of T0 ,
T0 2π T0
t= = .
2π 3 3
[1]
Since the collision with the wall is elastic, the period of oscillation is the time it takes for the
pendulum hit the wall and return to its original position. This is given by 2t. So the new period
of oscillation is
2T0
2t = .
3
[1]
{4}

Question 28
Charges around a square [2018r1r]

(i) The fields from A and C are parallel and act on the centre of the square along the
diagonal. This is the same for B and D, but these act along the other diagonal. [1]

A B

ED EC 10 cm
EB EA

D C
Figure 42: Direction of fields due to A, B, C and D acting on the centre

Using Pythagoras, the distance from a corner of the square to the centre is given by
1√ 2 1√
r= 0.1 + 0.12 = 0.02
2 2
0.02
r2 = = 0.005 m2 .
4
Since fields add, we can work out the total electric field in each direction, which acts on
the centre. From E = 4πϵQ0 r2 ,
(10 + 12) × 10−9
EA+C =
4πϵ0 r2

54
 (10 + 12) × 10−9
EA+C = = 39556 N C−1 .
4πϵ0 × 0.005
[1]
Along the other diagonal,
(8 + 6) × 10−9
EB+D =
4πϵ0 r2
(8 + 6) × 10−9
EB+D = = 25172 N C−1 .
4πϵ0 × 0.005
[1]
For the resultant field strength,
q
ER = EA+C 2 2
+ EB+D = 4.7 × 104 N C−1 .

[1]
(Here, we can consider the fields acting on the centre of the square as two sides of a
triangle, Figure 43, and use Pythagoras to find the overall strength.)

EA+C
ϕ
θ
ER

EB+D

Figure 43: Fields acting on the centre

Because they act along diagonals of the square, EA+C and EB+D are at right angles to
each other. Hence from Figure 43,
25172
tan ϕ = ⇒ ϕ = 32.5◦ .
39556
Diagonals are at 45◦ to the vertical so
θ = 45 − 32.5 = 12.5◦ .
Electric field acts at 12.5◦ to the vertical. [1]

(ii) First, the potential at the centre of the square is

Q (10 + 8 − 12 − 6) × 10−9
VC = = = 0.
4πϵ0 r 4πϵ0 r
[1]
At the midpoint of CD,
10 × 10−9 −6 × 10−9 −12 × 10−9 8 × 10−9
VM = + + + ,
4πϵ0 rAM 4πϵ0 rBM 4πϵ0 rCM 4πϵ0 rDM
√
where rAM = rBM and rCM = rDM . Using Figure 42, rCM = 0.0125 and rAM = 0.05.
Substituting,
(−12 − 6) × 10−9 (10 + 8) × 10−9
VM = + √ = −1789 V.
4πϵ0 0.05 4πϵ0 0.0125

55
 The work done in moving the electron is found using W = V Q:

W = −1789 × 1.6 × 10−19 = −2.86 × 10−16 J.

[1]
{7}

Question 29
Ladder [2017r1b]

FR FN = 80 N

x y
A B

W = 350 N

diagram [1]

In the diagram above, we have the narrow end at B and the wider end at A. When the ladder is
being lifted from the narrow end, there are 3 forces acting. The reaction force from the ground
at A, the weight of the ladder acting from the centre of mass, and the 80 N force at B. Since
we know the two latter forces, we can take moments about A to solve the problem. The sum of
moments about A is zero because the 80 N force only just lifts the narrow end off the ground.

Taking moments anticlockwise,

0 = 80(x + y) − 350x, [1]

where (x + y) is the length of the ladder, 5.0 m.

0 = 80 × 5.0 − 350x
350x = 400
8
x= m [1]
7
We wish to find the distance between the centre of mass and the narrow end, y, however.

y = 5.0 − x
27
= m = 3.86 m [1]
7
To find the force required to just lift the wide end off the ground, we must now take moments
about B.
F R
8 27
7
m 7
m
A B

W = 350 N

56
Taking clockwise moments,
27
0 = F × 5 − 350 × ,
7
27
5F = 350 × ,
7
F = 270 N. [1]

{5}

Question 30
Particle [2017r1c]

a/m s−2

10 -

5-

0 10 t/s

Graphically:

The change in velocity is equal to the area under the a − t graph.

In the first 10 s, the average acceleration is 7.5 m s−2 , so the change in velocity is

7.5 × 10 = 75 m s−1 . [1]

So, after 10 s, given that the initial velocity is 100 m s−1 , the particle is moving at

100 + 75 = 175 m s−1 .

To reach 200 m s−1 , which is double the initial velocity, an additional 25 m s−1 is required.

[1]

At this point, the acceleration is constant and it would therefore take

v 25
t= = = 5 s. [1]
a 5
Overall, this is 15 s after the start.

[1]

57
Alternatively, this part of the question can be solved algebraically by integration, or by
comparing with s = ut + 21 at2 , which will be shown below. Any correct method and result is
worth 4 marks.

If we start with the constant acceleration formula,

1
s = ut + at2 ,
2
and note in this question, that the rate of change of acceleration is constant in the first 10 s, we
da
can create an analogue for v instead of s. The rate of change of acceleration, is equal to the
dt
5 − 10 1
final minus initial acceleration, divided by 10 s: =− .
10 2
 
1 da 2
v − u = at + t.
2 dt

By substitution,
 
1 1
v − 100 = 10 × 10 + − 102
2 2
−1
= 175 m s .

The remaining steps can be calculated with constant acceleration formula to obtain the same
answer as above.

For the second part of the question, a graph resembling this should be drawn.

v/m s−1
no kink

200

175

100 linear

curve

t/s
0 10 15

58
 shape [1]

no kink [1]

correct curvature + linear [1]

(values not required)

{7}

Question 31
Ball rebounding [2017r1d]

wall

α
a
2a

The trajectory of the ball is shown in the diagram above.

First we will consider the horizontal component of velocity before and after the collision. These
are affected by the collision and can be written in terms of e.

vbefore = v cos α. [1]

Using the given expression,

vafter
e= ,
vbefore
we can find as expression for vafter :

vafter = evbefore
= ev cos α. [1]

We can find the expression for the distance, a, to be

a = v cos αt1 . [1]

a
t1 = ,
v cos α

59
where t1 is the time of flight of the ball until it collides with the wall. Using vafter to find 2a,

2a = ev cos αt2 . [1]

2a
t2 =
ev cos α
3a
= ,
v cos α
where t2 is the time of flight from the wall to the ground again.

The vertical component of the velocity is unaffected by the collision.

[1]

By applying constant acceleration formulae to the unchanged vertical component, we can find
the total time of flight of the ball, which equals to t1 + t2 .
1
s = ut + at2 .
2
Substituting,
1
0 = v sin αt − gt2 ,
2
2v sin α
=⇒ t = .
g
Note that the other solution, t = 0, corresponds to the time at which the ball is released. Since

t = t1 + t2 ,

we can substitute the expressions above for t1 and t2 and rearrange to find the desired expression
for a.
2v sin α a 3a
= + ,
g v cos α v cos α
2v sin α 4a
= ,
g v cos α
2v 2 sin α cos α
a= .
4g
Applying the sine double angle formula,

v 2 sin 2α
a= . [1]
4g

{6}

Question 32
Helicopter [2017r1e]

60
The two forces on the helicopter are the weight and the lift. The helicopter causes a change
in the velocity of the air, which means it is changing the momentum of the air and therefore
imparting a force. The rate of change of momentum of the air gives the force exerted by the
helicopter.

∆p ∆(mv)
F = = . [1]
∆t ∆t
Due to Newton’s third law, the air exerts an equal and opposite force on the helicopter, which
is the origin of the lift force. The mass of air which undergoes the momentum change can be
found by multiplying the air density by the volume of the cylinder.

m = ρV = ρA∆h,

where ∆h is the height of the cylinder and A is the cross sectional area. Substituting for m in
the expression for force,
ρA∆hv
F = ,
∆t
∆h
but = v, because v is the downwards velocity imparted. Therefore,
∆t
F = ρAv 2 . [1]

The condition for the helicopter to remain stationary is that the weight is equal to the lift.

W = F,
W = ρAv 2 . [1]

Rearranging for v,
s
W
v=
ρA
s
Mg
= [1]
ρA
r
1000 × 9.8
=
1.2 × π × 32
= 17 m s−1 . [1]

{5}

Question 33
Vectors and ships [2017r1f]

61
 ȷ̂

velocity vector
vs = (ı̂ + 4ȷ̂)

buoy
ı̂
(3ı̂ −ȷ̂)
ship 3 p.m.

(−4ı̂ − 5ȷ̂)
motor boat 2 p.m.

diagram [1]

The position vector of the ship at 2 p.m. is its position vector at 3 p.m. minus the distance it
travels in an hour.

ss = (3ı̂ −ȷ̂) − 1 × (ı̂ + 4ȷ̂) [1]

= (2ı̂ − 5ȷ̂) [1]

The velocity vector of the motor boat is the velocity that results in the interception of the ship.
For this to happen, the ship and boat must end up at the same point after a time t. We will label
the velocity of the motor boat to be

vmb = aı̂ + bȷ̂.

Considering the starting positions of the ship and the boat at 2 p.m., and their respective
velocities,

(−4ı̂ − 5ȷ̂) + t(aı̂ + bȷ̂) = (2ı̂ − 5ȷ̂) + t(ı̂ + 4ȷ̂). [1]

In this expression, we have equated the position of the motor boat after a time t, on the left,
to that of the ship on the right. Since ı̂ and ȷ̂ are orthogonal, we can collect and equate ı̂ and ȷ̂
terms separately. First for ı̂:

(−4 + at)ı̂ = (2 + t)ı̂,

6 = t(a − 1) (*)

62
then ȷ̂:

(−5 + bt)ȷ̂ = (−5 + 4t)ȷ̂,

b = 4.
√
But we know that |vmb | = 41, so

a2 + b2 = 41. [1]

With b = 4, we find that

a2 = 41 − 16 = 25,

so

a = ±5.

By reconsidering the physical situation, we conclude that a must be positive (since t is positive).
Hence,

vmb = (5ı̂ + 4ȷ̂). [1]

Finally, to find the time of interception, we can plug into (**) the value for a that we have
found.

6 = t(a − 1)
6
t=
a−1
6
=
5−1
= 1.5 h [1]

(There are various ways of finding vmb , so award two marks for clear working and one mark
for the result in that part of the question.)

{7}

Question 34
Cell emf and resistance [2017r1h]

ε
r

A
R

63
For any value of R,

ε = Ir + IR. [1]

Given that the current is 0.80 A when the resistance, R, is 2.00 Ω,

ε = 0.8r + 0.8 × 2,
ε = 0.8r + 1.6. (†)

When the 5.00 Ω resistor is added in parallel, the total resistance can be found by adding the
resistances as follows.
1 1 1
= + ,
RT 2 5
10
RT = Ω. [1]
7
Substituting this value for R into the first equation, with the current being 1.00 A for this resistor
configuration,
10
ε=1×r+1× ,
7
10
ε=r+ . (‡)
7
simultaneous equations (†) and (‡) [1]

We can solve the simultaneous equations to find r and ε. Subtracting (‡) from (†),
10
0 = 0.2R − 1.6 +
7
=⇒ r = 0.86 Ω. [1]

The emf is calculated by substituting r into one of these equations.

