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Seeds: Ecological, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

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 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE
Thus, the sandalwood tree is unique in has been declared ‘vulnerable’ and enlisted 6. Sahai, A. and Shivanna, K. R., J. Plant
many aspects. Unlike majority of tropical in the IUCN Red List. Physiol., 1984, 115, 427–432.
trees, this tree flowers and disperses seeds There is a need to undertake further bota- 7. Arunkumar, C., Joshi Geetha and Warrier
twice a year. The seeds are devoid of seed nical and eco-physiological studies on the Rekha, Van Vigyan, 2016, 2(4), 2–11.
8. Judd, C. S., J. For., 1936, 34(1), 82–83.
coat. The dicot seed contains a large endo- sandal species to unravel their uniqueness
9. Fox, J. E., Biologist, 2000, 47, 31–34.
sperm and a tiny embryonic axis with with respect to correlation among tree 10. Annapurna, D., Rathore, T. S. and Joshi,
‘underdeveloped’ plumule and radicle. phenology, seed development, seed struc- G., J. Sustain. For., 2006, 22(3–4), 1–12.
The seeds exhibit morphophysiological ture and dormancy, germination morpho- 11. Babita, M., Chakraborthy, S., Sandhya, M.
dormancy. The endospermous seeds dem- logy, hemiparasitic nature and development C. and Viswanath, S., Indian J. Trop. Bio-
onstrate epigeal germination. During ger- of unique wood characteristics. diver., 2016, 26(1), 1–12.
mination, the rudimentary cotyledonary 12. Pallavi, A., Down to Earth, 28 February
leaf emerges at the base of the split stalk of 2015.
1. Sutheesh, V. K., Jijeesh, C. M. and Divya,
the endosperm and protrudes out of the T. P., Plant Arch., 2016, 16(1), 143–150.
seed through the micropyle, alongside the 2. Nagaveni, H. C. and Srimathi, R. A., In- Received 4 May 2021; revised accepted 25 No-
split stalk to form the shoot system. After dian For., 1981, 107, 348–354. vember 2021
few months of growth, the seedlings of S. 3. Dileepa, M. M., Jayawardena, M., Gehan
album connect with host plants through the Jayasuriya, K. M. G. and Walek, J. L., J. M. BHASKARAN
haustoria to suck essential nutrients, de- Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka, 2015, 43(3), R. UMARANI*
209–215.
monstrating their hemiparasitic nature of M. TILAK
4. Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M., Seeds:
survival. The wood of the mature S. album Ecological, Biogeography, and Evolution
trees is the second most valued timber on of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
earth. The natural populations are being Press, London, UK, 1998. Coimbatore 641 003, India
decimated due to uncontrolled illegal fel- 5. Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M., Seed Sci. *For correspondence.
ling and smuggling. Therefore the species Res., 2007, 17, 11–20. e-mail: [Link]@[Link]

