UNIT II – JAVA GUI AND FILE

STREAMS
 Predefined Libraries
 Using String class
 Working with Data & Time
 Utility framework
 Java I/O
 AWT & Swings
 Regular Expressions
 Files, Streams and Object Serialization
 Generic collections – Generic Classes and Methods
 Java Applet Basics- Graphics and Animation in Applet- Event
Handling and Applet Communication
 Reflections in Java

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 Predefined Libraries
(Java Standard Library / Java API)
• Collection of pre-built classes and interfaces
provided by the JDK.
• Offer ready-to-use functionalities for common
programming tasks
• Prevent developers from having to write code
from scratch for basic operations.
• Examples of predefined libraries:
– [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],
[Link] and [Link]

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 Predefined Libraries – Cont’d
• [Link]:
– Contains fundamental classes that are automatically
imported into every Java program.
– It includes core functionalities like primitive data type
wrappers (e.g., Integer, Double), String class for text
manipulation, Math class for mathematical operations,
and System class for system-level operations.
• [Link]:
– provides utility classes and interfaces,
– includes data structures like ArrayList, HashMap, and
HashSet, as well as classes for date and time operations
(Date, Calendar), and random number generation
(Random)

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 Predefined Libraries – Cont’d
• [Link]:
– Offers classes for input/output operations, enabling
interaction with files, streams, and other data
sources.
– Examples include FileInputStream, FileOutputStream,
BufferedReader, and PrintWriter.
• [Link]:
– supports network programming
– provides classes for creating network applications,
handling URLs, and managing network connections
(e.g., Socket, ServerSocket, URL).
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 Predefined Libraries – Cont’d
• [Link]:
– Provides the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API
– Allows Java applications to interact with relational
databases.
– It includes classes for establishing connections, executing
SQL queries, and processing results.
• [Link] and [Link]:
– These packages are used for creating graphical user
interfaces (GUIs).
– [Link] provides foundational GUI components
– [Link] offers a more advanced and platform-
independent set of components.

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 Using String class
• String is a sequence of characters, for e.g. “Hello” is a string of
5 characters.
• In java, string is an immutable object which means it is
constant and can cannot be changed once it is created.
• Java only supports operator overloading for the String class.
– The + operator allows us to combine two strings.
– For instance, “hello"+“world"=“helloworld"
• Note: If there is a necessity to make a lot of modifications to
Strings of characters, then we should use String Buffer & String
Builder Classes
• There are two ways to create a String in Java
– String literal
– Using new keyword

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 Using String class – Cont’d
• String literal:
– It is a sequence of characters enclosed
in double quotation marks (” “).
– In java, Strings can be created by
assigning a String literal to a String
instance
String str1 = "Book";
String str2 = "Book";
• When double quotes are used to generate a String, JVM searches the String
Constant pool(A location inside the heap memory) whether a string is already
present in the string pool before generating a new object in the pool.
• If an existing String object is found, it simply returns the reference to it; otherwise,
a new String object with the specified value is created and stored in the String
pool.

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 Using String class – Cont’d
• Using New Keyword:
– To create a new instance of a
string, we use new keyword.
– When we create a string using new
keyword, it gets created in heap
memory rather than string
constant pool.
– When we create a string using new
keyword, it always create a new
string irrespective of whether the
string is already present or not in
the heap memory.
String str3 = new String("Book");
String str4 = new String("Book");
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 Comparing Strings:
== Operator checks if two
references point to the same
memory location.
equals() Method checks if
two strings have the same
content, regardless of their
memory locations.

Output:

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 Output:

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 Using String class – Cont’d
(String Methods)
• int length()- returns the length of the String that is, the
number of characters in a String.
• char charAt(int index) - return a character value at a
specified position (index) of a String.
• int indexOf(int ch) - The requested char value index is
returned.
• String concat(String string1) –
– used for concatenating or adding two strings into a single
string.
– This method appends its String argument to the indicated
string argument and returns a new instance of the String class.
– We can also use the + operator to produce the same result as
the concat method
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 Using String class – Cont’d
(String Methods)
• String substring(int beginIndex) - returns the substring from
the index which is passed as an argument to the method.
• String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) - returns the
new String by using the required index range (including the
start index and excluding the end index).
• int compareTo(String string1, String string2)
– Compares values lexicographically and returns an integer value
that describes if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater
than the second string.
– Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If:
s1 == s2 : 0
s1 > s2 : positive value
s1 < s2 : negative value

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 Using String class – Cont’d
(String Methods)
• String toUpperCase() -converts all the characters of a
given string to uppercase.
• String toLowerCase() - converts all the characters of a
given string to lowercase.
• String trim() - returns the new String after removing
whitespaces at both ends. It does not affect whitespaces
in the middle of the String.
• String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) –
– replaces each occurrence of the first argument of the string
with the second argument and returns the resulting string.
• static String valueOf(int value) - returns a string
representation of the supplied int value.