ε = 2.3 V. [1]

{5}

Question 35
Resistor energy [2017r1i]

The maximum current occurs when the resistance of the circuit is minimum. This happens
when the only resistance is the internal resistance of the battery. Hence, using V + IR, we can
find the internal resistance of the battery.

ε = Imax r
ε
r=
Imax
6
= = 2Ω [1]
3

64
Now, considering htat an external resistor of resistance R is connected ot hte battery,

ε = I(r + R).
ε
I=
R+r
The power dissipated by this resistor is given by P = I 2 R. Substituting I from above, this
gives

ε2 R
P = .
(R + r)2

To find at which R the maximum power is dissipated, we can differentiate P with respect to R
and set it to zero.
dP ε2 ε2 R
= − 2 =0
dR (R + r)2 (R + r)3
ε2 ε2 R
= 2
(R + r)2 (R + r)3

Multiplying both sides by (R + r)3 and cancelling ε2 ,

(R + r) = 2R,
=⇒ R = r, [1]

It is a general result, which can be quoted, that most power is dissipated by a circuit
component when its resistance is equal to the internal resistance. Substituting this into the
original expression for power,

ε2
P = r
(r + r)2
ε2
= .
4r
Plugging in given values,

62
P =
4×2
= 4.5 W. [1]

E = P t, so we find the energy dissipated in 1 minute by multiplying P by 60 s.

E = 4.5 × 60 = 270 J. [1]

{4}

Question 36
Lead ball [2017r1k]

65
In order for the ball to complete a circular path at a constant r, the forces on the ball at every
point must add up to the centripetal force. The speed of the ball at the bottom of the swing is
greater than that at the top of the swing due to the gravitational potential energy gained at the
top,

At the top of the swing, if there is no tension in the rod, then the only force on the ball is its
own weight. Using Newton’s second law, it must be that
mvt2
= mg. [1]
r
We can rearrange this to find the speed at which the ball is spinning.

vt2 = gr. [1]

Now considering the forces at the bottom of the swing (refer to the diagram below, recalling
that the centripetal force is always towards the centre of the circle),
mvb2
= T − mg. [1]
r
mvb2
T = mg + (**)
r
×

mg

The speed of the ball at this point in the swing can be determined by conserving energy.
1 1
mg(2r) + mvt2 = mvb2 , [1]
2 2
where the height gained by the ball is equal to the diameter of the circle, 2r. Rearranging for
vb ,

vb2 = vt2 + 4gr.

Substituting for vt2 from above,

vb2 = gr + 4gr
= 5gr. [1]

Finally, we can return to (**) to find the tension as required:

mvb2
T = mg + .
r

66
Substituting for vb ,
m × 5gr
T = mg +
r
= 6mg. [1]

{6}

Question 37
Sand speaker [2017r1l]

The sand begins to lose contact with the cone when the maximum acceleration due to the shm
is equal to g. [1]

For shm,

x = A sin (ωt),
v = Aω cos (ωt),
a = −Aω 2 sin (ωt),

where the maximum acceleration

amax = Aω 2 .

Therefore,

g = Aω 2 . [1]

Given that ω = 2πf ,

g = A(2πf )2 ,
g = 4π 2 f 2 A.

Rearranging for f ,
r
g
f=
4π 2 A
r
9.81
=
4π 2 × 0.2 × 10−3
= 35 Hz. [1]

{3}

Question 38
Submerged wreck [2017r1p]

67
 Tension

air

water Upthrust

Weight

We can begin with rearranging the equation for the Young’s modulus for the extension.
Fl
E=
Aδl
Fl
δl = [1]
AE
The change in extension is proportional to the change in tension of the cable. When the load is
submerged, the tension is equal to the weight minus the upthrust. When the load is above
water, the tension is simply equal to the weight. Hence, the change in tension is equal to the
upthrust.

In water, the upthrust is given by

F = ρw V g, [1]
where V is the volume of the submerged wreck. This is not given explicitly, but we can find it
by dividing the mass by the average density.
m
F = ρw g [1]
ρsub
Plugging this into the expression for δl,
m l
δl = ρw g [1]
ρsub AE
1 × 104 × 9.81 10
= 1000
8000 5 × 10−4 × 5.0 × 1010
−5
= 4.9 × 10 m. [1]

{5}

Question 39
Beam on springs [2017r1q]

68
(i)

A O B

k 2k k

The arrangement is symmetric, so the beam should be level. [1]

We can add the springs in parallel:

kt = k + 2k + k,
= 4k. [1]

and now we can equate the compressive force to the weight.

4kx = mg
mg
x= [1]
4k
(ii)

x3
x2 l B
2
x1
l O
2

A θ

k 2k 3k

Equating the downwards force (weight) to the total upwards force (kx from each spring),

mg = k1 x1 + 2kx2 + 3kx3 . [1]

Now, we need to find relations between x1 , x2 and x3 . Since the beam is linear and O is
the midpoint of AB,

x1 − x3 = 2(x2 − x3 ), [1]
2x2 = x1 + x3 . (†)

We can also take moments about the midpoint O. Equating clockwise moments to
anticlockwise moments,
l l
kx1 × × cos θ = 3kx3 × × cos θ;
2 2
x1 = 3x3 . (‡)
[1]

If we substitute (‡) into (†), then we can find x2 in terms of x3 too.

x2 = 2x3 [1]

69
 Hence, we can have write the forces expression in terms of x3 and solve.
mg = k1 (3x3 ) + 2k(2x3 ) + 3kx3 = 10kx3

mg
=⇒ x3 =
10k
2mg
x2 =
10k
3mg
x1 =
10k
mark for all 3 [1]
And since F = kx,
3
F3 = mg,
10
4
F2 = mg,
10
3
F1 = mg. mark for all 3 [1]
10

{8}

Question 40
Point charges [2016r1a]

P
+2Q +Q

70
Qualitatively correct graph with arrows and symmetry about x-axis. [2]

(i) Due to the symmetry about the x-axis, the neutral point, P, must be along the line between
the two charges. It is the point on the x-axis at which the field due to each charge is
the same, meaning that, since they are the same sign, they cancel out. If we say that the
distance between P and +Q is r1 , then the distance of P from +2Q is d − r1 . Hence, we
can equate the electric fields due to each charge at this point.
Q 2Q
2
= [1]
4πε0 r1 4πε0 (d − r1 )2
1 2
2
=
r1 (d − r1 )2
(d − r1 )2 = 2r12
√
d − r1 = 2r1
d
r1 = √
1+ 2
r1 = 0.414d [1]

(ii) Field lines are defined as being tangential to the field vector at all points along the line.
Consequently the magnitude varies.
OR, The magnitude varies with the density of field lines. [1]

{5}

Question 41
Battery discharge [2016r1b]

If the p.d. across the terminals remains constant, then the current flowing remains the same for
the duration of the discharge of the battery. Therefore, we can simply model the current as

dQ 0.5 × 106
I= = ,
dt t
where t is the duration for which the battery still has charge remaining. Since P = IV , the
time for which the battery can supply a power of 0.45 kW is

0.45 × 103 = IV,

0.5 × 106
0.45 × 103 = × 12, [1]
t

0.5 × 106
t= × 12,
0.45 × 103
t = 13.3 × 103 s; [1]
t = 3.7 hours.

{2}

71
Question 42
Resistor networks [2016r1c]

(i)

[1]

The parallel resistors have a resistance, RP of

1 1 1 1
= + + ,
RP R R R
1 3
= ,
RP R
R
RP = .
3
Adding this to the two other resistors in series,
R
RT = R + R +
3
7
= R. [1]
3

(ii)

72
 [2]

This is a balanced Wheatstone bridge with no current through the central resistor —
consider the potential difference across AB and find that it must be zero; when there is
no potential difference, no current flows. Hence, we can ignore the central resistor and
we are left with resistors in parallel:

Each branch has a resistance of 2R, so the total resistance:

1 1 1
= + ,
RT 2R 2R
1 1
= .
RT R
RT = R, [1]

{5}

Question 43
Gravitational spheres [2016r1d]

At the instant of collision, the spheres have a gravitational potential of

Gm1 m2
V =− , [1]
r1 + r2
given that they start a great distance apart (so we can assume they start with zero potential),
and end up with their centres of mass a distance of r1 + r2 apart.

All of the potential energy lost is gained as kinetic energy, so we can apply the conservation of
energy, where the spheres are travelling at speeds v1 and v2 on impact.
1 1 Gm1 m2
m1 v12 + m2 v22 = [1]
2 2 r1 + r2
We can also say that at the instant of collision, by conservation of momentum,
m1 v1 = m2 v2 , [1]
m1
v2 = v1 .
m2

73
We can substitute this expression for v2 into the conservation of energy equation we set up
above.
 2
1 2 1 m1 Gm1 m2
m1 v1 + m2 v1 = [1]
2 2 m2 r1 + r2
1 1 m21 2 Gm1 m2
m1 v12 + v =
2 2 m2 1 r1 + r2
1 2 1 m1 2 Gm2
v1 + v1 =
2 2 m2 r1 + r2
 
1 1 m1 Gm2
v12 + =
2 2 m2 r1 + r2
2Gm22
v12 (m2 + m1 ) =
r1 + r2
2Gm22
v12 = [1]
(r1 + r2 )(m2 + m1 )
Hence,
s
2G
v1 = m2
(r1 + r2 )(m2 + m1 )

and
s
2G
v2 = m1 [1]
(r1 + r2 )(m2 + m1 )

Since the speeds are in directly opposite directions, the relative speed is the sum of these.
s
2G
vrel = (m1 + m2 )
(r1 + r2 )(m1 + m2 )
s
2G(m1 + m2 )
= [1]
(r1 + r2 )

{7}

Question 44
Bicycle tyre [2016r1e]

We make the assumption that k mols are pumped into the tyre with each stroke. [1]

After n strokes, the pressure Pn and volume Vn of the bike tyre satisfy

Pn Vn = nkRT. [1]

We know the final pressure and volume of the bike: Pn = 3.00 × 105 Pa, Vn = 1.2 × 10−3 m3 .
Therefore,

(3.00 × 105 )(1.2 × 10−3 ) = nkRT (*)

[1]

74
For each stroke,

(1.0 × 105 )(1.2 × 10−3 ) = kRT (**)

[1]

Now, if we divide (*) by (**), we can isolate n.

nkRT (3.00 × 105 )(1.2 × 10−3 )

=
kRT (1.0 × 105 )(1.2 × 10−3 )
n = 40 [1]

{5}

Question 45
Van and car [2016r1f]

We start by converting all speeds into m s−1 for consistency. Hence,

1000 200
80 km h−1 = 80 × m s−1 = m s−1 [1]
60 × 60 9
We are given information that the car passes the van 500 m down the road. Since the van travels
at a constant speed, this is at a time
s 500
t= = 200 = 22.5 s [1]
vv 9

after the van passes the car.

