WATER SUPPLY

Overview

1. Water supply is the provision of safe drinking water to a community or population. This
includes the collection, treatment, and distribution of water to meet the needs of
households, businesses, and institutions. source of water supply can vary depending on
geographic location and availability. Common sources include surface water from rivers,
lakes, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater from wells and aquifers. Water treatment is
a critical step in the water supply process to ensure that water is safe for consumption.
Treatment may include physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove
contaminants and pathogens.
2. Water distribution involves the transportation of treated water to homes and businesses
through a network of pipes and storage tanks. Water distribution systems are often
complex and require regular maintenance to ensure that water quality is maintained and
water loss is minimized. Water supply systems face numerous challenges, including
increasing demand, aging infrastructure, and climate change impacts. Effective
management of water supply systems requires a comprehensive approach that integrates
water conservation, infrastructure investment, and community engagement. Access to
safe and reliable water supply is critical for human health, economic development, and
environmental sustainability. However, many communities around the world still lack
access to safe drinking water, particularly in developing countries and in areas affected
by conflict and natural disaster

SOURCES
1. Surface water: This includes water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Surface water is
often used for municipal water supply, irrigation, and industrial purpose
2. Groundwater: This includes water stored in aquifers beneath the ground surface.
Groundwater is often used for drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial purposes
3. Desalination: This involves the removal of salt and other minerals from seawater or
brackish water to produce fresh water. Desalination is often used in areas with limited
freshwater resources, such as coastal region
4. Rainwater harvesting: This involves the collection and storage of rainwater for future use.
Rainwater harvesting can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing, and other non-potable
uses
5. Reuse of treated wastewater: This involves the treatment of wastewater to remove
contaminants and pathogens, and then using the treated water for non-potable purposes
such as irrigation or toilet flushing
6. Springs: This includes water that emerges from the ground naturally as a result of
underground water movement
 IMPORTANCE AND NECCESITY OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEME/PROTECTED WATER SUPPLY

1. Human health: Access to safe drinking water is essential for human health. Waterborne
diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea can be transmitted through contaminated
water, and can lead to illness and even death
2. Economic development: Reliable access to water is critical for economic development.
Water is essential for agriculture, manufacturing, and other industries, and can help drive
economic growth and create job
3. Environmental sustainability: Sustainable water supply schemes can help protect and
conserve water resources, ensuring that they are available for future generations. This
includes measures such as water conservation, watershed management, and water reuse
4. Disaster management: Water supply schemes can play a critical role in disaster
management, providing emergency water supply to communities affected by natural
disasters such as droughts, floods, and earthquake
5. Social equity: Access to safe and reliable water supply is a basic human right, and water
supply schemes can help promote social equity by ensuring that all members of a
community have equal access to water

WATER DEMAND

1. Water demand refers to the amount of water needed by a community, industry, or other
user over a given period of time. Water demand can vary depending on a number of
factors, including population growth, economic activity, climate, and water use
efficiency.
Here are some of the key factors that influence water demand
1) Size of city. 2) Climatic condition. 3) Living standard of people. 4) Habits and
activities. 5) Industrial & Commercial activities. 6) Quality of water supply. 7) Pressure
in the distribution system. 8) System of sanitation. 9) Cost of water & policy of metering
10) System of supply.

Water Demand:
Quantity of water required by per person per day in liters- 270 LPCD & 335 LPCD
Total quantity of water required for town depends on rate of demand, population &
design period.
Types of demand: ➢ Domestic or residential demand- 135 LPCD
➢ Commercial & Industrial demand 40
➢ Demand for public use 25
➢ Compensate losses demand 55
➢ Fire demand 15
 Total water Demand = 270 lpcd without full flushing system (LIG) Total water Demand
= 335 lpcd with full flushing system

Domestic Water Demand for Indian Cities:-

➢ It includes quantity of water required in the houses for drinking, cooking, bathing,
washing, etc.
➢ It mainly depends on the habits, social status, climatic condition, & custom of people.
1. Drinking 5 lpcd
2. Cooking 5 lpcd
3. Bathing 55 lpcd
4. Washing 40 lpcd
5. Flushing of latrines 30 lpcd
Total Domestic water demand = 135 lpcd as per IS 1172 – 1993 (R 201

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the air that we breathe. These
substances can be gases, particulates, or biological molecules that can cause harm to
human health or the environment.

