social problems of disabled

A disability is any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to

do certain activities or effectively interact with the world around them
(socially or materially). These conditions, or impairments, may
be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a
combination of multiple factors. Impairments causing disability may be
present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime. Often,
disabled people are "unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full
participation in society." As a result of impairments, people with
disabilities can experience disablement from birth, or may be labeled as
disabled during their lifetime.

Constitutional Frameworks for

Disabled in India
▪ Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) states that State shall make effective provision
for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness
and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development.
▪ The subject of ‘relief of the disabled and unemployable’ is specified in state list of the Seventh
Schedule of the constitution.
Legislations for Disabled
Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016

▪ The Act replaces the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full
Participation) Act, 1995.
▪ "Person with disability" means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory
impairments which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally
with others.
▪ "Person with benchmark disability" means a person with not less than 40% of a specified disability where
specified disability has not been defined in measurable terms and includes a person with a disability where
specified disability has been defined in measurable terms, as certified by the certifying authority.
▪ Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.
▪ Principles stated to be implemented for empowerment of persons with disabilities (PWD) are respect for the
inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of
persons.The principle reflects a paradigm shift in thinking about disability from a social welfare concern to a
human rights issue.
▪ The types of disabilities have been increased from 7 to 21. The act added mental illness, autism, spectrum
disorder, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, chronic neurological conditions, speech and language
disability, thalassemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, multiple disabilities including deaf blindness, acid
attack victims and Parkinson’s disease which were largely ignored in earlier act. In addition, the Government
has been authorized to notify any other category of specified disability.
 Programmes/initiatives for Disabled in India
▪ Accessible India Campaign : Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs:

o A nation-wide flagship campaign for achieving universal accessibility that will enable persons with
disabilities to gain access for equal opportunity and live independently and participate fully in all aspects
of life in an inclusive society.
o The campaign targets at enhancing the accessibility of built environment, transport system and
Information & communication ecosystem.
▪ DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Under the scheme financial assistance is provided to NGOs
for providing various services to Persons with Disabilities, like special schools, vocational training centres,
community based rehabilitation, pre-school and early intervention etc
▪ Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase / fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP): The Scheme
aims at helping the disabled persons by bringing suitable, durable, scientifically-manufactured, modern,
standard aids and appliances within their reach.
▪ National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities (RGMF)

o The scheme aims to increase opportunities to students with disabilities for pursuing higher education.
o Under the Scheme, 200 Fellowships per year are granted to students with disability.
▪ Schemes of the National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation
and Multiple Disabilities.
Issues and Challenges
▪ Health:

o A large number of disabilities are preventable, including those arising from medical issues during birth,
maternal conditions, malnutrition, as well as accidents and injuries.
o However, the health sector especially in rural India has failed to react proactively to disability
o Further there are lack of affordable access to proper health care, aids and appliances
o Healthcare facilities and poorly trained health-workers in rehabilitation centres is another concern.
▪ Education:

o The education system is not inclusive. Inclusion of children with mild to moderate disabilities in regular
schools has remained a major challenge.
o There are various issues such as availability special schools, access to schools, trained teachers, and
availability of educational materials for the disabled.
o Further, reservations for the disabled in higher educational institutions has not been fulfilled in many
instances
▪ Employment:

o Even though many disabled adults are capable of productive work, disabled adults have far lower
employment rates than the general population.
o The situation is even worse in the private sector, where much less disabled are employed
▪ Accessibility: Physical accessibility in buildings, transportation, access to services etc still remain a major
challenge.
▪ Discrimination/Social Exclusion:

o Negative attitudes held by the families of the disabled, and often the disabled themselves, hinder
disabled persons from taking an active part in the family, community or workforce.
o Differently-abled people face discrimination in everyday life. People suffering from mental illness or
mental retardation face the worst stigma and are subject to severe social exclusion.
▪ Inadequate data and statistics: The lack of rigorous and comparable data and statics further hinders
inclusion of persons with disabilities. The major issues with collection of data and measuring disability are:

o Difficult to define disability

o Coverage: Different purposes require different disability data
o Reluctance in reporting disability as disability is considered to be a stigma in many places/societies
▪ Poor implementation of policies and schemes hinders the inclusion of disabled persons. Though various
acts and schemes have been laid down with an aim to empower the disabled, their enforcement face many
challenges.
Way Forward
▪ Prevention:

o Preventive health programs need to be strengthened and all children need to be screened at a young
age.
o Kerala has already started an early prevention programme. Comprehensive Newborn Screening (CNS)
programme seeks early identification of deficits in infants and reduce the state's burden of disability.
▪ Awareness:

o People with disabilities need to be better integrated into society by overcoming stigma
o There should be awareness campaigns to educate and aware people about different kinds of disability
o Success stories of people with disabilities can be showcased to inculcate positive attitude among people
▪ Employment:

o Disabled adults need to be empowered with employable skills

o The private sector needs to be encouraged to employ them.
▪ Better measurement: The scale of disability in India needs to be better understood by improving the
measurement of disability.
▪ Education:

o State-wise strategies on education for children with special needs need to be devised.
o There should be proper teacher training to address the needs of differently-abled children and facilitate
their inclusion in regular schools
o Further there should be more special schools and ensure educational material for differently-abled
children
▪ Access:

o Safety measures like road safety, safety in residential areas, public transport system etc, should be
taken up
o Further, it should be made legally binding to make buildings disabled-friendly

POPULATION EXPLOSION
A population explosion is a sudden increase in the number of individuals in a particular species.

The term is typically used in reference to the world's human population, especially the population boom that followed
the end of World War II due to a combination of an accelerated birth rate, decrease in infant mortality, and an increased
life expectancy.It refers to the rapid increase in the population of an area among human beings. Furthermore, it
is a situation where the economy is not capable of coping with the increasing demand of its population.

Causes of Population Explosion

The cause of the population explosion includes many factors and reasons. These includes:
Increase in the birth rate- Due to lack of control on delivery and unawareness of people the birth rate is
increasing rapidly. In addition, the gap between death and birth has gone way wider than what we can think of.
Furthermore, the birth rate has increased many folds in comparison to the death rate.

A decrease in infant mortality rate- Mortality rate refers to the number of death of infants below the age of 6
months. Due to science and technology, we are able to minimize this rate and now only a few cases of death are
known per thousand death.

The life expectancy growth- Earlier the life expectancy of people was around 55-60 years. But due to better
and improved medical facilities, we are now able to increase the life expectancy of people. Now the average age
of a person increased to 70-75 years.

Besides, these better living conditions, good quality food, better nutrition, and better sanitation facilities also
helped in increasing life expectancy.

High level of illiteracy- The literacy level of women is one of the biggest problems of family planning. In India,
people pay very little importance to women’s education and marry them at an early age. That’s why they do not
have knowledge about birth control methods and the use of contraceptives.

Effects of Population Explosion

The population explosion affects natural resources and many sectors of the economy in many ways:

Unemployment- Due to the increase in the population the demand for jobs and employment also increases. But,
due to a lack of resources and employment opportunities, there are millions of jobless people in India.In addition,
the condition of unemployment is growing day by day. To face this problem most the people are either migrating
to other countries for better job opportunities.

Poverty- Due to the large population there a large number of people who belong to below the poverty line and
they do not have adequate knowledge of the overpopulation of the country. Also, they are the major contributor
to a high birth rate.

Prevention of population explosion

There are various methods by which we can prevent a population explosion. The government can take measures
to aware of the population about the various methods that can help in controlling the population. Also, it should
implement some strong campaign for family planning and birth control. To sum it up, the population explosion
has caused huge pressure on the surface of the earth. Also, we can control many issues of the earth by controlling
population growth. Besides, many problems like food insecurity, illiteracy, poverty, and unemployment can be
minimized by controlling the population