By applying the constant acceleration formula s = vt − 21 at2 , we can find the speed of the car,
vc , at the instant it overtakes the van.
1
s = vc t − at2
2
s + 12 at2
vc = [1]
t
500 + 21 × 1.2 × 22.52
=
22.5
−1
= 35.7 m s [1]

{4}

Question 46
Scale pan [2016r1h]

The solution to this problem is quickly found after noticing that the acceleration of the plate
must be g for the mass to just leave the scale pan. The acceleration in shm is not constant,

75
however, so the amplitude at which this first starts happening is when the maximum acceleration
is g. For an amplitude A, the maximum acceleration is ω 2 A, so

ω 2 A = g. [1]

2π
Given that ω = ,
T
 2
2π
A = g. [1]
T
gT 2
A= ,
(2π)2 )
A = 0.0621 m = 6.21 cm. [1]

{3}

Question 47
Charged spheres [2016r1i]
Q
The potential of a sphere is V = , so the charge is Q = 4πε0 V . [1]
4πε0 R
Hence, initially, with subscripts to indicate each sphere,

Q2 = 2R(4πε0 )V,
Q3 = 0,
Q6 = 6R(4πε0 )V.
[1]

The total charge is

QT = 2R(4πε0 )V + 0 + 6R(4πε0 )V
= 8R(4πε0 )V.

When the spheres are joined by a copper wire, their potentials come to equilibrium. They all
end up with the same potential, Vf . By the conservation of charge,

QT = 2R(4πε0 )Vf + 3R(4πε0 )Vf + 6R(4πε0 )Vf . [1]

Substituting from above for QT ,

8R(4πε0 )V = (2R + 3R + 6R)(4πε0 )Vf ,

8RV = 11RVf ,
8
Vf = V. [1]
11
The charge on the 3R sphere is therefore
8
3R(4πε0 )Vf = 3R(4πε0 ) V.
11

76
And as a fraction of the original charge,
8
3R(4πε0 ) V
11 = 3 . [1]
8R(4πε0 )V 11

{5}

Question 48
Ladder [2016r1k]

R B
◦
60

N
x
mg
A F

2mg

diagram of forces [1]

Note that with a smooth wall, there is no friction.

For the ladder to be in equilibrium, the sum of the forces and sum of the moments must be zero.

Resolving vertically ↑,

N − 2mg − mg = 0,
N = 3mg.

Resolving horizontally →,

F − R = 0,
F = R. both N and F [1]

Since the maximum friction is F = µN ,

Fmax = 0.4 × 3mg.

77
Taking anticlockwise moments about A,
L
RL cos 60 − mg sin 60 − 2mgx sin 60 = 0, [1]
2
mg x
R cos 60 = sin 60 + 2mg sin 60,
2  L
1 x
R = mg tan 60 +2 ,
2 L
√
 
1 x
R = 2 3mg + .
4 L

Slipping occurs when Fmax < R, and the limit for slipping is when Fmax = R. [1]

Hence, substituting,
√
 
1 x
0.4 × 3mg = 2 3mg + ,
4 L
√ 1 x
 
1.2 = 2 3 + ,
4 L
x 1.2 1
= √ − ,
L 2 3 4
x
= 0.0964. [1]
L
{5}

Question 49
Ball on string [2016r1l]

39◦ 39◦
T T mg

FW
FW

Triangle of forces
mg

From the triangle of forces, we can see that

FW
= tan 39, [1]
mg
FW = mg tan 39,

78
and with m = 0.600,
FW = 4.77 N. [1]
This force is equal to the rate of change of the momentum of the wind that collides with the
ball.
d(mv)
FW =
dt
The wind collides with the projected area of the ball, so in a time t, the volume of air that
collides with the ball is
V = πr2 (vt).
The mass is found by multiplying by the density of air:
m = πr2 (vt)ρ.
Substituting into the expression for FW ,
d(πr2 (vt)ρv)
FW =
dt
2
= πr vρv
= π(0.10)2 (1.293)v 2 . [1]
Plugging in the value we found using the triangle of forces earlier,
4.77 = π(0.10)2 (1.293)v 2 ,
4.77
v2 =
π(0.10)2 (1.293)
= 117.3
⇒ v = 10.8 m s−1 . [1]
{4}

Question 50
Centre of mass [2016r1n]

1 kg 4 kg

2b d
O +

4 kg 2b 3 kg

79
The two 4 kg masses and the 8 kg of the ring are equivalent to a mass of 16 kg at the origin O
due to their symmetry. The centre of mass lies along the dashed line below O at a distance d
from O. Taking moments about this centre of mass, [1]

√  √ 
16d + 1 2b + d = 3 2b − d [1]
√ 
20d = 2 2b ,
√
2
d= b. [1]
10
{3}

Question 51
Circular track [2016r1q]

If the mass is to complete the circular path, then at the top of the circle we require the reaction
force from the constraining circle, N , to satisfy N ≥ 0.

The centripetal force must be equal to the forces acting on the mass in order for its path to be
circular, so

mv 2
= N + mg.
R
The smallest value for v while still satisfying N ≥ 0 occurs when N = 0. Therefore,

mv 2
≥ mg, [1]
R
v 2 = Rg.

By the conservation of energy, the gravitational potential energy lost by the particle from the
top of the track to the top of the circle is equal to the kinetic energy gained (recall that the track
is smooth so no work done against friction).
1
mg(H − 2R) = mv 2 [1]
2
Substituting the expression we have for v 2 from above,
1
mg(H − 2R) = mRg,
2
1
H − 2R = R,
2
5
H = R. [1]
2

{3}

Question 52

80
Camera shutter speed [2015r1a]

First, we convert the frequency of the rotating turntable to Hz,

33.3
f= = 0.555 Hz.
60
Then the time period for one rotation (360◦ ) can be found using T = f1 ,

1 1
T = = = 1.8018 s.
f 0.555
The photograph shows that an angle of 12.4 ± 0.1◦ is subtended during the exposure time, τ,
so the exposure time is 12.4
360
of the time for one rotation of the turntable,

12.4
τ= · 1.8018 = 0.0621 s.
360
[1]
[1]

∆τ can be calculated by one of various methods.

Method 1:
The calculations above can be combined into one line,
θ 60 (12.4 ± 0.1) 60
τ= · = · .
360 f 360 (33.3 ± 0.1)
The upper limit for exposure time, τu , is
12.5 60
τu = · = 0.062751 s.
360 33.2
Then
∆τ = τu − τ = 0.062751 − 0.062062 = 0.0007 s.
[1]
Method 2:
Since θ is divided by f , their percentage uncertainties add. Therefore,
∆τ 0.1 0.1
= + = 0.011
τ 12.4 33.3
∆τ = 0.011τ = 0.011 × 0.0621 = 0.0007 s.
[1]
Method 3:
A root mean square value for the uncertainty can be used,
s 2  2
∆τ 0.1 0.1
= + = 0.0086
τ 12.4 33.3

∆τ = 0.0086τ = 0.0086 × 0.0621 = 0.0005 s.

[1]
{3}

81
Question 53
Resistance with temperature [2015r1b]

Given that Lc is the length of constantan wire and Lm is the length of manganin wire, a 5 Ω
wire requires that
6.3Lc + 5.3Lm = 5.
[1]
Dimensions can be used to check that 6.3Lc and 5.3Lm have units of resistance.
Next we consider the change in resistance with temperature. The relative change in resistance
for constantan is −3.0 × 10−5 θ and for manganin is 1.4 × 10−5 θ at temperature θ. Note that
this is a relative change in resistance, not change in resistance, because the unit of temperature
coefficient is ◦ C−1 .
Then at temperature θ, we require

6.3Lc (1 − 3.0 × 10−5 θ) + 5.3Lm (1 + 1.4 × 10−5 θ) = 5.

We now have two equations that can be solved simultaneously to find Lc and Lm . Substituting
the first equation into the second,

6.3Lc (1 − 3.0 × 10−5 θ) + 5.3Lm (1 + 1.4 × 10−5 θ) = 6.3Lc + 5.3Lm

[1]

6.3Lc (3.0 × 10−5 θ) = 5.3Lm (1.4 × 10−5 θ).

From this, the ratio between the two lengths required for constant temperature can be found,

6.3(3.0 × 10−5 θ)
Lm = · Lc = 2.55Lc .
5.3(1.4 × 10−5 θ)

[1]
This can be substituted back into the first equation,

6.3Lc + 5.3(2.55Lc ) = 5 → Lc = 0.25 m.

[1]
6.3
Lm + 5.3Lm = 5 → Lm = 0.64 m.
2.55
[1]
{5}

Question 54
Rotation in a parabolic bowl [2015r1e]
[1]
Two forces act on the ball: F is the normal reaction force acting on the ball due to the bowl

82
 y

θ
θ

mg
θ
x
Figure 44: Forces acting on ball

surface, and mg is the weight of the ball. In order to resolve the forces, the angle θ can be
found using the gradient of the curve,
y
tan θ = = gradient = 2ax ⇒ θ = arctan (2ax).
x
We can then use Newton III to resolve the forces vertically. The centripetal force is provided
by the horizontal component of the normal force.
(
Vertically : F cos θ = mg
Horizontally : F sin θ = mω 2 R

[1]
Then by dividing the force equations,

F sin θ mω 2 R
=
F cos θ mg

ω2R
tan θ = .
g
[1]
Returning to the gradient of the curve, we can find tan θ at R,

tan θ = 2aR.

Equating the two expressions for tan θ we have found,

ω2R p
2aR = ⇒ ω = 2ag.
g
[1]
{4}

Question 55
Light passing through a prism [2015r1f]

83
 60◦

θ1 θ4
θ2 θ3
A

Figure 45: Path of light ray passing through the prism

(i) From Snell’s law, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 , and using Figure 45, [1]

sin 48.59 = 1.500 sin θ2 ⇒ θ2 = 30.0◦ .

[1]
◦
Then using the dotted blue kite, angle A = 180 − 60 = 120 . The angle θ3 can be found
by using the fact that angles in a triangle add to 180◦ ,

θ3 = 180 − θ2 − A = 180 − 30 − 120 = 30.0◦ .

By symmetry, we can say that θ4 = θ1 = 48.59◦ because the same numbers are
substituted into Snell’s law again. [1]

(ii) By vertically opposite angles,

δ = θ1 − θ2 + θ4 − θ3
= θ1 + θ4 − (θ2 + θ3 ).