Sources of air pollution include both natural and human-made sources. Natural sources
include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and dust storms. However, human-made sources of
air pollution are the main contributors to air pollution . These sources include
1. Transportation: Cars, trucks, and other vehicles emit pollutants such as nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, and particulate matter
2. Industry: Power plants, factories, and other industrial processes can emit a wide range of
pollutants into the air, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter
3. Agriculture: Agricultural practices such as livestock production and the use of fertilizers
can emit ammonia, methane, and other pollutants into the air.
4. Household activities: Burning of fuels for cooking and heating can produce harmful
pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter
5. Waste management: Improper disposal of waste can lead to the release of methane and
other pollutants into the air.
Remedial measures for air pollution includes
1. Regulation and enforcement: Governments can regulate emissions from industries,
vehicles, and other sources, and enforce these regulations through fines and penalties
2. Technological solutions: Advanced technologies such as catalytic converters and
scrubbers can reduce emissions from industrial processes and vehicles
3. Energy efficiency: Improving energy efficiency can reduce the amount of energy needed
for transportation, industry, and other activities, thereby reducing emissions
4. Alternative energy sources: Use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
power can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduce emissions
5. Public education: Raising public awareness of air pollution and its effects can encourage
individuals to take steps to reduce their own contributions to air pollution.

Model question
With a flow chart, explain the various units of water treatment plant.
1. 1. Screening: Raw water is first screened to remove large debris such as leaves, branches,
and other large particles
2. 2. Pre-Chlorination: Pre-chlorination involves the addition of a small amount of chlorine
to disinfect the water and kill any bacteria or viruses.
3. 3. Coagulation/Flocculation: Coagulation involves the addition of chemicals such as alum
and ferric chloride to the water. This helps to bind the fine particles and colloids in the
water together to form larger particles called flocs.
4. 4. Sedimentation: The flocs settle to the bottom of the sedimentation tank due to gravity,
and the clear water is decanted from the top.
5. 5. Filtration: The clear water is then passed through a series of filters to remove any
remaining particles and impurities.
6. 6. Disinfection: Disinfection involves the addition of chlorine or other disinfectants to
kill any remaining bacteria or viruses in the water.
7. 7. pH Adjustment: The pH of the water is adjusted to a suitable level using lime or other
chemicals.
8. 8. Fluoridation: Fluoride is added to the water to prevent tooth decay.
9. 9. Storage: The treated water is stored in a clear water tank before being distributed to
consumers.
10. 10. Distribution: The treated water is distributed through a network of pipes to homes,
businesses, and other consumers.

WASTE WATER/SANITARY WATER SYSTEM

Definition and Necessity

Wastewater refers to any water that has been contaminated by human or industrial
activity and is no longer suitable for its intended use. This can include water that has been
used for washing, bathing, flushing toilets, and other domestic or industrial processes.
Wastewater must be treated before it can be safely released back into the environment or
reused for other purposes.
 The necessity of wastewater treatment is to protect public health and the environment.
Untreated wastewater can contain harmful pathogens, chemicals, and pollutants that can
cause illness or damage ecosystems. In addition, wastewater can be a valuable resource
that can be recycled for agricultural or industrial use. Properly treated wastewater can
also help to maintain the water cycle, replenishing groundwater and surface water sources

Wastewater treatment involves a series of processes that remove contaminants from the
water. These processes can include physical, chemical, and biological methods. Common
wastewater treatment processes include screening, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. After treatment, the water can be safely discharged back into the
environment or reused for other purposes

SOURCES
1. Domestic Wastewater: Domestic wastewater is generated from households and includes
water from toilets, sinks, showers, and washing machine
2. Industrial Wastewater: Industrial wastewater is generated from manufacturing processes
and can contain various pollutants such as chemicals, heavy metals, and oils
3. Agricultural Wastewater: Agricultural wastewater is generated from agricultural practices
such as irrigation, animal feeding, and washing
4. Stormwater: Stormwater is generated from rainfall and can contain pollutants from urban
areas such as oils, chemicals, and debris
5. Groundwater: Groundwater can become contaminated with pollutants from human and
animal waste, agricultural practices, and industrial activities
6. Construction Wastewater: Construction wastewater is generated from construction sites
and can contain pollutants such as sediment, oils, and chemical

TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER

Wastewater treatment involves a series of processes that remove contaminants from the
water to make it safe for release into the environment or for reuse. The treatment process
typically includes the following steps
1. Preliminary Treatment: The wastewater is screened to remove large objects such as
plastic bags, sticks, and rocks. The water then flows through a grit chamber to remove
sand, gravel, and other heavy materials
2. Primary Treatment: The wastewater is then sent to a settling tank where the heavy solids
settle to the bottom and the lighter materials such as grease and oil rise to the surface.
These solids are removed and sent to a landfill or incinerated
3. Secondary Treatment: The remaining wastewater is then sent to a biological reactor
where microorganisms are added to break down organic matter. The water is aerated to
 provide oxygen for the microorganisms to thrive. The water is then sent to a settling tank
where the microorganisms and other solids settle to the bottom
4. Tertiary Treatment: The final step involves removing any remaining contaminants
through a series of filtration and disinfection processes. The water is filtered through
sand, activated carbon, or other materials to remove any remaining solids. Chlorine or
other disinfectants are added to kill any remaining bacteria or viruses
5. Sludge Treatment: Any solids that are removed during the treatment process are treated
separately. The sludge can be treated through anaerobic digestion, composting, or
incineration
6. Discharge or Reuse: The treated water can be discharged into a river or ocean, or it can
be reused for irrigation, industrial processes, or other non-potable purposes

URBAN FLOODS
Urban floods are floods that occur in densely populated areas or urban environments. The
following are the types of urban flood

1. Surface Water Floods: These floods occur when heavy rainfall exceeds the capacity of
urban drainage systems, causing water to overflow onto roads and pavement
2. Flash Floods: These floods occur when intense rainfall over a short period of time causes
a sudden and rapid rise in water levels, overwhelming drainage systems and causing
floods in low-lying areas.
3. Riverine Floods: These floods occur when rivers and other water bodies that run through
urban areas overflow their banks, causing water to spill into surrounding area
4. Coastal Floods: These floods occur in urban areas along the coastlines due to the
combined effects of high tide, storm surges, and sea level rise
5. Sewer Floods: These floods occur when heavy rainfall or other factors overwhelm the
capacity of urban sewer systems, causing raw sewage to overflow into streets, buildings,
and other public area
6. Groundwater Floods: These floods occur when the water table in urban areas rises due to
heavy rainfall or other factors, causing water to seep into basements, underground car
parks, and other subterranean structure.

CAUSES
1. Heavy rainfall: Intense and prolonged rainfall can overwhelm urban drainage systems
and lead to flooding
2. Insufficient drainage systems: Poorly designed or inadequate drainage systems can be
overwhelmed by heavy rainfall or high volumes of water, leading to flooding
3. Land-use changes: Urbanization often involves replacing natural landscapes with
impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt, which can increase runoff and reduce the
 amount of water that can be absorbed into the ground, leading to more frequent and
severe flooding
4. Climate change: Climate change can cause more frequent and intense rainfall events, sea
level rise, and storm surges, all of which can increase the risk of urban flooding
5. Poor maintenance: Neglected or poorly maintained drainage systems can become
blocked, reducing their capacity and increasing the risk of flooding
6. Topography: Urban areas located in low-lying areas or near water bodies are more
susceptible to flooding

REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. Improving drainage systems: Developing and maintaining efficient drainage systems that
can handle heavy rainfall can help reduce the risk of urban flooding
2. Implementing green infrastructure: Implementing green infrastructure, such as rain
gardens, green roofs, and permeable pavements, can help reduce runoff and increase the
amount of water that can be absorbed into the ground
3. Enhancing flood warning systems: Developing and implementing effective flood warning
systems can provide residents with timely information and help them take appropriate
measures to protect themselves and their property
4. Land-use planning: Proper land-use planning can help reduce the risk of flooding by
avoiding development in flood-prone areas or implementing appropriate measures such
as elevating buildings, building floodwalls or barriers, and creating flood storage area
5. Stormwater management: Implementing effective stormwater management practices,
such as rainwater harvesting and retention ponds, can help reduce runoff and the risk of
flooding.
6. Public education: Educating the public on the risks of flooding, the importance of
preparedness, and the proper disposal of waste and litter can help reduce the risk of urban
flooding.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management refers to the process of collecting, treating, disposing, and recycling
solid waste, including municipal, commercial, and industrial waste. It involves the proper
handling, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in a way that protects public health and the
environment. Solid waste can include various types of materials, such as household waste, yard
waste, construction and demolition debris, hazardous waste, and electronic waste. The goal of
solid waste management is to minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and
promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste to conserve resources and reduce
environmental impacts. Effective solid waste management also involves public education and
engagement to encourage individuals and communities to adopt sustainable waste management
practice.
 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
1. Residential waste: This includes waste generated from households, such as food waste,
paper, plastic, glass, and metal
2. Commercial waste: This includes waste generated from businesses, such as offices,
restaurants, and stores
3. Industrial waste: This includes waste generated from industrial processes, such as
manufacturing and construction
4. Construction and demolition waste: This includes waste generated from building
construction and demolition activities, such as concrete, wood, and steel
5. Electronic waste: This includes waste generated from electronic devices, such as
computers, cell phones, and television
6. Hazardous waste: This includes waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human
health or the environment, such as chemicals, batteries, and medical waste
7. Agricultural waste: This includes waste generated from farming activities, such as animal
manure, crop residues, and pesticide.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