BAGGERY
Beggary is a great socioeconomic problem found in many of the underdeveloped countries of the world. It is a symptom of personal as well as social
disorganization. Beggary in a street at once remind us of an ill-organized society . Begging has reached the highest position in the category of social evils in
the human society. Sociologists and social scientists view beggars as a burden wedged in the shoulder of the society. Begging is an act whereby a
person appeals to others for material help by words or gestures. Beggars adopt several modes for appealing to get alms. While
some sing to attract attention, others display wounds real or faked-yet some emphasis on their disabilities. It is an immemorial
social evil. It is a fact that beggars have their foundations in religious mendicancy yet in the 21st century it has socio-economic
consequences that have made beggars a major communal problem. In any condition or situation, it is a curse on society and
for a country like India, it is a great financial burden too. They represent a section of society that is rotted and impoverished.
There is a prompt need to tackle this radical situation.
Factors responsible for beggary

Economic causes
Poverty, landlessness, unemployment or underemployment, calamities or famines, and other conditions of destitutions are all
forms of economic causes of beggary in the first sense. Destitution is one of the main factors that compel people to beg as
they have no sufficient means to support themselves or their families. In villages, lack of employment due to the non-
availability of workforces, many people take to begging when they cannot find employment in the cities. Poverty alone is not
the problem because people on the poverty line still don’t beg. Unemployment or underemployment are secondary economic
causes of beggary. A man not only begs when he is poor but also when he is unemployed or underemployed. Many people
make it a profession instead of doing fair labour due to attributable easy gains and sufficient income.

Religious causes
In the Indian scenario, beggary is related to religion and culture. Religious destitution is not only tolerated by a large se ction of
Hindus, Muslims, and the Christian population but even supported on religious grounds. A sort of religious faith is attached to
alms. However, the religious form of mendicancy is often misunderstood in modern times and attempts are made to support
professional mendicancy on religious grounds.

Social causes
Social disorganization i.e, social change and industrialization have been responsible for beggary. The disorganization of social
institutions relating to lepers, lunatics, orphans, widows, divorces, infirm and aged, and other socially handicapped categories
are because of lack of resources and uncertainty of the policy. This leads to an increased number of beggars. For instance, w e
know that Indian society is highly orthodox and traditionalist. The widows are not allowed to remarry and get ill-treated at the
hands of the in-laws; thus, to escape from the physical and mental torture, they move out of the family. If they possess no
education or skills then they take to beggary or prostitution as a profession to earn their livelihood.

Loss of agricultural occupation

Loss of agricultural employment in villages is yet another reason for beggary in India. For quite a few years the number of
landless workers denied resources from the land has been consistently rising. All landless people cannot be invested in
industrial employment. Driven from the villages into urban areas, some work as earth diggers, street menders or as domestic
servants and coolies in the markets. Others prefer beggary as a profession.

Biological causes
When any person suffers from a chronic and lethal disease, people feel disgusted for him. The family members also abandon
such people. It becomes difficult for him to stay in the locality and in utter helplessness he leaves for an unknown destinat ion.

Natural calamities
Natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, tsunami, hurricanes, and droughts imply that people leave their homes and
everything behind them as their places, homes and agricultural lands get damaged by the calamities and the persons with
immediate needs and who are unable to find work feel obliged to beg to save themselves from starvation and death. Calcutta
and Bombay are full of migrant beggars. The people, who suffer due to the act of God, mostly have no choice but to beg. We
often see people begging and showing written papers where it is written that they are the victims of natural calamities such as
earthquakes, floods, tsunami, and hurricanes.

Suggestions to eradicate beggary

• There should be strict enforcement of the laws dealing with beggary.

• Effective planning ought to be done by the government to solve the problem of unemployment and poverty.

• Beggars should not be allowed to stay in public premises such as railway stations, bus-stop, market places etc.,

• The orphans should be furnished by education.

• Individuals should be educated about the real factors of beggary and its impact at large and make them quit giving
alms to the beggars.

• Work homes ought to be set up for sluggish individuals.

• To eliminate beggars we should raise the minimum wages.

 • On the contrary, all the vagrants and handicapped ought to be dealt with by opening increasingly more rehabilitation
centres;

• Proper advancement ought to be brought in the agrarian and industrial area which give them work freedom to stand
on their legs;

• Underground beggar associations ought to be checked by people in general and police and should be given the death
penalty;

• The Government should open special clinics to deal with individuals who cannot pay for the treatment of diseases
like leprosy etc.

Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency, also known as "juvenile offending", is the act of participating in unlawful behavior as a minor or individual younger than
the statutory age of majority. Juvenile Delinquency is the involvement of a kid who is between the age of 10 and 17 in illegal activity
or behaviour. Juvenile delinquency can be popularly seen in a developing country like India. Many youngsters around the globe
get involved with grown-up formal equity framework. Ordinarily, these kids are the ones who are confronting financial issues,
so these kids who are surrendered and penniless face high danger of sexual misuse, trafficking. Be that as it may, for kids in
struggling with law the long trial procedures of captures can crush their whole adolescence, as a result, a large number of
them are decreased to low odds of restoration and joining into society.

Aims of Juvenile Justice

• It is based on the rights of the child.

• It applies the principle of restorative justice i.e. to restore the balance of a situation disturbed by crime rather than
simply meting out punishment.

• This system puts the best interest of the child first.

• The primary objective of this system is to focus on the prevention of crimes and injustice done to the juveniles.

CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY:-
The causes for juvenile crime are usually found at each level of the social structure, including society
as a whole, social institutions, social groups and organizations, and interpersonal relations. Juveniles’
choice of delinquency are fostered by a wide range of factors, the most important of which are
described below.

Theoretical Causes:
Rational Choice:
As per the behavioral study done on delinquent children by the psychologists, it suggests that the
child does any delinquent act because his mind tells him to do it. In other words he does this
because he wants to do it. These kinds of acts provides immense satisfaction to the offenders and so
they see nothing wrong in it.

Social Disorganization:
As the joint family system is coming to an end a, new trend has evolved where in both the parents
are working and as a result children are left neglected and such isolation leads the child’s
involvement in wrongful acts.

Bad Company:
One of the major reasons as to why children are entering into the worlds of crime is because of their
bad company. Children who are in bad company knowingly or unknowingly indulge in criminal
activities. It is this Bad company which motivates them to commit crime.

Labeling:
This is the theory of our society. Generally when we see someone or hear someone’s involvement in
a crime, we actually label him as a criminal. For example, calling someone a failure may push him
towards doing wrongful acts . Such terminology becomes identification marks of these individuals
and they thus rarely make an attempt to come out of it.

External Causes
Atmosphere at home:

An individual may have certain problems within his home which may have led him to the wrong
society. Like treatment from step mothers, poverty, Effect of T.V or Internet or other media. Such
cases are mostly seen with children who do not have anyone to look after them after they return
from school or there is least or excess of discipline exercised on them by the elders of the family.

Neighborhood:

Neighborhood is that part of the society which may affect the acts of an individual at large. It marks
an individual’s ability to deal with Delinquency. If one finds gamblers, quarrelling couples, drunkards
around him, then this is all that he would fall into and finally end up as a criminal.

Guardian’s Behavior:

Guardian here refers to parents, grandparents, relatives, teachers and any other caretaker that the
child may come across in his daily life. The behavior of all of the above towards the child should be
ideal, at the same time they should understand the needs and problems of the child to prevent him
from indulging into crimes.

PREVENTIVE PROGRAMMES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

There may be two kinds of programmes for preventing the juvenile
delinquency;

1. Individual Programme Individual programme involves the prevention

of delinquency through counseling, psychotherapy and proper
education.

2. Environmental programme Environmental programme involves the

employment of techniques with a view to changing the socio-economic
context likely to promote delinquency.

Prostitution
prostitution, the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone who is not a spouse
or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables.
Causes of Prostitution
• Economic causes: - poverty and destitution.
• Illict sexual relationship.
• Domestic causes:- poverty, broken or problem families
• Mental retardation.
• Desire for easy leisure life.
 • Deception, kidnapping
• Devdasi system.
• Bad influence.Excessive use of drug.
• In India illiteracy, poverty and ignorance are three basic factors.

Effects:-

• Diseases:- High percentage of sexually transmitted diseases, e.g. HIV infection, syphilis
among prostitutes spread of these diseases in community.
• Family disharmony:- both a cause and result of family disharmony.
• Dehumanization of prostitutes.
• Indirect effects:- crime , alcohol and drug addiction.