Since θ2 = θ3 and θ1 = θ4 ,

= 2θ1 − 2θ2 [1]

= 2 × 48.59 − 2 × 30
= 37.18 ◦ . [1]

{5}

Question 56
Resistor combinations [2015r1h]

84
 info=2 Ω
B C

info=3 Ω info=7 Ω

info=14 Ω
info=21 Ω

Figure 46: Redrawn circuit between B and C

We can redraw the resistor circuit to show a more familiar format. The overall resistance of the
7 Ω, 14 Ω and 21 Ω resistors can be found by adding 14 Ω and 21 Ω in series then considering
two branches in parallel. Using R1T = R11 + R12 for resistors in parallel,

1 1 1
= +
RP 7 (14 + 21)
1 6 35
= ⇒ RP = Ω.
RP 35 6
RP is in series with the 3 Ω resistor, and resistors add in series to give
35 53
RS = +3= Ω.
6 6
The 2 Ω resistor is in parallel with RS so we consider the resistors in parallel to find the total
resistance across BC,
1 1 6 65
= + =
RT BC 2 53 106
106
RT BC = = 1.63 Ω.
65

info=3 Ω
D B

info=7 Ω info=2 Ω

info=14 Ω
info=21 Ω

Figure 47: Redrawn circuit between D and B

85
In a similar way, we can redraw the resistor circuit to find the resistance between DB. The
overall resistance of the 7 Ω, 14 Ω and 21 Ω resistors can be found by considering two branches
in parallel in the same way,
1 1 1
= +
RP 7 (14 + 21)
1 6 35
= ⇒ RP = Ω.
RP 35 6
RP is in series with the 2 Ω resistor, and resistors in series add to give
35 47
RS = +2= Ω.
6 6
The 3 Ω resistor is in parallel with RS so we consider the resistors in parallel to find the total
resistance across BC,
1 1 6 65
= + =
RT BD 3 47 141
141
RT BD = = 2.17 Ω.
65

info=21 Ω info=3 Ω

A info=7 Ω B

info=14 Ω info=2 Ω

Figure 48: Redrawn circuit between A and B

Between A and B, we have a resistance bridge. We notice that no current flows through the
7 Ω resistor because the bridge is balanced since 21
3
and 14
2
are in the same ratio. This result can
be derived by considering the case when there is no potential difference between the top and
bottom branch and using Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
Therefore, the 7 Ω resistor can be disregarded and the top and bottom branches considered in
parallel to find RT BA ,
1 1 1 1 1 5
= + = + =
RT BA 21 + 3 14 + 2 24 16 48
48
RT BA = = 9.60 Ω.
5
[1]
{7}

Question 57
Non-sinusoidal periodic voltage [2015r1j]

To find Vm , a weighted mean of the voltages must be taken since the different voltages last for
different times, and have varying contributions.
10T − 2T + 4(2T )
Vm = ⟨V ⟩ = =4V
4T
86
 [1]
To find Vrms , we must first find the weighted mean of the voltages squared,
T (10)2 + T (−2)2 + 2T (4)2
⟨V 2 ⟩ = = 34 V2 .
4T
[1]
Then Vrms is √
1
Vrms = ⟨V 2 ⟩ 2 = 34 = 5.83 V.
[1]
The deviation from the mean is given by
p √
Vrmsm = ⟨V 2 ⟩ − ⟨V ⟩2 = 34 − 42 = 4.24 V.

[1]
1
Alternatively, ⟨(V − ⟨V ⟩)2 ⟩ 2 can be used. {4}

Question 58
Difference between acceleration at poles and equator [2015r1k]

The difference in acceleration due to free fall at the equator and poles is due to the rotation of
the Earth.

Sp

FG

FG Se

Figure 49: Forces acting on masses at the pole and equator

A force due to gravity and a normal reaction force from the ground act on the mass at the pole.
Equating the two and using Newton’s law of gravitation,
GME m
Sp = FG ⇒ Sp = − 2
.
RE
[1]
Then we can use that Sp = −mgp , where gp is ‘g’ at the pole,
GME m
mgp = 2
RE
GME
gp = 2
.
RE

87
 [1]
At the equator, however, a centripetal force must also act on the mass. The centripetal force is
provided by gravity, which means a smaller reaction force from the ground is required for the
mass to be in equilibrium. [1]
Therefore
GME m
Se = − 2
+ mω 2 RE .
RE
[1]
Substituting Se = −mge ,
GME m
mge = 2
− mω 2 RE
RE
GME
ge = 2
− ω 2 RE .
RE
[1]
The fractional difference is then
gp − ge ω 2 RE ω 2 RE
3
∆= = GME = .
gp R2
GME
E

[1]
2π
The angular velocity of the Earth is given ω = T
where T is a day (since the Earth completes
one rotation every day). Substituting values,
(6.37 × 106 )3 4π 2
∆= · = 3.43 × 10−3 .
6.67 × 10−11 × 5.97 × 1024 (24 × 3600)2
[1]
Acceleration due to free fall at the poles is greater. [1]
{8}

Question 59
Connected conducting spheres [2015r1m]

When the two spheres are connected, they must reach the same potential, Vf . [1]
This is because different potentials lead to a potential difference which causes charge flow
until the potential difference reaches zero.
Since the spheres have the same radius, both must end up with the same amount of charge by
considering charge conservation and symmetry. [1]
To find the heat generated, the initial and final energy of the spheres must be calculated. The
energy of a sphere is given by
1
E = CV 2
2
where C is the capacitance of the spheres and V is the potential. Using C = ϵ0dA , the
capacitance of the sphere can be found,
ϵ0 A ϵ0 4πr2
C= = = 4πϵ0 r.
d r
[1]
The initial energy is the given by
1 1 1 1
Ei = CV12 + CV22 = C(V12 + V22 ) = 4πϵ0 r(V12 + V22 ).
2 2 2 2
88
 [1]
Substituting values,
1
Ei = 4πϵ0 × 0.1(2002 + 4002 ) = 1.112 × 10−6 J.
2
The final energy is
1
Ef = 2 × CVf2 = CVf2 .
2
[1]
In order to find Vf , conservation of charge can be considered.

Q1 + Q2 = Qf

[1]
Using Q = CV,
CV1 + CV2 = 2CVf
[1]
200 + 400
V1 + V2 = 2Vf ⇒ Vf = = 300 V.
2
[1]
Now the final energy can be found by substituting Vf ,

Ef = CVf2 = 4πϵ0 × 0.1 × 3002 = 1.001 × 10−6 J.

The difference in energy and therefore the heat generated is then [1]

∆E = Ei − Ef = 1.112 × 10−6 − 1.001 × 10−6 = 1.11 × 10−7 J.

[1]
{10}

Question 60
Unknown resistance [2014r1a]

(i) To solve this problem, we use V = IR. When R is placed into the circuit, the resistance
is (R + R0 ) because the components are in series, and we are given that the current is αI0 .
Hence,

E = αI0 (R + R0 ).
The question also gives us another equation for E, when R is not included in the circuit:
E = I0 R0 . Substituting,

I0 R0 = αI0 (R + R0 ),
R0 = α(R + R0 ),
R0
= R + R0 ,
α
R0 (1 − α)
R= . [1]
α

89
 We can find the ranges of validity by ensuring that resistance remains positive, because
negative resistance does not exist. Hence,

0 ≤ R ≤ ∞,

and, looking at the equation for R above, this can only hold for

0 ≤ α ≤ 1. both ranges [1]

(ii) This can be solved similarly, but this time we add resistances in parallel:
1 1 1
= + ,
RT R R0
1 R + R0
= ,
RT R0 R
R0 R
RT = .
R + R0

With the current still αI0 , we can substitute into V = IR.

R0 R
E = αI0
R + R0
Substituting E = I0 R0 ,
R0 R
I0 R0 = αI0 ,
R + R0
R
1=α ,
R + R0
R + R0 = αR,
R0
R= . [1]
α−1
For the range of validity, we have again that

0 ≤ R ≤ ∞,

and from the equation, this only holds when

1 ≤ α ≤ ∞. both [1]

{4}

Question 61
Train and ball [2014r1b]

Relative to the man on the moving train, the trajectory of the ball appears as following.

90
 vy
60◦
vx

When the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball in the backward direction is equal
to the forward speed of the train, vx = 10 m s−1 , the stationary woman observes only vertical
motion. Relative to her, the x-component is zero. [1]

To find the height that the ball rises, we need to find vy (which is the same in each of their
reference frames because neither observer is moving in the y direction). [1]
Given that we know vx and the angle at which the ball was thrown, we have enough information
to find vy .

vy

60◦
vx

vy
tan 60◦ =
vx
vy = vx tan 60◦

Substituting vx = 10 m s−1 ,

vy = 10 tan 60◦ ,
√
= 10 3 m s−1 . [1]

Now we can apply the constant acceleration formula vertically, v 2 − u2 = 2as. When the
√ reaches maximum height, the vertical speed is instantaneously zero. Substituting v =
ball
10 3 m s−1 , u = 0 and a = g,
 √ 2
10 3 − 02 = 2ghmax ,
√
2
10 3
hmax = ,
2g
hmax = 15.3 m. [1]

This is the same for both the man and the woman. [1]

91
 {5}

Question 62
Glass L [2014r1c]

(i) The beam will emerge from the vertical section of the glass block parallel to the initial
beam as the angles of refraction at both surfaces are equal. Similarly for the horizontal
section, the angle of incidence is 45◦ and consequently the angle of emergence is 45◦ .
Overall, the beam emerges from the ‘L’ shaped block parallel to the initial beam. [2]

45◦

45◦

45◦
P

45◦

(ii)

45◦ P
ϕ ϕ

α α
ϕ

Applying Snell’s law, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 , for the incident beam,

1 sin 45◦ = 1.5 sin ϕ,

1
ϕ = arcsin sin 45◦ ,
1.5
ϕ = 28.13◦ .

92
 Hence the angle of incidence for the second surface, α, is

α = 90◦ − ϕ = 61.87◦ .

If we plug this into the equation for Snell’s law, we obtain

1.5 sin 61.87◦ = 1 sin θ,

where θ is the angle of refraction. However, there is no value of θ that satisfies the
equation. This means that refraction does not happen. It must be totally internally
reflected! To confirm, we can find the critical angle:

1.5 sin θc = 1 sin 90◦ ,

where 90◦ is the maximum angle of refraction possible.

1
θc = arcsin
1.5
◦
= 41.81 .

Indeed, the angle of incidence of 61.87◦ is greater than the critical angle.
In the diagram above, we have shown one total internal reflection. But if the block were
longer, or the beam entered at a lower point (but still at the same angle), then there may
have been more total internal reflections from the parallel horizontals.
total internal reflection analysis [3]

Finally, we must determine what happens once the beam hits a vertical wall. By drawing
out the diagram, we can see that by symmetry, the beam must exit the glass at an angle of
45◦ .
beam exit [1]

{6}

Question 63
Ganymede [2014r1d]

The force on Ganymede due to Jupiter can be found by Newton’s Law of Gravitation to be
GMJ m
F = ,
R2
where m is the mass of the Ganymede and R is the radius of the orbit (i.e. the separation of
Jupiter and Ganymede).

This is the origin of the centripetal force, F = mω 2 R. Equating,

GMJ m
mω 2 R = . [1]
R2

93
Writing out ω and cancelling the m on both sides,
 2
2π GMJ
R= ,
T R2
 2 3
2π R
MJ = .
T G
This is a correct expression for MJ , but we want to find it in terms of ME , Earth masses, the
value for which is not given to us. We must deduce ME using other quantities we know, such
as g!
g is the gravitational field strength due to the Earth at the surface of the Earth (i.e. a separation
of Earth’s radius). When we write out the weight acting on some test mass mt on the surface
of the Earth, F = mt g, it is really just shorthand for
GME mt
F = mt g = 2
.
RE
Hence,
GME
g= 2
.
RE
We can rearrange for the mass of the earth:
2
gRE
ME = . [1]
G
Now if we divide the expression for MJ by ME , we can find the number of Earth masses
comprise Jupiter’s mass.
 2 3 , 2
MJ 2π R gRE
=
ME T G G
 2 3
MJ 2π R
= 2
[1]
ME T gRE
Substituting values, all in SI units,
2
(1.07 × 109 )3

MJ 2π
= , [1]
ME 7.16 × 24 × 60 × 60 9.81 × (6.38 × 106 )2
MJ
= 316. [1]
ME

Finally, we arrive at

MJ = 316ME .

