SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA S. No. Topic Page No. 1. | Electric Charge 1 2. | Conductor Insulator & Semiconductor 5 3. | Properties of Electric charge 6 4. | Methods of Charging 9 5. | Coulomb's Law 11 6. Dielectric Constant 14 7. | Electric field 20 8. | Electric field Lines 25 9. | Electric Dipole 29 10. | Dipole Field on Axial & Equatorial Line 31 11. | Dipole in Uniform Electric field 33 12. | Continuous charge distribution 38 13. | Electric flux 40 14. | Gauss's Law 41 15. | Electric Field due to Uniformly charged wire 45 16. | Electric Field due to charged spherical Shell 48 17. | Electric Field due to Uniformly charged plane sheet 50Imagine With all Beliexe With all Achieé Ve all YOUr might.SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA ELECTRIC CHARGE The pro of moteriol by which ut exerts ov experiente fecha omd magnetic elects Js callid the electric charg Gg) Te SS Examples - @ Experience. of seeing a s or hearing a Crackle, when we ae of x Spal Cloths. ¢ @ Light nmg in the Sky uring thunderstorms cue to elchie Caadange: \\LELEcTROSTATICS // . The branch el Physics 5 which oleals worth the study of ch at” vat’ (static Charges), the pores >» fields “omel potential due to these Charged is calle Electrostatics oy static Electricity. Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 bsSCIENCE CAREER COACHING S2thiPHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA (4) There are only +00 types ok electric charge + @ @ On Protons On Electrons (2) Like charges repel eme unlike charges athiacts each othe. <=6 ©=—> Oma =O (3) The unlike charges nullify Cancel) each other's ekhect When they Come in Contact. There pore the Charges are names as positive omd veg ve by the American scientist ‘Beyjamin Frenklin! Bevjamin Frenklin (yw) Normally the materials are electrically hel do not’ Contain charge because Thele changer Ul ond electrons) ane exactly boldanced. Nucleus Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8114418850 [2SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA (8) The electomn of Hie ovdermost orbit of an odom Ane for fom te nucleus So these electron, are seed boundecl with the nucleus and com be Ss teal easily from the erbit by giving some eneqy. These. electron re thon Collol Fischers - “8 Energy (¢.) The bedly or atom con be Chongeol positively by Loosing Some of sts elechend anol Con be changed negokively by gaining, electrms. Tam —“¢ = © Positively Chavgeot +e © © @ Tam Negatively Charger arotus usecl do detect ™m * ote Gat chechroscape® ect charge a booky £3 7] Metal Wive Glass Jay ——>| Gold Leaves IN ELECTROSCOPE Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8114418850 3SCIENCE CAREER COACHING (@) An elech} wails al SS vee By Be V= Constant & V # Gnstont Con Creates electric , omd electromagnett Yodiat ond 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA fied ©), Only Electric Field Electvic Field + Magnetic Field Electvic Field + Magnetic Field + EM Waves (2) | Electue ne cand unite Dg sasha. on a umiform ca bet om a NoN- Uniform Suakace vd moucimum oa thot ‘points where the radius of ukve GS minmum. Change clensity o x + + ¥ a ©: * oa + Uniform Sur face. Charge Density Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) More Surface Charge Density Less Surface Charge density Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8114418850 4SCIENCE CAREER COACHING t2th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA Conductor, Insulator £€ Semiconductor Leonductor The mocterial theo which the elechic Change ame Current com How easily are Called Conductors Examplea- All Metals, Human body > Cort etc. 78% oe an Insulator : Semiconductor Tasulador The materials which vealst ihe, fee eclectic Charge oma Current are codliol / Examples - Weool , Porcelene, plastic etc. Semendecter The moteriols which resist the plow electric charge amd current but the value of thelr wDaisternee us in-between the Coenclucty and inmulahr ae calli semiconductors. Examples - Silicon Csi) >» Germenium CGe) Corben Ce) —rExcellent thermal Conelucfivity. r-- & Sharpen Your Pencil --- - ----7 ‘ t @® Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it ' produces and experiences ; (a) electric effects only t ' (b) magnetic effects only 1 (©) both electric and magnetic effects (d) None