Prevention:-

• Improving status of women in society.

• Education including sex education.
• More job opportunities for women.
• Protection and provision of shelter to suppressed women by NGO or GOVT.
• Rehabilitation of prostitutes in community.

Alcoholism
Excessive intake of alcohol leading to medical, social or economic probles is defined as alcoholism.

Drug dependence is psychological or physical need of an indiividual to periodically intake a drug to

avoid discomfort that is produced in absence of drug in his /her body system

Common chemicals being aboused

i.Alcohol

ii. opiates –morphine, heroin.

ii.LSD

iv. cannabis

v.Amphetamines.

vi. Cocaine.

Reasons:-

i.Desire to experiment

ii.Gemetic Factors.

iii. Seek pleasure especially by depressed or unhappy person

iv. Social problems, e.g. poverty, chronic stress

v. Broken or problem families

vi. Bad company

vii. Industrialization and urbanization

viii. unemployment

ix. living away from homes

x. migration to cities.

xi. Certain occupatio, e.g .tourism

xii. Areas with high rates of crimes, prostitution, gambling.

Effect:-

A.Effect on individual

i. financial –loss of monry , debt etc.

ii. loss of status

iii.Loss of job

iv. Health problems- gastritis, liver diseases , impotency, weight gain, neurological problems, heart
problems, e.g. hypertension

v. Accident

B.Family

i. Financial hardship

ii. Fights between spouses causing broken family.

ii. Juvenile delinquency

v.prostitution

vi. Lack educationof children

vii.problems in marriages of children

vii.lack of self respect of family members.

c. Community.

i. Financial burden on community in form of wastage of human resources

ii.Crimes
iii. Prostitution

iv. Accidents

v. Bad influence on others

Prevention-

a.Legal approach; prohibition of alcohol. Strict legal action against drug peddlers.

b. educational approach: Education of students, youth etc.

c. Role of community

D. role of social and religious teachers.

e.community should suppoert persons in rehabilition

f. Organizations like alcohol anonymous.

Challenges and
Problems Faced By Women Workers
India is a traditional country and there is diversity in religions, culture and customs. Role of the
women in India mostly is household and limited to domestic issues. In some cases women can find
employment as nurses, doctors, teachers the caring and nurturing sectors. But even if well qualified
women engineers or managers or geologists are available, preference will be given to a male of
equal qualification

In the history of human development, women have been as vital in the history making as men have
been. In fact higher status for women vis-à-vis employment and work performed by them in a
society is a significant indicator of a nation’s overall progress. There are many reasons and problems
that forced Indian’s women to work. The financial demands on the Indian families are increasing day
by day. Cost of living, expenses on education of children, and cost of housing properties in India
raised and these reason force every family in India to look for ways and means of increasing the
household income. As a result, women in India who were mostly known as homemakers are forced
to go for jobs and take up even careers that were considered only suitable for men such as working
in night shifts.

Working women i.e., those who are in paid employment, face problems at the workplace just by
virtue of their being women. Social attitude to the role of women lags much behind the law. The
attitude which considers women fit for certain jobs and not others, causes prejudice in those who
recruit employees. Thus women find employment easily as nurses, doctors, teachers, secretaries or
on the assembly line. Even when well qualified women are available, preference is given to a male
candidate of equal qualifications. A gender bias creates an obstacle at the recruitment stage itself.
When it comes to remuneration, though the law proclaims equality, it is not always practiced. The
inbuilt conviction that women are incapable of handling arduous jobs and are less efficient than men
influences the payment of unequal salaries and wages for the same job. But in most families her
salary is handed over to the father, husband or in-laws. So the basic motive for seeking employment
in order to gain economic independence is nullified in many women’s case. Problems of gender bias
beset women in the industrial sector when technological advancement results in retrenchment of
employees.