{5}

Question 64
Triangular centre of gravity [2014r1g]

94
If you divide the triangle up into thin strips parallel to the side under consideration, the centre
of gravity of each strip is at its midpoint. The line joining all these centres of gravity is the
median, which terminates at the midpoint of the side under consideration. As all triangles
formed by a strip and the vertex are similar triangles, the median must be a straight line. [1]

removed
b
CoGr
x
CoGo
√
CoG 3
b b b
2

By symmetry, the new centre of gravity (CoG) is along the median (dashed line) drawn in the
diagram. The CoG is the point at which the shape could be held up by a pinpoint and remain
in equilibrium. For this, the sum of moments must be zero and hence the CoG can be found by
taking moments due to the original triangle and the triangle that is to be removed, considering
the latter to be composed of negative mass.
The area of the original triangle is
√
1 3
Ao = · b · b
2
√ 2
3 2
= b. [1]
4
The area of the removed triangle is
√
1 1 3
Ar = · b · b
2√ 3 2
3 2
= b. [1]
12
If we consider the CoG to be some distance x from the base (as shown in diagram) and take
moments about it, they should equal to zero. The centres of gravity of the original and removed
triangles are respectively 1/3 of their medians from their bases,
√ as stated in the question. √
1 3 1 3
Hence, the original triangle’s centre of gravity, CoGo , is · b from the base and x − b
3 2 3 2
from the new CoG. √ √
1 1 3 1 3
The removed triangle’s centre of gravity, CoGr , is · b from the base and x − b from
3 3 2 9 2
the new CoG.
Putting these into an equation for the moments about the CoG, given that the mass of each
triangle is the area times the mass per unit area, µ, and recalling that we are considering the

95
removed triangle area as negative mass, and setting to zero,
√ ! √ √ ! √
1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2
x− b · b µ− x− b · b µ=0
3 2 4 9 2 12
reaching a correct moments equation (about any point) [3]

Cancelling common factors and rearranging,

√ ! √ !
1 3 1 3 1
x− b − x− b · = 0,
3 2 9 2 3
√  
2 3 1 1
x− b − = 0,
3 2 3 27
√
2 4 3
x= b,
3 27
√
2 3
x= b. [1]
9
{7}

Question 65
U-tube in a lift [2014r1h]

The effective ‘g’ in the lift is (g + α). [1]

The direction is vertically down. [1]
(The U-tube has inertia due to its mass. When the lift accelerates up and into to U-tube, the
reaction force of the lift floor on the U-tube increases. Consider this from the reference frame
of the U-tube — it feels more strongly pressed down into the floor, as if ‘g’ were greater.)
The diagram shows that the U-tube is accelerating to the right. Due to the inertia of the liquid,
it is pushed to the left. From the perspective of the liquid, it effectively experiences the same
acceleration as the U-tube but to the left, as well as g in the downwards direction, and hence
we can show these below along with a resultant acceleration (dashed arrow).
α

gh g

96
This resultant acceleration is the effective ‘g’. It can be found by vector addition or geometry,
and in this case we will need to use geometry. The magnitude of this ‘gh ’ is
p
gh = α 2 + g 2 , [1]

and it is at an angle θ to the left of the vertical. By trigonometry,

α
tan θ = . [1]
g
Now we must recognise that the liquid surface is always perpendicular to the resultant
acceleration, gh . [1]

Hence, the liquid surfaces in the U-tube are perpendicular to ‘gh ’ and it is the same θ from the
vector diagram of accelerations that the surfaces make with the horizontal.

h a

From this, we can find that

h
tan θ = , [1]
L
but we already have an expression for tan θ above. Equating,
α h
= ,
g L
h
α = g. [1]
L
{7}

Question 66
Fixed and rotating mirrors [2014r1i]

The light must follow the path shown in the diagram (source → rotating mirror → fixed mirror
→ rotating mirror → receiver).
In the time taken for light to travel from the rotating mirror to the fixed mirror and back, ∆t,
the rotating mirror must have rotated through half the angle subtended by the source and the

97
receiver at the rotating mirror, ∆θ. [2]

First the time:

0.30 × 103 × 2
∆t =
c
0.60 × 103
=
3.0 × 108
= 2.0 × 10−6 s.

And the angle through which the mirror needs to rotate, by trigonometry:
1
2
× 0.60
sin (∆θ) = ,
0.30 × 103
0.30
∆θ = arcsin ,
0.30 × 103
∆θ = 1.0 × 10−3 rad.

Hence, the angular speed of the mirror,

∆θ
ω=
∆t
1.0 × 10−3
= working [1]
2.0 × 10−6
= 500 rad s−1 result [1]

{4}

Question 67
Collision of ball and larger ball [2014r1k]

Before After

u v1 v2
m M m M

(i) Conservation of momentum:

mu = M v2 − mv1 . [1]

Conservation of energy:
1 1 1
mu2 = M v22 + mv12 . [1]
2 2 2
(ii) Rearranging the conservation of momentum equation,

m(u + v1 ) = M v2 . (†)
[1]

98
 Simplifying and rearranging the conservation of energy equation,

mu2 = M v22 + mv12 ,

m(u2 − v12 ) = M v22 ,
m(u − v1 )(u + v1 ) = M v22 . (‡)
[1]

Dividing (‡) by (†) (equivalent to substituting one equation into the other), [1]

u − v1 = v2 .

{5}

Question 68
Velocity selector [2014r1l]

If the second slit moves through an angle θ, or θ + 2π, or θ + 2nπ (where n is an integer),
particles with velocity v will get through if the time taken, ∆t, to travel from first to second
disc satisfies

v∆t = d. [1]

The time taken for the second disc to line up, ∆t, is
θ + 2nπ
∆t = . [1]
ω
We can substitute this into the first expression to obtain
θ + 2nπ
v = d,
ω
ωd
v= . [1]
θ + 2nπ
π
Substituting numerical values, converting rpm to rad p m and 60◦ to ,
3
(1.00)(24000 × 2π)
v= π [1]
3
+ 2nπ
1.44 × 105
= m min−1 . [1]
1 + 6n
This is a factor of 60 smaller in units of m s−1 .
{5}

Question 69
Resistor chain [2013r1a]

99
(i) The three resistors that make up the additional unit (which add in series to 3R) can be
considered in parallel to the middle resistor of the first unit. The total resistance due to
these four resistors is RP . For resistors in parallel, R1T = R11 + R12 so

1 1 1 3
= + ⇒ RP = R.
RP 3R R 4
Then R2 can be found by adding RP in series with the two other resistors in the first unit,
3 11
R2 = RP + 2R = R + 2R = R.
4 4
[1]
Now R3 can be found by considering the R2 in parallel with the middle resistor in the
third unit (in a similar way to the previous calculation),
1 1 1 4 1 11
= + = + ⇒ RM = R.
RM R2 R 11R R 15
Adding RM in series to the two remaining resistors,
11 41
R3 = RM + 2R = R + 2R = R.
15 15
[1]

(ii) Using the same reasoning as the previous part of the question, we can consider the
resistor chain, RT , in parallel to the middle resistor of the additional unit. Then the total
resistance, Rtotal , is found by adding the other two resistors in series. Since the total
resistance is unaltered here, Rtotal = RT . Mathematically,
 −1
1 1
RT = + + 2R
RT R
[1]
RRT
RT = + 2R
RT + R
RT2 + RRT = 3RRT + 2R2
RT2 − 2RRT − 2R2 = 0.
[1]
Solving with the quadratic formula,
√
2R ± 4R2 + 8R2 √
RT = = R ± 3R.
2
[1]
Since the resistance can only be positive,
√
RT = (1 + 3)R.

[1]
{6}

100
Question 70
Periodic motions [2013r1b]

(i) For a satellite in orbit, the centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force,
GM m
= mRω 2 .
R2
[1]
2π
Substituting ω = T
,
GM m 4π 2
= mR .
R2 T2
The mass M of the planet is not given, but can be expressed in terms of density and
volume. The volume of a sphere is given by 43 πr3 so substituting for M using ρ = M
V

Gm 4πR3 ρ 4π 2
 
= mR
R2 3 T2
[1]

4Gπρ 4π 2
= 2
3 T
3π
ρT 2 = .
G
[1]
This result is independent of R.

(ii) We can introduce a spring constant, k, by treating the diving board as a spring. When the
board is in equilibrium, using F = kx,
75g
75g = 0.30k ⇒ k = .
0.30
[1]
For a spring, its angular frequency, ω, when undergoing simple harmonic motion is given
k
by ω 2 = m . Thus substituting ω = 2π
T
,
 2  
2π 75g 1
= .
T 0.30 75
[1]
Rearranging, r
2 0.30(4π 2 ) 0.30
T = ⇒ T = 2π = 1.10 s.
g g
[1]

{6}

Question 71

101
Average velocity and acceleration [2013r1d]

The average speed is given by the total distance travelled divided by the time taken, v = st .
Therefore [ 12 ]
π


s(t) − s(0) A sin 5 10 10
vAV = = π = A.
t 10
π
[1]
The average acceleration is given by the difference between the final and initial velocity
divided by the time taken, a = vt . Therefore [ 21 ]
π


v(t) − v(0) 5A cos 5 10 − 5A 50
fAV = = π = − A.
t 10
π
[1]
{3}

Question 72
Separated protons and electrons [2013r1e]

There are NA atoms in one mole of substance. Since hydrogen has molar mass 2.00 g mol−1 ,
1 g of hydrogen must contain 21 NA protons and 12 NA electrons. So the total charge of each is
1
N e.
2 A
[1]
Now the force between the total positive charge of the protons and negative charge of the
electrons can be found using Coulomb’s law, [1]
 2
q1 q2 NA e 1
F = 2
= 2
.
4πϵ0 r 2 4πϵ0 RE
[1]
Substituting values,
2
6.02 × 1023 × 1.6 × 10−19

1
F = = 141 N.
2 4πϵ0 × (3.84 × 108 )2
[2]
{5}

Question 73
Accelerating hydrogen [2013r1g]

The protons and deuterons are accelerated across potential V. The speed to which they are
accelerated can be found using conservation of energy, where we equate the work done on the
particle due to the potential to kinetic energy,
r
1 2 2eV
mv = eV ⇒ v = .
2 m
[1]
Then the since the particles enter the magnetic field at right angles to it, there is a force

102
F = Bev on them. The force due to the magnetic field is perpendicular to the particles at all
points so provides a centripetal force. Using the force which acts on a moving charge in a
magnetic field, F = Bev, [1]

mv 2 mv
= Bev ⇒ r = .
r Be
[1]
Substituting v found above,
r r
m 2eV 1 2V √
r= = m
Be m B e
[1]
gives the radius of the semicircle described by a proton or deuteron. Then the separation
between the proton and deuteron beams, ∆D, is given by
r
2 2V √ √
∆D = ( md − mp ).
B e
[1]
Substituting values,

2 × 1.00 × 104 √ √
r
2 −27 −
∆D = ( 2 × 1.67 × 10 1.67 × 10−27 )
0.500 1.6 × 10−19
∆D = 0.024 m.
[1]
{6}

Question 74
Suspended copper sphere [2013r1i]

m
The volume of the copper sphere can be found from its density and mass using ρ = V
,
m 0.250
V = = = 2.80 × 10−5 m3 .
ρ 8.93 × 103
The sphere displaces this volume of water. Therefore, by Archimedes’ principle which states
that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid that the body displaces, the upthrust on the copper sphere is

Fupthrust = ρW VW g = 1000 × 2.80 × 10−5 × 9.81 = 0.275 N.