of these 4 t Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 |5SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA C1) Adolitivity of Charges Elechic Choage is a scalar qari so the total charge of the System Us obtalinsel si ply by adoling the cLfperant changes ed gebricolly wth Propet sign accercling ato their chorge. ee ee @)> Cheage is conserved . Charge Cannot be either created ov clistroyesl. It ton ovnly be transterred from one body ato another. Henee He toto charge. eh the iselatect Sgstem da alwouys Cerservect. . “yom nt ==>: as cx) Glass silk Glass silk Total charge = o+0=0 Total change = +¥-4%>0 (2) Quantisation of Charge The electric Charge en oa bo. Js odus an integral multiple of aC change on theckenoe THis Je Callecl quantisation of choage. Qsztne We Bybee es toorxic'® Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8114418850 6SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSIC! The. cl en one elechon was Ss UMESH RAJORIA found by His Oil dwop experiment” by Millikan in 1912 - —~ ‘ ee a comizer Fe=ae X-Ray Source 1 ad Positively ] Charged oil plate d drope | Microscope Negativelty Charged Plate Fe=me When the ot! oop remain stationary in the experiment then the forces on oil drop Electric Foree CFe) = ZTE = ov We Know that - mass Gravitational Fore CFs) "¢ = olensity x Volume. Where Y~ —» radius ob Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) * Mass of Electrm (Me) = SUKI Kg. * Mass of Prot Cmp) = 167 x1077 Kg. oil drp Co-smm) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 7SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA An oil drop i) 12 excess electors iv. hulol Stohona under a Constant elechic ad of 2-55 X1o# N/e in MilliKan's oil drop experiment. The claret. “hi the oi) 4s 1.26 gm/ Cm. Then estimate radius of the oi] alrop. Sel Given that - aa Charge P= ne = J2xLExlo” C Density d= 126 x 107 e126 x10% Ka/m> 107 when the oil drop Ja hele Stodimery then ™m = 7 % € We Know m= Ax¥nr> So that Gs AXERtexg E— or y? =e axgrn xg y2 = 12% rex’? x ass x10" = 9047 xo oP 126 x10 xYAB14 x98 yes (9-u7 x10? = 9:81 x107 m. Ov vis the dota) charge on 75 kg of elechons? Sel. Number of electrms in 7S Fg: n = _tetal Mars = 7S mass of 1 etecthon 3x63! r= BB x103 So Total charge Q= ne Q= |a x10*! x(-re x16 '7) Q= -L3asxidtc Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 | 8SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA 4 Charging by Friction when two objects are rubbed against each other then electrons from the atoms of one object (having Low work function) go to other object (having high work function). The material looses electrons gets positively chaaged and the materia) gains electors gets negatively charged. ase od 24 Changing by conduction When a charged object is brought in contact with an unchargecl concluctor, then the seme s+ype of Charge spreads on both the conductors. This hapbents because Some electrons are transperved at the contact point. OO OO O20 Unchanged — Changed In Contact both positively Changes Methoel L. CUsing a ground Comection ) Gi) A positively chargeol rod Js brovght neor o neutral meted sphare anal polarising ut. Gi) The sphore us grouncleo! ollowing electrons to be ccthractesl tum the eovrth. Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [9UMESH RAJORIA > = Gas) a) le) te) (4) SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS (ii) The ground ConnecHom Gs broken. Gv) The positive yod Js removeol leaving the sphore with an inducol negative charge Gi) Tio unchargecl metal sphares ane in Contact with each other But insuloctest’ from rest of the usorlel. Gi A positively chargeol red Us bro Sphorr » okbracting negative. Charge oma} “Ents the other ephare? posi Wwely Charged. ro ee “OP FE lay (b) © Wii) Nowo the Sphares are Separates! before the ed us removeol omd Hus separating posrtve 4 negative. Charge: Gv) Remeve the red - The charges om sphares will Yearra themselves omd uniformly olutibuted over the aloe Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [10SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA . The force. of interaction beturean omy. tar Point charges is olikectly propovtional to the product of the ch end inversely propre ye the syare ok the olistance between them, ome acts edeng the Line jerome the to changes. Ss 2 two wnt changes Zi