Women workers in India are faced with lot more challenges than their counterparts in the other
countries. Besides of so many efforts from past years, female section of society is deprived in
compared to male section. They are not given first priority in social and economic decisions in her
own family. According to United Nations Development Programmer (UNDP) report, women
areinvolved in doing 67% work of world; still they are socially and economically deprived. They are
receiving only 10% of the universal income and have 1% part in global assets. This discrimination
also persists in their work place in unorganized sector. In informal sector, women workers don’t get
same wages for same nature of work for same hours done by men. They are exploited at workplace.
They are some acts i.e. The Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008, Domestic Workers
Welfare and Social Security Act, 2010 etc. but due to their improper implementation, women
workers are forced to work and live in miserable conditions in unorganized sector.

PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKING WOMEN IN INDIA:

Occupational problems as stress:

In women Occupational stress is stress involving work. Work and family are the two most important
aspects in women’s lives. Balancing work and family roles has become a key personal and family
issue for many societies. There are many facets in working mother’s lives that subject to stresses.
They deal with home and family issues as well as job stress on a daily basis.

World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition

Occupational or work-related stress

“is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not
matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope.” Reasons of
occupational stress Imbalance between work and family leads to occupational stress. Imbalance
between work and family life arises due to a number of factors.

1. Mental harassment:- It is an age old convention that women are less capable and inefficient in
working as compared to men. The attitude which considers women unfit for certain jobs holds back
women. In spite of the constitutional provisions, gender bias creates obstacles in their recruitment.
In addition to this, the same attitude governs injustice of unequal salaries for the same job. The true
equality has not been achieved even after 61 years of independence. Working in such conditions
inevitably puts strain on women to greater extent as compared to men, thus making them less eager
in their career.

2. Sexual harassment: Today, almost all working women are prone to sexual harassment irrespective
of their status, personal characteristics and the types of their employment. They face sexual
harassment on way on transports, at working places, educational institutions and hospitals, at home
and even in police stations when they go to file complaints. It is shocking that the law protectors are
violating and outraging modesty of women. Most of the women tend to be concentrated in the poor
service jobs whereas men are in an immediate supervisory position, which gives them an
opportunity to exploit their subordinate women.

3. Discrimination at Workplace: However, Indian women still face blatant discrimination at their
workplaces. They are often deprived of promotions and growth opportunities at work places but this
doesn’t apply to all workingwomen. A majority of working women continue to be denied their right
to equal pay, under the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 and are underpaid in comparison to their
male colleagues. This is usually the case in factories and labor-oriented industries.

4. No Safety of Working Women While Traveling:- Typically, the orthodox mindset in the Indian
society makes it difficult for a working woman to balance her domestic environment with the
professional life. In some families, it may not be acceptable to work after six o’clock. Those families
that do accept these working hours may experience considerable anxiety every day about a
woman’s safety while traveling. So many issues affect a working woman because she is closely
protected or watched by her family and the society.

5. Lack of Family Support Lack of proper family support:- is another issue that working women
suffers from. At times, the family doesn’t support women to leave the household work and go to
office. They also resist for women working till late in office which also hampers the performance of
the women and this also affects their promotion.

6. Insufficient Maternity Leaves Insufficient maternity leave is another major issue that is faced by a
working mother. This not only affects the performance of women employees at work, but is also
detrimental to their personal lives.

7. Job insecurity Unrealistic expectations, especially in the time of corporate reorganizations, which
sometimes puts unhealthy and unreasonable unreasonable pressures on the employee, can be a
tremendous source of stress and suffering. Increased workload extremely long work hours and
intense pressures to perform at peak levels all the time for the same pay, can actually leave an
employee physically and emotionally drained. Excessive travel and too much time away from family
also contribute to an employee’s stressors.

8. Workplace Adjustment Adjusting to the workplace culture, whether in a new company or not, can
be intensely stressful. Making oneself adapt to the various aspects of workplace culture such as
communication patterns of the boss as well as the co-workers, can be lesson of life. Maladjustments
to workplace cultures may lead to subtle conflicts with colleagues or even with superiors. In many
cases office politics or gossips can be major stress inducers.

9. Other reasons it include Personal demographics like age, level of education, marital status,
number of children, personal income and number of jobs currently had where you work for pay and
Work situation characteristics like job tenure, size of employing organization, hours worked per
week.
1.