[1]
Then the downthrust on the water is equal and opposite, Fdownthrust = 0.275 N.
To find the original weight of water, we use W = mg,

W = 0.300 × 9.81 = 2.94 N.

[1]
The reading on the weighing scale is then

Fscale = 2.94 + 0.275 = 3.22 N.

103
 [1]
Note that the weight of the copper sphere does not need to be considered since it is suspended.
We are, in effect, finding the weight of water displaced by the copper sphere and adding it to
the original weight since no water is lost from the beaker.
{3}

Question 75
Capacitors in series [2013r1j]

1 Q2
The energy stored in a capacitor is given by E = 2 C
. Therefore the initial energy stored is

1 Q20
Ei = .
2 C1
[1]
Now let Q1 and Q2 be the charges on C1 and C2 , respectively, after the switch is closed.
Conservation of charge requires that

Q1 + Q2 = Q0 .

[1]
After the switch is closed, the final potentials of the capacitors must be the same. This is
because if the potentials were different, a current would flow until the potential difference
became zero.
The potential of each capacitor can be found using Q = CV and since V1 = V2 ,
Q1 Q2
= .
C1 C2
[1]
Substituting Q2 = Q0 − Q1 ,
Q1 Q2 (Q0 − Q1 )
= =
C1 C2 C2
 
1 1 Q0 C1
Q1 + = ⇒ Q1 = Q0 .
C1 C2 C2 C1 + C2
[1]
Now Q2 can be found,
C1 C2
Q2 = Q0 − Q1 = Q0 − Q0 ⇒ Q2 = Q0 .
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
[1]
The final energy is calculated by summing the energy stored in each capacitor,

1 Q21 1 Q22
Ef = +
2 C1 2 C2
[1]
 2  2
1 C1 1 C2
Ef = Q0 + Q0
2C1 C1 + C2 2C2 C1 + C2

104
 1 (C1 + C2 ) 2
Ef = Q
2 (C1 + C2 )2 0
1 Q20
Ef = .
2 (C1 + C2 )
[1]
Notice that the formula for two capacitors in parallel, (C1 + C2 ), in the expression for Ef . This
is another way of calculating the final energy. Thus Ef < Ei since
1 Q20 1 Q20
< .
2 C1 2 (C1 + C2 )
So energy must be lost through heating. [1]
{8}

Question 76
Sphere on an inclined plane [2013r1k]

N
T

F
mg
33◦

Figure 50: Forces on sphere on slope

(i) By resolving forces parallel and perpendicular to the slope, two equations can be found.
(
Parallel: T − F − mg sin 33◦ = 0
Perpendicular: N − mg cos 33◦ = 0

[2]
T can be found from the first equation,

T = F + mg sin 33◦ .

Using F = µN and that N = mg cos 33◦ from resolving perpendicular to the slope, [1]

T = µmg cos 33◦ + mg sin 33◦ = mg(µ cos 33◦ + sin 33◦ ).
[1]
Substituting values,

T = 5.00 × 9.81(0.420 cos 33◦ + sin 33◦ ) = 44.0 N.

[1]

105
 (ii) θ can be found by considering moments about the centre of the sphere. Taking moments
clockwise,
F r − T r cos θ = 0
[1]
where the radius of the sphere is given by r. Rearranging for θ and using the expression
for F previously found,
F µmg cos 33◦
cos θ = = .
T T
[1]
Substituting values,
0.420 × 5.00 × 9.81 cos 33◦
cos θ = = 0.393.
44.0
[2]
Therefore,
θ = arccos 0.393 = 66.9◦ .
[1]

{10}

Question 77
Converging boats [2013r1l]

P v

30◦
A v B
Figure 51: Boats arranged at corners of an equilateral triangle

(i) The boats spiral towards the centre of the triangle. By symmetry, the boats will meet at
the centre of the triangle, P . [1]

(ii) The velocity of the boats in the direction of P is given by

√
◦ 3
vP = v cos 30 = v
2

106
 [1]
by using trigonometry on Figure 51. Resolving in perpendicular directions, the
component of velocity in the direction B towards A is vBA = v sin√30◦ = v2 . The
component of velocity perpendicular to this is v⊥BA = v cos 30◦ = 23 v. (These are
shown by arrows in Figure 51). [1]

(iii) When the boats meet, they must all have travelled a distance d to the middle of the triangle.
d can be found using Figure 51, where l is the side length of the triangle,
l 1
d= .
2 cos 30◦
[1]
Substituting values,
50 2
d= √ = 28.9 km.
2 3
[1]
Then by considering the component of velocity of each boat towards P (which was found
in the previous part of the question), TM can be found. From v = st ,

d 28.9
TM = = √ = 1.11 h.
vP 30 23

[2]
−1
(Note that the distance was given in km and the speed in km h so TM must be in hours.)

(iv) The total distance, D, travelled by each boat is found using s = vt and considering the
overall speed of the boat, 30 km h−1 . The boats travel for a total time TM so

D = vTM = 30 × 1.11 = 33.3 km.

D = 28.9 km.
[1]
{8}

Question 78
Pulley system [2012r1b]

(i) W will move upwards because the force pulling section A of rope downwards, must act
upwards on section D of the rope. [1]

(ii) Rope D moves upwards with speed V because we assume that the rope is inextensible
and ropes A and D are attached. [1]
However, we cannot say that rope B moves downwards with speed V . Since the two
pulleys of radii a and b are rigidly fixed together, they must rotate with the same angular
velocity, ωa = ωb . Using v = ωr,
V
V = ωa a ⇒ ωa = and VB = ωb b.
a
107
 V
Substituting ωa = a
into the expression for VB using ωa = ωb ,

V
VB = ωb b = ωa b = b.
a
[1]
W rises as a result of the difference in speeds of ropes D and B since a greater length of
rope D is pulled than length of rope B is pushed in a given time. Therefore, the centre of
P and W rise with speed VW ,
 
1 b
VW = V − V
2 a

[1]
 
V b
VW = 1−
2 a
 
a−b
VW =V .
2a
[1]
The factor of a half is required because length of rope on both sides of W must decrease
by a length l for W to rise a length W .

{5}

Question 79
Density of Earth [2012r1c]

Using Newton’s law of gravitation, for a mass m at the surface of the Earth,
GME m GME
mg = 2
⇒ g= 2
.
RE RE

[1]
We assume that the density of Earth is homogeneous. [1]
Then, the Earth’s mass can be expressed in terms of its density and volume. The formula for
the volume of a sphere is 43 πr3 and density is given by ρ = m
V
. So the mass of the Earth can be
rewritten as
4 3
ME = πRE ρ.
3
Substituting ME into the expression for g,
3
4πRE ρG 4
g= 2
= πRE ρG.
3RE 3

[1]
Rearranging for density and substituting values,
3g 3 × 9.81
ρ= = = 5500 kg m−3 .
4πRE G 4π × 6.38 × 106 × 6.67 × 10−11

108
 [1]
In grams per cubic centimetre, ρ = 5.50 kg cm−3 . [1]

{5}

Question 80
Rotating bar [2012r1e]

4.0 m

30◦
2.0 m

r
mg

Figure 52: Forces on metal sphere

Let v be the velocity of the sphere, P the tension in the rope and m the mass of the sphere.
First, by trigonometry we can find that

r = 4.0 + 2.0 sin 30◦ = 4.0 + 1.0 = 5.0 m.

Then we can resolve forces vertically and horizontally, where the tension provides the
centripetal force, F = mω 2 r.
(
Vertically: mg = P cos 30◦
Horizontally: mω 2 r = P sin 30◦

[2]
( √
Vertically: mg = P 23
Horizontally: 5mω 2 = P 21
Dividing the two equations,
5mω 2 P1
= √2
mg P 23
5ω 2 1
=√
g 3
r
2 g g
ω = √ ⇒ ω= √ .
5 3 5 3

109
 [1]
2π
Using the fact that ω = T
and substituting ω found above,
s √
2π 5 3
T = = 2π = 5.9 s.
ω g

[2]
{5}

Question 81
Thundercloud capacitor [2012r1h]

The electrical energy stored by a capacitor is given by E1 = 21 C1 V12 . [1]

The capacitance of the the thundercloud needs to be found in order to calculate the energy
stored. Using a parallel plate capacitor as a model, the capacitance of the thundercloud is
ϵA
C1 = .
d1
[1]
Then the energy stored is
1 ϵA 2
E1 = V .
2 d1 1
Substituting and remembering to convert km2 to m2 ,

1 8.85 × 10−12 × 25.0 × 106

E= × (1.00 × 105 )2 = 1475 J.
2 750
[1]

(i) Energy increases as work has to be done to further separate the charge on the cloud from
the opposite charge on the ground. The charge on the cloud remains constant by charge
conservation. [1]

(ii) The charge on the cloud stays constant, but both the potential and capacitance change
when the cloud rises. So it is more useful to express energy in terms of the charge and
2
capacitance using Q = CV. So E2 = 21 Q C2
. [1]
We can use the initial capacitance to find the charge stored,
ϵAV1
Q = C1 V1 = .
d1
[1]
ϵA
The new capacitance is found using C2 = ,
again assuming a parallel plate capacitor.
d2
[1]
Returning to the expression for energy, the charge and capacitance can be substituted to
give
2
1 ϵAV12

d2
E2 =
2 d ϵA

110
 [1]

1 ϵAV12 d2
E2 = .
2 d21
[1]
Substituting values,
8.85 × 10−12 × 25.0 × 106 × (1.00 × 105 )2 × 1250
E2 = = 2458 J.
2 × 7502
[1]
Then the change in electrical energy is

∆E = E2 − E1 = 2458 − 1475 = 983 J.

[1]
{10}

Question 82
Centre of gravity [2012r1i]

c
3R x
0

3R
Figure 53

(i) By symmetry, the centre of gravity c must lie along the x-axis. [1]
Let the centre of gravity lie at (−xc , 0). We can take moments about the centre of gravity
by considering the square metal plate a positive mass with centre of gravity at (0, 0) and
the removed circle as a negative mass with centre of gravity (x, 0). Taking clockwise
moments about the overall centre of gravity,

0 = xc (3R)2 − (xc + x)πR2

[1]

0 = 9xc − xc π − xπ

111
 πx
xc (9 − π) = xπ ⇒ xc = .
(9 − π)
Therefore, the centre of gravity is at
 
πx
− ,0 .
(9 − π)
[1]

3R x
0
c

3R
Figure 54

(ii) Let the line through (x, y) be y = αx. By symmetry, the centre of gravity c must lie along
the line between (0, 0) and (x, y). [1]
Let the
p centre of gravity lie at s c and the centre of mass of the circle lie at s where
s = x2 + y 2 . We can take moments about the centre of gravity by considering the
square metal plate a positive mass with centre of gravity at (0, 0) and the removed circle
as a negative mass with centre of gravity s. Taking clockwise moments about the overall
centre of gravity,
0 = sc (3R)2 − (sc + s)πR2
[1]

0 = 9sc − sc π − sπ
πs
sc (9 − π) = sπ ⇒ sc = .
(9 − π)
Therefore, the centre of gravity is at
 
πx πy
− ,−
(9 − π) (9 − π)

since s is at (x, y). [1]

{6}

112
Question 83
Internal resistance [2012r1j]

info=E
info=r

info=2 Ω

info=2 Ω

Figure 55

For the two resistors in parallel,

1 1 1
= + ⇒ RT = 1.
RT 2 2
The total resistance in the circuit, RC1 , is found by adding the internal resistance in series to
the resistors in parallel,
RC1 = 1 + r.
Using V = IR, the emf is then given by

E = 3(r + 1).