amd I are reparateol in “daenues by Pe chixtence Y %Yy Ve Fe—O— --¥-~ --G-9F Accoreling to coulombls Lew, Fox UG oma Fa _ = KUW% \ ee -~ F aol Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Elechostatic Constant K depends on the nature of medium separating the charges and on the system of units. In cgs System P K=1 In sz system, K = me = 9xfo? Nm/c> ® Ee electrical permittivity of pree space Eo = 88s x10 !? GNm> Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [11SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA Let the position vector of Choueges M1 ond A be Vy omd V2 respectively. We denote the foree Fiz = Fa The mognituole ob vectors Yin omd Ye, is denoted by lve] omd 1%} omd their unit vectors Bee. given “8 e wh n = —2 ond = Yay = \yal ra Fa = te be Ez Vids, 21 ai, V¥2, 17 G) Ih UWamd % ae_of Same si UW%2 70 then Fis. 44 along at p which Sonatas tepulsion Gid ab U_ord Ta ane_ol opposite sign 5 Vita UTIEs ae ©} Two point charges of +2.UC omd +eue repel each Cher cai a bt oh ZN .~ Now i each is given an acklitimal cl of - 4He 4 hed will be e new force ? SY Hee % 2 +2ue , Auten 5 FEIN ond 9g) = 42-4 s-2Me 54 = 46-4 = Ze so Ei = 1% = C22) 2-4 F 4, U2 (236d 3 ple-F = -!2 F'=- 4N (Athactive) 3 3 Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [16SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA @ A charge 4 Js placed at the conhe of the tine ee tor equal changes @. Shoo thet system of th wea. changes will be in equillibyium if 4="-@/4. Q t Q Sol. es A c B Goh ie se gene ond B, Whe AB= 2x. < 2% Here C us the centre of AG »wohune chorge q 4s held. Net fore on 4 is cew. So q dd alvendy in equilibrium. For the three charges to be in equilibrium , net force. on each charge must be zero. Now, total foree om Q at Bw_ KQYT + K@Q =0 x Qxy Kat = ~ KQ? a ux Se Hence Proved. Two fixeol point ch + ae omd +e units Ore seporntell | by 5 hence. | "er, where showrtol the third point Taio. be placed) for St to be in equitibrium. so For the charge +4 ayz4e A 4 pan Ire to be in equilibrium = = —_—e—- -* x ——#-a-X) SI Fy = Fa K44e <= kKve > 4A: a (=x) xe @-x)* on Solving - a = BA/y — fs, Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 |17SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ith PHS + 4 omd +e& units Two fixeal point ch oy sepesccted” by a altace | £a%, where shoutol tre. thd tech “che be. placed fer ot to be pei ange. be p in equitibrium. Sek For the charge 44g : to be in caulibeun Te ou fe 2 ee Fee. k—— x ——#- A ~ zt K4-4e = KYe > 4A! x @-xy ° oe (@-x)> m= 2a/3 — m@. om Solving - @7 G) Tur equal positive chorges each off 2.uc interact Me situated as with a third ane . Ne of 3 ig. f magnitude and direction Shou in +$ ° the force “on ra 3 ue change. sol: = Here 0A = Bs 3m and op = 4m So Ap = Bp = [aqq™ = 5m. Accoreling 4d Coulomb's Law Forte on Change at P due to charge at A ond B are -eqial in mogmitude Se- 9xlo x2 Xlo* x3 x10¢ Fl =F, = KUM = > 5% = 26 Kio? So F, = Fy Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA Here the components of Fi and Fz along Y and axis are equol in magnitude (F, Sine = Fi Sin@) but opposite im clivecton so they comcel each oO: The Com is along PX acl up So total force om Charge 3c at’ Pp is - Fo=2F,;Cos@ = 2x26 xo x Le Se F235 xo? N — fra. Two equal beds havin Le. Fo = Fo Imagine “‘Belinve With all Achieve’ With all SOUP might. Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [19SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 12th PHYSICS UMESH RAJORIA SSE Eel) An electsic field is the region of Space Susroundin: electrically charged partel Whore. a fore, ww recl on diner electrically Charged objects. * The direction of the field Jd taken to be the direction Of the force it wowd exert on a positive fest chaage. *® The electric fiele) Js racliatly outiword from a positive Change omel roclially Inward fowards a negative Change- Electric Field Intensity (E) The. electric field intensity ot omy point JS the strength of electric field at that peid. It Js olcfinedd ar the force, experienced) by unit Positive. Chonse placed at thot Foimt. According 4o Cawomb's Law force on test Charge Le due to a point charge. qQ w Oo Pp _ 1 @% Qq-—__—_» —»F “ae yt Y is where F is unit vector olirected from @ towards 4,. ST Unit of E = NL € Piprali Road, Sikar (Raj.) Cont. No.: 9785944225, 8003024131 [20]