MODULE 2

HAND MANIPULATED TOOLS, SET OF DRAWING AND, MACHINE

OPERATED INSTRUMENTS AND CONSUMABLE MATERIALS

OBJECTIVES: After reading the topics and doing exercises you will learn to:
 identify various hand tools used in Drafting Technology.
 enumerate drafting tools included in the set of drawing instrument.
 list down the machine operated instruments used in drafting.
 identify numerous materials used in Drafting Technology.
 manipulate properly all drafting tools, instruments and equipment.
 observe the proper manipulation of tools and consumption of materials in
completing needed working plans in Drafting.

OVERVIEW

The succeeding topics will discuss extensively tools and materials in drawings.
The emphasis is on the proper manipulation of the tools and familiarization to drawing
materials.

Technical drawing tools are the tools used for technical drawing, including pencils, pens
and rulers. Drawing tools may be used for measurement and layout of drawings, or to
improve the consistency and speed of creation of standard drawing elements. Many of
the tools used for manual technical drawing are easily available in the market. And as a
beginner, it is must that you need to know and explore the different and various drawing
tools before you can manipulate them properly.
 Drawing Tools Pictorials
Mechanical Pencil is pencil with a replaceable and
mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a lead.
The lead is not bonded to the outer casing and can be
extended as its point is worn away. The lead is actually
made of graphite or a solid pigment. Mechanical pencils
are used to provide lines of constant thickness
without sharpening in technical drawing and writing.
Drawing Board (drawing table or drafting table) a kind of
multipurpose desk which can be used for any kind of
drawing, writing or impromptu sketching on a large sheet
of paper or for reading a large format book or other
oversized document or for drafting precise technical
illustrations.
Triangles when supported on the T-square blade, the
30-60-90 deg. And 45-45-90 deg. Are used to draw
vertical and inclined lines. They are made. Of transparent
plastic and are available in a number of different sizes.
T-square is used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. It may also
guide a set square to draw vertical or diagonal lines. It has
two components – the long shaft called the “blade” and the
short shaft called the “stock” or also known as head. It
usually has a transparent edge made of plastic which
should be free of nicks and cracks in order to provide
smooth, straight lines.
Compass (or pair of compasses) is
a drawing instrument that can be used for
inscribing circles or arcs. Usually made up of
metal or plastic, and consist of two parts connected by a
hinge which can be adjusted to allow the changing of
the radius of the circle drawn. Typically one part has a
spike at its end, and the other part a pencil, or sometimes
a pen.
Dividers, instrument for measuring, transferring, or
marking off distances, consisting of two straight adjustable
legs hinged together and ending in sharp points. It is used
principally in drafting for the accurate transfer of
dimensions from a measuring scale and in machine shops
for scribing lines on surfaces, usually machined, with
dimensions taken from ruler.
Technical Pen is a specialized instrument used by to
make lines of constant width for technical drawings. A
“rapidograph” pen is a trademarked name for one type of
technical pen. I is used either a refillable ink reservoir
(Isograph version) or a replaceable ink cartridge.
 A protractor is a rectangular, square, circular or semi-
circular measuring instrument, typically made of
transparent plastic or glass, for measuring angles. Most
protractors measure angles in degrees (°).

Erasing Shield a thin plate (as of metal or celluloid) with

holes usually of several sizes used to confine an erasure
to a limited area.

Triangular Scale is a drafting instrument that is triangular

in cross section and has a different scale on each edge.
Some edges have two opposing scales, one two times the
other, such as 1/8” and 1/4” equals 1’. It is
specialized ruler designed to facilitate the drafting and
measuring of architectural drawings
Templates contain pre-dimensioned holes in the right
scale to accurately draw a symbol or sign. Letter templates
will deliver the text, as well number as letter characters.
Circle templates are used, containing a suitable set of
holes in certain dimensions, with suitable sized holes in
them.
French Curve is template made out of metal, wood or
plastic composed of many different curves. It is used in
manual drafting to draw smooth curves of varying radii.
The shapes are segments of the Euler spiral or clothoid
curve.

Drafting Materials

Drawing Materials Pictorials

Drawing Pencil is a writing implement or art

medium usually constructed of a narrow,
solid pigment core inside a protective casing. The case
prevents the core from breaking, and also from marking
the user’s hand during use. Most pencil cores are made
of graphite mixed with a clay binder, leaving grey or black
marks that can be easily erased.

Drawing Papers are specially prepared for use in

drafting. Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and
qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality
and relatively expensive paper sold as individual
sheets. Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and
strength when wet.
 Eraser or rubber is an article of stationery that is used for
removing pencil markings. It has a rubbery consistency
and come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colours. Some
pencils have an eraser on one end. Typical erasers are
made from synthetic rubber, some are vinyl, plastic,
or gum-like materials. Cheaper erasers can be made out
of synthetic soy-based gum.