[1]

info=E
info=r

info=2 Ω info=2 Ω

Figure 56

The total resistance of this circuit, RC2 , is found by adding all of the resistances in series,

RC2 = 2 + 2 + r = 4 + r.

Using V = IR for this circuit,

E = 1.2(4 + r).

113
 [1]
Two expressions containing E and r have been found so can be solved simultaneously.
Equating the two expressions found for the emf,

3(1 + r) = 1.2(4 + r).

(3 − 1.2)r = 4.8 − 3 ⇒ r = 1.0 Ω.

Then E is
E = 3(1 + 1) = 6 V.
[1]
2
For the series circuit, power dissipated in each resistor is calculated most easily using P = I R,

Ws = 1.22 × 2 = 2.88 W.

[1]
In the parallel circuit, half of the overall current flows in each resistor from Kirchhoff’s current
law. Therefore, the power through each resistor can also be found using P = I 2 R,
 
3
Wp = × 2 = 4.5 W.
2

[1]
{5}

Question 84
Alpha particle deflection [2012r1k]

10◦

90◦

nucleus

180◦

Figure 57: Alpha particles deflected by nucleus

each approx deflection angle correct [ 21 ]

[ 12 ]
[ 12 ]
180◦ deflection closest to nucleus [ 12 ]
10◦ deflection furthest [ 12 ]

114
 90◦ deflection intermediate [ 21 ]
At closest approach, relative velocity is zero. Relative to the nucleus, the particle goes from
approaching the nucleus to receding from the nucleus.
[2]
{5}

Question 85
Water tank with hole [2012r1l]

(i) Water is pushed out of the hole due to the weight of water above. The velocity of water
exiting the hole can be found using energy conservation, where gravitational potential
energy is transferred to kinetic energy,
1
mgh = mv 2
2
[1]

v 2 = 2gh.

Substituting values, with the height of water above the hole h = 20 cm,
√
v = 2 × 9.81 × 0.2 = 1.98 m s−1 .

[1]

(ii) Water exits the hole in the tank horizontally. It can then be modelled as a projectile as
it falls to the ground. Considering the vertical motion of the water, constant acceleration
formula s = ut + 21 at2 can be used to find the time, t, taken to reach the floor. Since the
vertical velocity of the water is initially zero,
r
1 2 2s
s = at ⇒ t = .
2 g
[1]
Substituting values, r
2 × 0.8
t= = 0.404 s.
9.81
[1]
Now considering the horizontal motion of the water, s = vt can be used to find the
distance travelled horizontally by the water,

d = 1.98 × 0.404 = 0.80 m = 80 cm.

[1]

{5}

Question 86
Puck on turntable [2012r1m]

115
 0.5 m
B v
A D

vR
1.5 m ϕ
2m
C
θ

O
Figure 58: Path of puck on turntable

The observer views the puck moving with constant velocity given by [1]
v = ωr. Using ω = 2πf,

v = 2πf r = 2π × 0.05 × 1.5 = 0.47 m s−1 .

[1]
This is observed because no friction acts on the puck since we are given that the turntable
is smooth. Hence there are no resultant forces on the puck (gravity and normal force are in
equilibrium vertically). Therefore, the puck moves with a constant horizontal velocity across
the table, where the velocity is the same as when it was released.
(i) The time spent by the puck on the turntable is given by the time it takes to travel from A
to B. The distance AB can be found using Pythagoras,
√
AB 2 + 1.52 = 22 ⇒ AB = 22 − 1.52 .

[1]
Then the time, t, spent on the turntable is
√
s 22 − 1.52
t= = = 2.8 s.
v 0.47
[1]

(ii) We can use a velocity triangle BCD to find the velocity of the puck as it leaves the
table, as observed by the student. The triangle BCD is similar to triangle OAB since the
lengths OA and OB are proportional to the velocities v and vR , where vR is the rim speed
of the rotating turntable. This is because v = ωr so v ∝ r (since the whole turntable turns
with the same angular velocity, ω). [1]
vR is tangential to the turntable and given by

vR = ωr = 2π × 0.05 × 2.0 = 0.628 m s−1 .

[1]
Since the student moves with the turntable, the velocity of the puck relative to the student
can be found by reversing vR and adding to v vectorially. [1]
The magnitude of the resulting velocity, vS , can be found using Pythagoras,
q √
vS + v = vR ⇒ vS = vR2 − v 2 = 0.6282 − 0.4712 = 0.416 m s−1 .
2 2 2

116
 [1]
Using trigonometry and that v ∝ r, vS is at angle ϕ to the tangent,
v 1.5
sin ϕ = = ⇒ ϕ = 48.6◦ .
vR 2
[1]
−1 ◦
So the student sees the puck leave the turntable at velocity 0.416 m s , 48.6 to the
tangent.
[1]
{10}

Question 87
Wire loop in magnetic field [2012r1n]

First, the area of the loop is given by

A = 0.04 × 0.04 = 1.6 × 10−3 m2 .

From Faraday’s law and using Φ = BA,

dΦ dBA dB
ϵ= = =A .
dt dt dt
[1]
We can use Φ = BA as opposed to Φ = BA cos θ because the whole loop always stays
perpendicular to the magnetic field. A stays constant with time so can be put in front.
Substituting values (where dB
dt
= 0.030 is given in the question),

V = ϵ = 1.6 × 10−3 × 0.030 = 4.8 × 10−5 V.

[1]
Then the current in the loop can be found using V = IR and substituting,

V 4.8 × 10−5
I= = = 0.024 A.
R 2.0 × 10−3
[1]
The direction of current must oppose the change in magnetic field by Lenz’s law, so will tend
to decrease the field. The current is therefore anticlockwise, which produces a field in the
opposite direction of dB
dt
. This can be found using the right hand grip rule.

dB
dt

Figure 59: Direction of current in loop

117
 diagram [1]
{4}

Question 88
Propelled height [2012r1o]

(i) For the car battery, the energy stored can be found using E = IV t (by considering that
E = Pt and P = IV ). The capacity has units of A h so converting to seconds,

E = 12 × 60 × 3600.

[1]
By energy conservation,
E = mgh
12 × 60 × 3600 = 20 × 9.81 × h.
[1]
Then the height, h, reached is
12 × 60 × 3600
h= = 1.32 × 104 m.
20 × 9.81
[1]

(ii) We can consider 1 kg of petrol which stores 4 × 107 J of energy. By energy conservation,

E = mgh

4 × 107 = 1 × 9.81 × h
[1]

h = 4.08 × 106 m.

[1]
{5}

Question 89
Soap bubbles [2012r1p]

If ρ is the density of the soap film which forms a sphere of radius R and thickness ∆R, the
mass of the soap sphere can be found using ρ = m V
and the formula for the surface area of a
2
sphere, 4πR . Therefore
mS = 4πR2 ∆Rρsoap .
[ 21 ]
The upthrust on the bubble due to surrounding air can be found by Archimedes’ principle
(which states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is

118
 m
equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces). Using ρ = V
and the formula for the
volume of a sphere, 43 πR3 ,
4
U = πR3 (ρair − ρhelium )g.
3
[ 21 ]
Now for the soap bubble to float, the forces acting on it must be balanced. Therefore,
mS g = U
4
4πR2 ∆Rρsoap g = πR3 (ρair − ρhelium )g
3
[1]

3∆Rρsoap = R(ρair − ρhelium ).

We find an expression for ∆R,
R(ρair − ρhelium )
∆R = .
3ρsoap
Dividing by the wavelength of red light to find ∆R as a multiple of red wavelengths,
R(ρair − ρhelium )
∆R =
3ρsoap λred
[1]

0.015(1.28 − 0.18)
∆R = = 8.46 red wavelengths.
3 × 1.00 × 103 × 650 × 10−9
[1]
{4}

Question 90
Ball thrown upwards [2021r1c]

v/m s−1 v=60

v=40

0
t=1 t=t′ t/s

(i)

119
 For the graph sketch, there should be parallel slopes because acceleration is the same, a 1
second offset, and it should go below the horizontal (corresponding to ball falling back
down again). [1]

(ii) Given that the balls both start from the same position, the time at which the two balls
meet corresponds to when they have both travelled the same distance. From the graph
above, this is when the red and grey shaded areas are equal. [1]

Grey area: S40 , = 40t′ − 21 × g × t′2 .

Red area: S60 , = 60(t′ − 1) − 21 × g × (t′ − 1)2 .

Since S40 = S60 ,

1 1
40t′ − gt′2 = 60(t′ − 1) − g(t′ − 1)2 ,
2 2
1 ′2 1 ′2 1
′
40t − gt = − gt + (60 + g)t′ − 60 − g,
2 2 2
′ 1
(20 + g)t = 60 + g,
2
1
60 + g
t′ = 2
.
20 + g

To 2 s.f., t′ = 2.17 s when g = 10 m s−1 is used, or t′ = 2.18 s when g = 9.8 m s−1 . [1]

By substituting this value for time into either expression above for distance, we find
S = 63.7 m for g = 10 m s−1 or S = 63.9 m for g = 9.8 m s−1 . [1]

(iii) To solve the last part of the question, we need to find the maximum height of the first
ball and the time it takes each ball to reach this height. The difference in these times is
the answer. The first ball reaches maximum height when its velocity is zero. Applying
v = u+at when v = 0 m s−1 , u = 40 m s−1 and a = −g, we get 0 = 40−gt (defining the
40
positive direction as upwards). Therefore the ball reaches maximum height after t =
g
s. Now we can find the maximum height by applying constant acceleration formulae.

 2
1 40 1 40 800
s = ut + at2 = 40 × − g = m
2 g 2 g g

The time taken by the second ball to reach this height can be found in the following way.

v 2 = u2 + 2as
800
v 2 = 602 − 2g × = 2000
g
√
v = 20 5 m s−1

120
 Using this value of v, we can find t.
v−u
t=
a√ √

20 5 − 60 20 3 − 5
t= = s
−g g
And now we can find the time difference.
√
√

40 20 3 − 5 20 5−1
∆t = − = s
g g g
To 2 s.f. with g = 10 m s−1 , t = 2.47 s, or with g = 9.8 m s−1 , t = 2.52 s. [1]

{5}

Question 91
Railway carriage with liquid [2021r1d]

carriage with liquid

ma

liquid θ

Forces on a small slab of liquid Vector triangle of forces

push of liquid, P
P
θ

mg
ma
ma

mg
a diagram [1]

By Newton’s second law, the sum of the forces acting on the small slab of liquid must be equal
to ma, so the forces P and mg must add to ma. In equilibrium, the push of liquid, P will
always be perpendicular to the top of the liquid. If there were any component of P not
perpendicular, then the liquid would move until equilibrium is reached. Therefore, by
geometry, we can deduce that the angle θ of the liquid to the horizontal appears also in the
vector triangle of forces. Resolving (where the magnitude of P is P):

121
Horizontally −→
P sin θ = ma;
x
Vertically 
P cos θ = mg; resolving [1]
and now dividing these two expressions,
a 0.84
tan θ = = .
g 9.81
Therefore,
θ = 4.9◦ . [1]

Question 92
Aeroplane [2021r1i]

Observer watching aeroplane travelling at v, enlarged triangle

θ up from the horizon and at ∆θ later with all labels
vdt vdt
v
θ θ
s sdθ ds
h
dθ
θ
×
observer
diagram [1]

(i) In the diagram above, h = 3000 m and θ = 60◦ .