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 Regular Expressions
(regex)
• A powerful tool in Java for working with strings.
• regex serves as a search pattern, helps us to find, replace, or modify
strings in a structured way.
• For example,
• if we use the regular expression ab*, we are issuing an instruction to
match a string that has an ‘a’ followed by zero or more b’s.
• So strings like ab, abc, abbc, etc. will match our regular expression.
• Regular expressions make finding patterns in text much easier.
• Some high-level use cases include,
– Email validation
– Phone number validation
– Credit card number validation
– Password pattern matching
– String replacement

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 Regular Expressions
(regex)
• The [Link] API is the backbone for handling
all regex operations
• [Link] package that contains three classes
– Pattern - used to define a pattern (the regex itself)
– Matcher - used to search for the pattern within a string.
– PatternSyntaxException - is thrown if the regular
expression syntax is not correct.

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 Regular Expressions – Cont’d

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 Regular Expressions – Cont’d
Common matching symbols:
Regular Description
Expression
. Matches any character
^regex Finds regex that must match at the beginning of the line.
regex$ Finds regex that must match at the end of the line.
[abc] Set definition, can match the letter a or b or c.
[abc][vz] Set definition, can match a or b or c followed by either v or z.
[^abc] When a caret appears as the first character inside square brackets, it negates the
pattern. This pattern matches any character except a or b or c.
[a-d1-7] Ranges: matches a letter between a and d and figures from 1 to 7, but not d1.

X|Z Finds X or Z.
XZ Finds X directly followed by Z.
$ Checks if a line end follows.
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 Regular Expressions – Cont’d
Meta characters: Have a pre-defined meaning and make certain common patterns easier to use. For
example, we can use \d as simplified definition for [0..9].
Regular Description
Expression
\d Any digit, short for [0-9]
\D A non-digit, short for [^0-9]
\s A whitespace character, short for [ \t\n\x0b\r\f]
\S A non-whitespace character, short for .3K3R3R3U3=3U3X3R3J3KGIN3

OTJO\OJ[GRR_

\w A word character, short for [a-zA-Z_0-9]

\W A non-word character [^\w]
\S+ Several non-whitespace characters .KRRU3=UXRJ3GY3Z]U3YKVGXGZK3MXU[VY

\b Matches a word boundary where a word character is [a-zA-Z0-9_]

Note: These meta characters have the same first letter as their representation, e.g., digit,
space, word, and boundary. Uppercase symbols define the opposite.
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 Regular Expressions – Cont’d
Quantifier:defines how often an element can occur. The symbols ?, *, + and {} are
qualifiers.

Regular Description Examples

Expression

* Occurs zero or more times, is short for {0,} X* finds no or several letter X, <sbr
/> .* finds any character sequence

+ Occurs one or more times, is short for {1,} X+- Finds one or several letter X

? Occurs no or one times, ? is short for {0,1}. X? finds no or exactly one letter X

{X} Occurs X number of times, {} describes the order of the \d{3} searches for three digits, .{10} for
preceding liberal any character sequence of length 10.

{X,Y} Occurs between X and Y times, \d{1,4} means \d must occur at least
once and at a maximum of four.

*? ? after a quantifier makes it a reluctant quantifier. It tries

to find the smallest match. This makes the regular
expression stop at the first match.

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 Regular Expressions – Cont’d
• Grouping and Capturing
– Groups are created in regex by enclosing part of the regex in
parentheses ()
– For example, (\d\d) matches a two-digit number and captures it as a
group.
• Strings in Java have built-in support for regular expressions.
• Strings have four built-in methods for regular expressions: *
matches(), * split()), * replaceFirst() * replaceAll()
• The replace() method does NOT support regular expressions.
Method Description
[Link]("regex") Evaluates if "regex" matches s. Returns only true if the WHOLE string
can be matched.
[Link]("regex") Creates an array with substrings of s divided at occurrence
of "regex". "regex" is not included in the result.
[Link]("regex"), "replacement" Replaces first occurance of "regex" with "replacement.
[Link]("regex"), "replacement" BVL_DR.KALAM
Replaces COMPUTING CENTRE,
all occurrences MIT with "replacement.
of "regex"
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