Drawing inks can be divided into two groups: India

ink and polymer inks. India ink is used on paper and
drafting film plastics. The most commonly used India ink
is a colloidal mixture of water and carbon black.

Drafting Tape is used in Technical Drawing to help in

keeping the paper well positioned. Leaving no residue
behind. It is easily removable, even from delicate surfaces
and nearly identical to “masking tape”.

All about Pencils

Many pencils across the world, and almost all in Europe, are graded on the
European system using a continuum from “H” (for hardness) to “B” (for blackness), as
well as “F”, a letter arbitrarily chosen to indicate midway between HB and H. (It is a
persistent myth that “F” stands for “Fine”; grade F pencils are no more fine or easily
sharpened than any other grade).

Grades of Pencil:

1. Soft Grades of Pencil

(3B, 2B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B and 9B)

2. Medium Grades of Pencil

(2H, H, F, HB, B, and 2B)

3. Hard Grades of Pencil

(9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H and 3H)

Reminder: Always Sharpen Your Pencil!

Standard Sizes of Drawing Papers

The standard sizes of drawing papers usually used in Drafting Technology,

Technical Drawing and Engineering Drawing subjects are clearly stated below:

ISO USA Sizes

Width Length
Letter Letter inches
mm inches mm inches
F 28.0 x 40.0
A0 841 33.11 1189 46.81 E 34.0 x 44.0
A1 594 23.39 841 33.11 D 22.0 x 34.0
A2 420 16.54 594 23.39 C 17.0 x 22.0
A3 297 11.69 420 16.54 B 11.0 x 17.0
A4 210 8.27 297 11.69 A 8.5 x 11.0
 LOOP-A-TOOL

From the letter grid, look for different drawing tools by looping a word and write
your answer on the space provided for.

D A B R E P A P G N I W A R D C
I T E M P L A T E D R E S A R E
V R O T C A R T O R P E N F A G
I I H I O J K L M N O E E C W P
D A Q R M S T U V W L R X F I Y
E N Z A P B C D E G A F G R N L
R G H I A J K L N U M N O E G P
S U Q R S S T A Q U V W X N B Y
Z L A B S C I S D E F G H C O I
J A K L M R T N O P Q R S H A T
D R A F T I N G T A B L E C R U
V S A R A B E L L A W X Y U D Z
A C B C D R E R I C H D C R U Z
B A M Y L E S C D E F G H V I J
K L L N E P L A C I N H C E T M
M E C H A N I C A L P E N C I L
NAME________________________________ DATE____________________
COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________

DRAWING EXERCISE NO.3

DRAWING TOOLS - 1

Directions: Draw the following drafting tools.

Draftsman’s most important tool. Tool used in drawing arcs and circles.

Tool used for drawing irregular curves Drafting tool with fix, adjustable and
mechanically. removable head.

Tool specifically used for inking Tool which either be 45° or 30° x 60°.
drawings.
NAME________________________________ DATE____________________
COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________

DRAWING EXERCISE NO.4

DRAWING TOOLS – 2

Directions: Choose any one (1) among the so many drafting tools and draw in animated
form. Give name and character to your chosen tool.

Sample:

Name Lappyzz
 Rubrics for Drawing Exercises

Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor

Accuracy Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing

and exercise is exercise is exercise is exercise is
Correctness engagingly somewhat disorganized incomplete and
of Work organized and organized, and incomplete not easy to
(50%) presents complete. at times and is read.
correct and somewhat able
complete. to hold the
attention of the
viewer.
Speed The drawing The student The student The drawing
(15%) exercise was finished the worked hard exercise was
completed with drawing and completed continued until it
minimum effort exercise but it the drawing was complete
could have exercise but as the student
been improved with a bit more could make it;
with more effort it might gave it effort far
effort. have been beyond that
outstanding. required.
Neatness Exceptionally Attractive and Acceptably Distractingly
(15%) attractive and neat in design attractive but messy or very
particularly and layout may be messy poorly designed.
neat in design at times and/or Does not show
and layout show lack of pride in work.
organization
Legibility The drawing With a little The student The student
(20%) exercise was more effort, showed showed average
beautiful and the work could average competence,
patiently done; have been competence; lack of pride in
lettering printed outstanding; adequate, but finished work
accordingly. lacks the not as good as
finishing it could have
touches. been, a bit
careless.
 Score Interpretation Description
Range (Grade)
91- 100 Outstanding Conditions and provision is excellent and the
(1.5 – 1.0) standard of function meets quality.
81 - 90 Very Satisfactory Conditions and provision is extensive and the
(2.0 – 1.6) standard of function is above average.
71 – 80 Satisfactory Conditions and provision is adequate and meets
(2.5 – 2.1) the normal function.
61 – 70 Moderately Conditions and provision is limited and functions
Satisfactory are temporarily acceptable.
(3.0 – 2.6)
51 – 60 Needs Conditions and provision needs improvement and
Improvement functions are missing.
(3.5 – 3.1)