Therefore, the distance between the observer and the plane can be found geometrically
from the diagram, assuming the height of the observer is small compared to 3000 m.
h
sin θ =
s
h
s=
sin θ
s = 3500 m [1]

(ii) Using the second diagram, we can relate θ to the speed at which the plane is moving away
from the observer.
sdθ
sin θ = [1]
vdt
h
Substituting from above sin θ = ,
s
h sdθ
= ,
s vdt

122
 and rearranging for speed,
s2 dθ
v= .
h dt
In the question we are given dθ
dt
to be 0.09 rad s−1 , so we can plug values in to obtain the
numerical answer.

v = 360 m s−1 . [1]

ds
(iii) The speed at which the plane is receding along the observer’s line of sight is equal to ,
dt
which is displayed by the second diagram again. Again with the diagram, we arrive at
ds
cos θ = ,
vdt
so
ds
= v cos θ = 360 × cos(60),
dt
ds
= 180 m s−1 . [1]
dt

{5}

Question 93
Wedge and sphere [2021r1j]

N2
N1

m2 g
N1

30◦

m1 g

(i) We assume that the sphere remains in contact with the wedge. We can visualise the
geometry by considering the sphere moving down the side of the wedge, along the dotted
line, which makes an angle of 30◦ to the vertical. Of course, the wall is immobile, so
although in this visualisation the sphere is in the correct position relative to the wedge, it
is in fact the wedge that has moved to the left rather than the sphere moving to the right.

123
 30◦

h ↓ direction of motion of ball

l
← direction of motion of wedge

If the sphere falls a distance h, then by trigonometry we can find l in terms of h.

l
tan 30 =
h
l
h=
tan 30
√
h = 3l [1]

(ii) We wish to find the acceleration of the sphere. Using the equation above, we can find a
relation between the acceleration of the sphere and that of the wedge since the acceleration
is the second derivative of position with respect to time.
√
ḧ = 3¨l [1]

Relabelling ḧ and ¨l,

√
asphere = 3awedge .
Then we can consider the forces on each object.

Wedge: resolving ←,
m1 awedge = N1 cos 30,
m1 awedge
N1 = . [1]
cos 30
Sphere: resolving ↓,
m2 asphere = m2 g − N1 sin 30.
We can substitute the N1 obtained from forces acting on the wedge above. Hence,
m1 awedge
m2 asphere = m2 g − × sin 30.
cos 30
We can make another substitution so that we can isolate asphere given that we know
a
awedge = sphere
√ . Therefore,
3

m1 asphere
m2 asphere = m2 g − × √ × sin 30, [1]
cos 30 3
m1 asphere
m2 asphere = m2 g − .
3

124
 Rearranging,
 m1 
asphere m2 + = m2 g,
3
m2 g
asphere = ,
m2 + m31
3m2 g
asphere = . [1]
3m2 + m1

{5}

Question 94
Pendulum bob [2021r1k]

l l cos θ
Teq

mg

By conservation of energy, the gravitational energy of the pendulum bob when it reaches the
top of its swing is equal to the kinetic energy at the lowest point of the swing (equilibrium
position). From the diagram we can see that h = l − l cos θ.
1
mgh = mv 2
2
1 2
mg(l − l cos θ) = mv [1]
2
2gl(1 − cos θ) = v 2

At the equilibrium position, the forces acting on the pendulum bob are Teq and mg. We know
2
that the total force on the pendulum bob must be mvl because it is moving on a circular path
with, at that point, speed v. By applying Newton’s second law radially inwards at the
equilibrium position, we can see from the diagram that

mv 2
= Teq − mg,
l
mv 2
Teq = mg + . [1]
l

125
From the question, Teq = nmg, so

mv 2
nmg = mg + ,
l
and by substituting the expression above for v 2 ,
m × 2gl(1 − cos θ)
nmg = mg + ,
l
nmg = mg + 2mg(1 − cos θ), [1]
n = 3 − 2 cos θ,
3−n
cos θ = . [1]
2

{4}
Question 95
Railway track [2021r1l]

mv 2
F = r CoM of train
d
s
θ

mg

s(= 1435 mm) is the distance between the tracks. The train is travelling directly into or out of
the page in this diagram. If the wheels only are to experience a normal reaction force, then this
force must be perpendicular to the slope of the track.
Note: no vertical component of acceleration. diagram [1]

By Newton’s second law, the sum of the two forces, weight and normal reaction, must be
2
equal to mvr because the train is following a circular path with constant radius, r. To solve the
problem, we first need to find θ using forces.

Resolving horizontally ←−,

mv 2
N sin θ = . [1]
r
x
Resolving vertically ,

N cos θ = mg. [1]

126
Dividing these equations, we obtain
v2
tan θ = , [1]
rg

and now we can rearrange for θ, then substitute values from the question.
 2
v
θ = arctan
rg
200 × 103
For v, we must remember to convert into SI units, so v = 200 km h−1 = m s−1 .
60 × 60
 2 
200 × 103
 3600 
θ = arctan 
 
1500 × 9.8 



= 11.9◦

Finally, we can find the vertical displacement d between the tracks to be

d = s sin θ
= 1435 × sin θ
= 295 mm. [1]

{5}

Question 96
Prism refraction [2021r1m]

(i) We can find the critical angle for refraction by applying Snell’s law.
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 .
When light goes from glass to air, the angle to the boundary normal increases because air
is optically less dense than glass. The critical angle of incidence for light inside the prism
is when the refracted light travels along the boundary, i.e. an angle of refraction of 90◦ . If
we suppose that n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of glass and air respectively, and θ1
and θ2 are the angle of incidence and angle of refraction, then
1.5 sin θc = 1 × sin 90,
1
sin θc = ,
1.5
2
sin θc = ,
3
2
=⇒ θc = arcsin = 41.8◦ . [1]
3

127
 (ii)

θi

θr

θc
45◦ 45◦
B C

correct diagram [1]

(iii) First we find the angle of refraction, θr using triangle geometry. We have already
calculated θc .

Angles in the triangle bounded by the light ray:

180 = 45 + (90 − θc ) + (90 − θr ).

Rearranging for θr ,

θr = 45 − θc = 45 − 41.8.
θr = 3.2◦ .

Now we use Snell’s law again:

nair sin θi = nglass sin θr .

nglass
sin θi = sin θr
nair
nglass
θi = arcsin sin θr
nair
1.5
θi = arcsin sin 3.2
1
θi = 4.8◦ [1]

{3}

Question 97
Aluminium block [2021r1n]

128
 T

buoyancy

water level

W buoyancy
reaction
balance

mw g

[1]

(i) The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the Al block, ρw V g.
The reading on the newton-meter is equal to the tension in the string. Considering the
forces on the Al block:

Resolving ↑,

T + ρw V g − W = 0, [1]
T = W − ρw V g,
T = 6.6 − 1000 × (0.05 × 0.05 × 0.1) × 9.81,
T = 4.15 N. [1]

(ii) There is an extra force on the balance, which is the buoyancy reaction, ρw V g in the
downwards direction. Hence, resolving downwards, the force, F , on the balance is

F = mw g + ρw V g
= 0.6g + 1000 × (0.05 × 0.05 × 0.1)g
= 0.85g.

The balance returns measurements of mass, not force, so we must divide by g to get the
new reading, R.

R = 0.85 kg [1]

{4}

Question 98
Balanced circuit [2021r1q]

129
In order to minimise the power converted by the 10 Ω resistor, the potential difference across it
2
should be zero (or as close to zero as possible) because P = VR . With no potential difference,
current cannot flow so power cannot be dissipated by the resistor.

20 Ω

4Ω
R
2Ω 10 Ω

8Ω 24 Ω

We can redraw this slightly to make simplifications clearer.

20 Ω

2Ω 4Ω

10 Ω
R

8Ω 24 Ω

Adding resistors in series and in parallel, we get:

130
 I4

6Ω I3 20R
Ω
20+R

10 Ω I2

I5 I1

8Ω 24 Ω

I I

Zero potential difference (and zero current) across the 10 Ω resistor is achieved by ensuring that
20R
the voltages across the 20+R Ω and 24 Ω resistors are the same, and separately, that the voltages
across the 6 Ω and 8 Ω resistors are the same. Applying V = IR, we can equate these voltages.
zero p.d.[1]

20R
24I1 = I2
20 + R
8I5 = 6I4

By applying Kirchhoff’s first law, we can deduce that I2 = I4 and I1 = I5 if we set I3 = 0.

Now we can rewrite the second equation and divide the first by the second.

8I1 = 6I2
24I1 20RI2
=
8I1 (20 + R) × 6I2
24 20R
= ratio [1]
8 6(20 + R)
20R
18 =
(20 + R)
360 + 18R = 20R
R = 180 Ω [1]

{3}

Question 99
Charge on a capacitor [2021r1r]

In this question, we need to find the charge stored by the whole network of capacitors, then find
the proportion stored by the 4.0 µF capacitor.

131
 C2 = 2.0 µF

C3 = 5.0 µF

C1 = 4.0 µF

VT = 9.0 V

First we will find the capacitance, Cp , of the two capacitors in parallel. The sum of the charges
on the capacitors in parallel is equal to the charge on the supposed capacitor, Cp , so using
Q = CV ,

Qp = Q1 + Q2 ,
Cp V = C1 V + C2 V,

where we know that all the V are equal because C1 and C2 are in parallel and the potential
differences across parallel branches are equal. Therefore we can simplify:

C p = C1 + C2 ,
Cp = 4.0 + 2.0 = 6.0 µF. [1]

Now we shall add Cp and C3 in series for the total capacitance, CT .This time, the potential
differences across the capacitors add up to the total VT because they are in series. Hence,

Vt = V3 + Vp .
Q
Substituting V = for each,
C
Q Q Q
= + ,
CT C3 Cp
where Q is the same for each capacitor in series because charge is conserved (remember that
capacitors are open circuits — the charge that builds up on the positive plate of one capacitor
must correspond to the negative charge that builds up on the negative plate of the capacitor
adjacent to it). Simplifying:
1 1 1
= +
CT C3 Cp
C3 Cp
=⇒ CT = ,
C3 + Cp
6.0 × 5.0 30
CT = = µF. [1]
6.0 + 5.0 11
The total charge stored by the capacitor network is

QT = CT VT ,
30 270
QT = × 9.0 = C.
11 11

132
Since the charge on capacitor is series, we can work backwards to sat that QT = Qp . Since
Qp = Q1 + Q2 ,

QT = Q1 + Q2 .

Because the potential differences across the capacitors C1 and C2 are the same, the charge
stored splits in the ratio of the capacitance. Hence,
C1
Q1 = QT ,
C1 C2
4.0 270
Q1 = ×
4.0 + 2.0 11
180
= = 16.4 C.
11

{3}

133