Computer Networks I

CSE 502 + CSE 500

Dr:- Rania Abul Seoud

[email protected]
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 Instructor: Dr. Rania A. Abul Seoud
Professor -Electrical and Electronic
Department -Faculty of Engineering -Fayoum
University
[email protected]

Lecture Room: Comp lab I

Class Hours: Sunday 11:00 - 1:00,
Teaching Assistance:- Eng:- Nesma Abdel Aziz
Section :- Sunday 1:00 - 11:00,

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 Text and References
• Recommended references :
✓Cisco materials.
• Text book: Andrew S. Tanenbaum: “Computer
Networks: Fourth Edition,” Pearson Education
International, Inc., 2003.
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. The Physical Layer
Chapter 3. The Data Link Layer
Chapter 4. The Medium Access Control Sublayer
✓“Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach Featuring the Internet”, by James F.
Kurose and Keith W. Ross, third Edition
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Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach Featuring the Internet”,

• Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet

1. A Brief History of Computer Networking
2. What is a Protocol? 3. The Network Edge
4. The Network Core 5. Access Networks and Physical Media
6. Delay and Loss in Packet-Switched Networks
7. Protocol Layers and Their Service Models
• Chapter 5 :Link Layer and Local Area Networks
1. The Data Link Layer: Introduction, Services
2. Error Detection and Correction
3. Multiple Access Protocols and LANs
4. LAN Addresses and ARP
5. Ethernet CSMA/CD
6. Hubs, Bridges and Switches
7. Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11
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► Course Assessment

Method Marks
Quizzes 15
Assignments+ 15
Attendance
Midterm Exam 30
Final Exam 90
Total 150

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Course Outline
• Network Fundamentals and Terminology
• Communication model, network definition.
• Network components and topologies.
• Network types (LAN, MAN, and WAN).
▪ Network reference layered models (OSI and
TCP/IP).
▪ Protocol concept.
▪ Encapsulation and PDU.
▪ Network addressing.
▪ Physical layer (networking media)
▪ Data Link layer (flow control, error detection,
error control).
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 Lecture 1
Introduction to Networks

Network definition
Network Fundamentals

Dr:- Rania Abul Seoud

[email protected]
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 Communication Networks
• Communication Networks: “Sets of nodes that are
interconnected to allow the exchange of information
such as voice, sound, graphics, pictures, video,
text, data, etc…”
• Communication Networks:- Telephone Networks or
Computer Network
• Telephone Networks: “ The first well established and most
widely used which are used for voice transmission”
•Telephone networks originally used analog transmission
as a transmission technology for the information.
However, digital transmission started to replace the
analog transmission techniques
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 Computer Network
•Computer Networks:
“Collection of autonomous
computers interconnected
by a technology to allow
exchange of information”

Without Computer Networks- A solution is needed to address

problems:
• How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources
• How to communicate efficiently
• How to set up and manage a network
• Problems of creating multiple copies of the data.
Businesses realized that networking technology could
increase productivity while saving money.
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 Uses of Computer Networks
• Business Applications
o Resource sharing expensive devices and network
resources (programs, equipments, printers, scanners, ..)
o Centralized data sources Easy access and sharing of
information
o Communication media (e-mail, video conferencing)
o Electronic business (placing order, making transaction)
o E-commerce (shopping, making orders, etc.)
o Home Applications
o Interactive entertainment (games, etc.)
o Access to Remote information (fun, newspaper, library)
o Modern Technologies (voice over IP (VoIP) telephone )
o Communication media (e-mail, chatting)
o Mobile Applications
o Wireless applications. 10
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 To communicate we need:-
High speed data transmission requires digital
transmission techniques.

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Computer Networks – Network core
• How data is transferred through the network?
• Circuit Switching:- dedicated circuit per call
• Packet Switching:- data sent in discrete packets

• Telephone networks are based on

circuit switching while computer
networks could be based on packet
switching or circuit switching.

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Circuit-switched – Telephone Networks

• A circuit-switched network is one that establishes

a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes
and terminals before the users may communicate
and no other network traffic can use those switches.
• Because of the switching operation used to
establish the circuit, the telephone system is
called a circuit-switched network.

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Circuit-switched – Telephone Networks
• As an example, when you make a telephone call,
the dialed number is used to set switches in the
exchanges along the route of the call so that there
is a continuous circuit from the caller to the called
party.

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 Call set-up

The elapsed time between the end of dialing and

the start of ringing can easily be 10sec more in
international\long distance call.
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Circuit-Switched - Computer Networks
• If the telephones are replaced with modems, then the
switched circuit is able to carry computer data .
• PSTN and ISDN are two types of computer networks that
are based on circuit-switching technology that may be
used to implement a WAN in an enterprise setting.

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Delay in Circuit Switched Networks

Total message delay =

propagation delay +
transmission delay
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• Delay In Switching Networks
• Call Setup Time--connection oriented networks.
• Message Transmission Time-occurs once at the source.
• Propagation Delay--sum of all links.
• Nodal Delay--processing time at nodes-- very little delay.
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 Packet-switched networks
• Packet switching splits traffic data into packets that
are routed over a shared network independently.
• It does not require a circuit to be established.
• It allows many pairs of nodes to communicate over
the same channel.
• No call set-up before data transfer.
• Header contains info, e.g., source and distention
addresses.
• At each node the entire packet is received, stored,
and then forwarded (store-and-forward)

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As an example, server A is sending
data to server B.
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Packet-switched networks
• The header address tells the addressing
information.

• The header address describes the sequence for

reassembly at the destination computer .

• The switches in a packet-switched network

determine which link the packet must be sent on
next from the addressing information (destination
address) in each packet.

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Packet-Switched and Circuit-
Switched Networks

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Packet-Switched and Circuit-
Switched Networks

A A

B B

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 Packet-Switched Networks Delay
Switches have multiple buffers (queues), with each link
having an input buffer and an output buffer.
• Input buffer:- to store packets that have just arrived to that
link.
• Output buffer :- If the output link is busy, the arriving
packet must wait in the output buffer.
Packets suffers output buffer queuing delays.
• These delays are variable and depend on the level of
congestion in the network.

• Processing time delay :-

• Forwarding time
• Store-and-forward time.
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 Packet Delay
Packet Delay = d propagation + d transmission + d processing
+ d queuing

Total Packet Delay = 2 ( d propagation + d transmission) + d

processing + d queuing
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Packet Delay

• Total Delay for packet traversing n identical

links ((n-1) nodes) :

Total Packet Delay = n ( d propagation + d transmission) +

(n-1) (d processing + d queuing )
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Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

1.Call should be set up. 1.Call setup is not
required.
2.Connection/Communic 2.Connection/Communicat
ation is lost if any link in ion could continue
the path between the between the Hosts since
Hosts is broken. data have many routs
between the Hosts.
3.Information take the 3.Information could take
same rout between the different routs to reach
connected Hosts the destination Host.

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Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

4.Bandwidth available is 4.Bandwidth available is
fixed variable.
5.Bandwidth utilization is 5.Bandwidth utilization is
partial. full.
6.No store-and forward 6.Use store-and forward
transmission. transmission.
7.Charging per minute. 7.Charging per packet.
8.Information always 8.Information could arrive
arrive in order. out of order to the
destination Host and a
technique to resort them is
needed.
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