1. Municipal solid waste (MSW): This is household waste generated by households,
commercial establishments, and institutions. MSW can include food waste, paper, plastic,
glass, metal, textiles, and other material
2. Hazardous waste: This includes waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human
health or the environment, such as chemicals, batteries, electronic waste, medical waste,
and radioactive waste
3. Industrial waste: This includes waste generated by industries, such as manufacturing and
construction. Industrial waste can include chemicals, metals, construction and demolition
waste, and other material
4. Biomedical waste: This includes waste generated by healthcare facilities, such as
hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. Biomedical waste can include used needles, syringes,
surgical gloves, and other materials contaminated with blood or bodily fluid
5. Electronic waste (e-waste): This includes waste generated by electronic devices, such as
computers, cell phones, and televisions. E-waste can contain hazardous materials such as
lead, mercury, and cadmium
6. Agricultural waste: This includes waste generated by farming activities, such as animal
manure, crop residues, and pesticide
7. Construction and demolition waste: This includes waste generated by building
construction and demolition activities, such as concrete, wood, and steel.
 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
1. The collection of solid waste involves the process of collecting and transporting waste
materials from their point of generation to a designated disposal or processing facility.
Here are the steps involved in the collection of solid waste
2. Waste generation: The first step in the solid waste collection process is the generation of
waste by households, commercial establishments, and institution
3. Waste segregation: After waste is generated, it is important to segregate different types of
waste such as paper, plastic, glass, metal, and hazardous waste to facilitate their proper
disposal
4. Waste storage: Once waste is segregated, it is stored in designated containers such as
bins, bags, or dumpsters, depending on the type of waste and the location of the waste
generator
5. Waste collection: After waste is stored, it is collected by waste collection vehicles such as
garbage trucks or specialized waste collection vehicles. The frequency of collection
depends on the type of waste, its volume, and the location
6. Transportation: After waste is collected, it is transported to a designated disposal or
processing facility. The transportation process should be carried out in a way that
minimizes environmental impacts, such as air pollution, and prevents the spread of
disease
7. Disposal or processing: Finally, the waste is disposed of or processed at a designated
facility. The type of facility depends on the type of waste and the goals of the solid waste
management strategy. Facilities can include landfills, incinerators, recycling centers, or
composting facilities.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE MANEGEMENT

1. Landfill: This involves burying waste in a designated landfill site, where it is compacted
and covered with soil to prevent odors, vermin, and other problems. This is the most
common method of solid waste disposal, but it has significant environmental impacts.
2. Incineration: This involves burning waste at high temperatures to convert it into ash and
gas. It can be a useful method for reducing the volume of waste and generating energy,
but it can also release harmful pollutants into the air.
3. Recycling: This involves collecting and processing waste materials such as paper, plastic,
and metal to produce new products. Recycling reduces the amount of waste that ends up
in landfills and conserves resource
4. Composting: This involves breaking down organic waste materials such as food and yard
waste into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. Composting is a sustainable method of waste
management that can reduce the volume of waste and improve soil health
 5. Waste-to-energy: This involves using waste as a fuel source to generate electricity or
heat. This can be an effective method for reducing the volume of waste and generating
energy, but it requires specialized technology and infrastructure
6. Source reduction: This involves reducing the amount of waste generated at the source by
implementing practices such as reducing packaging, using reusable products, and
composting food waste.

SMART BUILDINGS
OVERVIEW

Smart buildings are structures that leverage technology to optimize energy efficiency, occupant
comfort, and convenience. A smart building integrates various systems, such as lighting, heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), security, and other building infrastructure, to create an
interconnected system that can communicate with and control each other

One of the key features of smart buildings is automation. For instance, a smart building can use
sensors to detect the occupancy level of a room and automatically adjust the lighting and
temperature to optimize energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Smart buildings can also use
machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to learn occupant preferences and adjust systems
to meet those preferences automatically

Smart buildings can improve energy efficiency by reducing waste through optimized heating,
cooling, and lighting systems. By using automation and data analysis, smart buildings can also
reduce the carbon footprint associated with building operations

In addition to energy efficiency, smart buildings can also improve occupant comfort and
productivity. For example, smart buildings can adjust lighting levels to optimize the circadian
rhythms of occupants and improve sleep quality. Smart buildings can also improve air quality
and reduce noise levels to create a more comfortable and healthy indoor environment.