Potential of integrated approach of zinc fortification in maize

Attention towards the major nutrients than grated approaches (organics and inorganics) lable phosphorus (24.30 kg ha–1), high in
secondary and micronutrients is more for involving techniques like seed pelleting, available potassium (388.40 kg ha–1) and
achieving the targeted yields. Zinc (Zn) solubilizing bacteria, enriched compost low in available Zn (0.54 ppm).
nutrition plays a pivotal role in plant meta- along with foliar spray at critical crop The experiment was laid out in rando-
bolism and yield potential of maize. Indi- growth stages are cost-effective and sustai- mized block design with ten treatments
scriminate use of high-analysis straight nable options in the long run. It is also the and replicated thrice (Table 1). Recom-
fertilizers coupled with negligible or no way forward to enhance the availability of mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) 200 : 60 :
application of organics has resulted in im- zinc from native soil reserves and to render 50–N : P2O5 : K2O kg ha–1) N was applied
balanced soil nutrient status and micronu- better availability to the plants and translo- in three equal splits (at sowing, knee-high
trients deficiency across the globe, and zinc cation towards the sink. and tasselling stage), total P was applied as
in particular1. Zinc deficiency in human nu- A field experiment on zinc enrichment basal and K was applied in two equal splits
trition is widespread, after iron, vitamin A in maize was carried out at the College (at sowing and tasselling stage respecti-
and iodine deficiencies. Nearly 49% of the Farm, College of Agriculture, Professor vely). Farmyard manure (FYM) was enri-
global adult population does not get its Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural ched with zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB)
daily recommended intake of 15 mg day–1 University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hy- @ 1 kg per 100 kg FYM for 22 days be-
of zinc. This is one of the leading risk fac- derabad during kharif 2019. The geograph- fore sowing (T2 and T7 treatments). Seed
tors associated with diseases such as diarr- ical location of the experimental site is pelleting was done by dissolving 3.6 g of
hoea and retarded growth contributing to 17°19′19.2″N lat., 78°24′39.2″E long. and ZnSO4 in water. Polymer was added to
the death of about 800,000 people each altitude of 542.3 m amsl. Agro-climato- above solution and made into a slurry by
year2. Negative correlation between irriga- logically the area is classified as Southern thorough stirring. The slurry was added to
tion and phosphorus was observed with Zn Telangana Agro-Climatic Zone. The total 1 kg seed in a polythene cover and tho-
uptake which leads to the low Zn content rainfall received during the cropping pe- roughly mixed for 4–5 min and shade-
in kernels, a major cause of Zn malnutri- riod was 680.8 mm. The soil of the expe- dried (T4 and T9). Enriched FYM was pre-
tion among maize consumers3. rimental site was sandy loam type, slightly pared by adding ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha–1 with
Zinc enrichment in maize could be achi- acidic in pH (6.30), non-saline in electrical 25 t FYM ha–1 22 days before sowing
eved using various agronomic strategies. conductivity (EC) (0.21 dSm–1), low in (T5 and T10). Maize hybrid NK-6240 @
Although application of inorganic sources organic carbon (0.42%), low in available 20 kg ha–1 was sown adopting a spacing of
alone is the common method adopted, inte- nitrogen (230.60 kg ha–1), medium in avai- 60 cm × 20 cm.

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 122, NO. 1, 10 JANUARY 2022 23

SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE

24 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 122, NO. 1, 10 JANUARY 2022

 SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE
The results revealed that significantly bolism processes (development of cell wall, M. R., Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci., 2017,
higher crude protein content (8.05%) was respiration, carbohydrate metabolism and 5(1), 246–253.
recorded with T9 compared to all other microbial activity) that enabled steady 10. Kumar, R. R., Kumar, N., Rana, J. B. and
treatments, except T2 and T7 which were availability of zinc throughout the crop Rai, K. N., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl.
Sci., 2018, 7(9), 21–34.
comparable with T9 (Table 1). The lowest growth period over inorganic sources
11. Mishra, P., Tiwari, U. S., Pandey, H. M.,
crude protein content (4.98%) was recorded alone12,13. Monetary returns (gross, net re- Pathak, R. K. and Sachan, A. K., Int. J.
with T1. Improved grain protein content turns and B : C ratio) were higher with in- Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2019, 8(4),
was due to the role of zinc in the synthesis tegrated approach of zinc fortification, T5 138–150.
of RNA polymerase enzyme involved in and T7 due to higher grain and stover yields 12. Tariq, A. et al., Am. J. Plant Sci., 2014, 5,
the transformation of amino acids into pro- compared to rest of the treatments14–16. 2646–2654.
teins. The grains of the plants which were From the present study in maize, it can 13. Sarwar, M., Jilani, G., Rafique, E., Akhtar,
devoid of zinc application recorded the low- be concluded that the integrated method of M. E. and Chaudhary, A. N., Pak. J. Nutr.,
est protein content4,5. zinc fortification with enriched FYM, ZSB 2012, 11(1), 27–33.
Perusal of data on microbial population along with RDF and foliar spray of 0.2% 14. Halecha, G., Sachidanand, B., Goswami,
S. P. and Suryawanshi, A., Int. J. Chem.
at harvest revealed that it was highest ZnSO4 is a sound and sustainable option to
Stud., 2018, 6(1), 1438–1443.
(17.00 × 104 CFU g–1 soil) with the inte- overcome the problem of malnutrition by 15. Paramasivan, M., Malarvizhi, P. and
grated approach; RDF + ZSB (1 kg/100 kg enhancing the quality and also ensuring Thiyageshwari, S., J. Agric. Sci., 2012,
FYM) + 0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO4 (knee- higher economic returns. 25(4), 423–426.
high and tasselling stages) compared to rest 16. Singh, M. K., Singh, R. N., Singh, S. P.,
of the treatments. Highest microbial popu- Conflict of interest: The authors declare no Yadav, M. K. and Singh, V. K., Indian J.
lation in this treatment might be due to the conflict of interest. Agron., 2014, 55(2), 100–104.
conjunctive application of ZSB enriched
with FYM that increase the activity of
microbial count compared to rest of the 1. Das, J. K., Khan, R. S. and Bhutta, Z. A., ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. We thank Prof.
Jayashankar, Telangana State Agricultural Uni-
treatments6. Lowest microbial population Sci. Direct., 2018, 213–219.
2. Muhammad, A. M. and Abdul, R. B., Plant versity, Hyderabad for support.
(7.66 × 104 CFU g–1 soil) was registered
with application of inorganics alone. Breed., 2018, 138, 1–28.
3. Van Jaarsveld, P. J., Faber, M. and Van
The grain and stover yields (6053 and Received 25 October 2021; revised accepted 25
Stuijvenberg, M. E., Food Nutr. Bull.,
9084 kg ha–1 respectively) were signifi- November 2021
2015, 36(3), 315–326.
cantly high with T7. Improved yield in this 4. Anees, M. A., Ali, A., Shakoor, U.,
treatment was due to the enhanced chloro- Ahmed, F., Hasnain, Z. and Hussain, A., P. NANDINI1,*
phyll content and adequate nutrient supply Int. J. Agric. Biol., 2016, 18(5), 1025‒ P. LAXMINARAYANA1
to crop. Further, enrichment process also 1032. K. BHANU REKHA1
favoured formation of stable organome- 5. Shivay, Y. S. and Prasad, R., Egypt. J. Biol., T. ANJAIAH2
tallic micronutrient complexes7,8 and pre- 2014, 16, 72–78.
6. Goteti, P. K., Emmanuel, L. D. A., Desai, 1
vented nutrient loss and improved nutrient Department of Agronomy,
use efficiency9–11. S. and Shaik, M. H. A., Int. J. Microbiol., 2
Department of Soil Science and
2013, 1–7; [Link] Agricultural Chemistry,
Grain zinc content was highest
869697.
(26.42 ppm) in T5. It was on par with T7 College of Agriculture,
7. Meena, M. D. et al., Ann. Agri. Bio. Res.,
and T10, but significantly higher compared 2013, 18(2), 176–181.
PJTS Agricultural University,
to rest of the treatments. Lowest zinc con- 8. Kumar, N. and Salakinkop, S. R., Mod. Rajendranagar,
tent (16.55 ppm) was registered with T1. Concepts Dev. Agron., 2018, 1(5), 87–90. Hyderabad 500 030, India
Improved zinc content in integrated ap- 9. Patil, S., Girijesh, G. K., Nandini, K. M., *For correspondence.
proach was due to the enhanced plant meta- Kumar, K., Pradeep, L. S. and Kumar, T. e-mail: nandu60109@[Link]

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 122, NO. 1, 10 JANUARY 2022 25

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