Smart buildings can also enhance security by integrating various systems, such as access control,
surveillance, and alarm systems. By using AI and machine learning, smart buildings can detect
and respond to security threats automatically.
 Model Question
Formulate a plan for designing a smart building based on given parameters such as
location, building type, and occupant needs

Designing a smart building involves a holistic approach that considers location, building type,
and occupant needs. Here is a general plan that can be followed to design a smart building based
on these parameters

1. Conduct a site analysis: The first step is to conduct a site analysis to understand the
location's climatic conditions, natural light, and wind patterns. This information can help
determine the building orientation and design features to maximize energy efficiency and
comfort
2. Determine the building type: The next step is to determine the building type and use, such
as residential, commercial, or industrial. This information will inform the design
requirements for the building's infrastructure, including heating, cooling, lighting, and
ventilation systems
3. Assess occupant needs: It is essential to understand the occupant needs and preferences to
design a building that meets their needs. For instance, a smart building designed for a
hospital will have different requirements than one designed for a university or office
building
4. Select smart technologies: Based on the analysis and design requirements, select smart
technologies that can optimize building performance and provide occupants with comfort
and convenience. Examples include automated lighting and shading systems, smart
thermostats, energy-efficient HVAC systems, and smart security system
5. Integration and testing: Integrate the selected smart technologies into the building's
infrastructure and test them to ensure that they operate effectively and efficiently.
Conduct regular maintenance and updates to ensure that the smart building continues to
operate optimally over time
6. Monitoring and analysis: Implement a monitoring system to track building performance,
including energy consumption, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort. Analyze the
data to identify areas for improvement and optimize building performance continually

ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS/GREEN BUILDINGS

 Theory part STUDY IN PPT

Model question
Analyze the importance of energy-efficient buildings for sustainable development.
Evaluate the benefits and challenges of designing and constructing energy-efficient
buildings

Energy-efficient buildings play a crucial role in sustainable development. They help to

reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, which are major contributors
to climate change. The importance of energy-efficient buildings in sustainable
development can be seen from the following perspectives
1. Environmental Benefits: Energy-efficient buildings reduce the consumption of energy
and water, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. This helps to
reduce the carbon footprint associated with building operations and contributes to
mitigating climate change
2. Economic Benefits: Energy-efficient buildings can significantly reduce energy costs
associated with building operations. This can result in lower operating costs and long-
term savings on energy bills. Energy-efficient buildings can also increase property
values, attract tenants, and enhance the marketability of the building
3. Social Benefits: Energy-efficient buildings create a healthier and more comfortable
indoor environment. Improved air quality, lighting, and thermal comfort can improve
occupant health and well-being, thereby increasing productivity and reducing
absenteeism

However, designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings come with certain

challenges, including
1. High initial cost: The initial cost of designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings
is often higher than conventional buildings. This may deter some developers or building
owners from investing in energy-efficient technologies
2. Lack of awareness: Many people are not aware of the benefits of energy-efficient
buildings, and therefore, there is a lack of demand for such buildings. This lack of
demand may limit the availability of energy-efficient buildings in the market
3. Technical complexity: Designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings require a
high level of technical expertise. Building professionals may require additional training
and education to implement energy-efficient technologies successfully

TEMPERATURE AND SOUND CONTROL SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS

 Temperature and sound control systems are important aspects of building design and
construction, as they directly affect the comfort and well-being of occupants. Here is an
outline of the temperature and sound control systems in building

Temperature Control System

1. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System: HVAC system is a
combination of technologies that provide heating, cooling, and ventilation to maintain
indoor temperature and air quality
2. Insulation: Insulation materials such as fiberglass, cellulose, and foam are installed in
walls, roofs, and floors to prevent heat transfer between the indoor and outdoor
environment
3. Windows: Energy-efficient windows with low-e coatings and insulated frames are used
to reduce heat transfer through the building envelope
4. Building Automation System: A building automation system (BAS) can control HVAC
systems, lighting, and other building systems to optimize energy efficiency and indoor
comfort
Sound Control System
1. Acoustic Insulation: Acoustic insulation materials such as fiberglass, cellulose, and foam
are installed in walls, floors, and ceilings to absorb sound and prevent sound transmission
between rooms
2. Soundproofing: Soundproofing materials such as mass-loaded vinyl, acoustic curtains,
and acoustic panels can be installed to block sound transmission from outside the
building or adjacent rooms
3. Double Glazed Windows: Double-glazed windows with insulated frames can be used to
reduce sound transmission through windows