BY

RASUL KHAN
HAZRATH SEYYID MADANI ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, ULLAL.

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 INDEX
S.N TOPIC EXAM PAGE.NO

I-SEMESTER

1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND FA -1 3-11

EQUATIONS

2 FA -2 12-22
ACID ,BASE AND SALT

II - S E M E S T E R

3 FA – 3 23-37
METAL AND NON METALS

4 FA – 3 38-55
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
S.N CHEMICAL REACTION DEFINITION
Two or more substances combine to form a single
1 Combination Reaction product is called combination reaction.
example : CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat
A single reactant breaks down to give simpler
2 Decomposition Reaction products are called Decomposition Reaction
Ex: 2FeSO4 →Heat Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
High reactive elements displaces low reactive
3 Displacement Reaction element from the compound.
Example : Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Exchange of ions between the reactants is called
Double Displacement
4 double displacement reactions.
Reaction
Ex: Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Substance gains oxygen during the reaction is called
5 Oxidation oxidation.
Example : 2Cu + O2 2Cuo
A substance loses oxygen during the reaction is
6 Reduction called reduction.
CuO + H2 Cu+H2 O
One reactant gets oxidised while the other gets
reduced during a reaction.
Example :
Redox (oxidation-
7
reduction)

Reactions in which heat is liberated along with the

products are called exothermic reactions.
8 Exothermic reactions. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(Limestone) (Quick lime)

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 Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as
9 Endothermic reactions endothermic reactions
Ex : 2AgBr →2Ag + Br2
Any reaction which produces the substance which is
10 Precipitation Reaction insoluble in water is called precipitation reaction.
Ex: Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Name the white powder forms when magnesium burns with air.
11
Magnesium oxide.
Mention any two factors that help to determine that a change is a chemical
reaction.
 Change in state.
12
 Change in colour.
 Evolution of a gas.
 Change in temperature
What is Corrosion? Give an example.
When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids, etc.,
13 it is said to corrode and this process is called corrosion
Example : The black coating on silver
The green coating on copper
Explain the method of preventing corrosion?
 Painting
14  Oiling
 Greasing
 Galvanising
What is rancidity? How it can be prevented?
When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and this process is called
rancidity.
Method of prevention :
15
 Using anti-oxidants
 keeping Food in air tight containers
 refrigerating

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 Manufacturers of chips, flush the packets of chips with nitrogen gas. Why?
OR
16
Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
To prevent rancidity.
Ferrous sulphate crystals lose green colour when heated. Because this
17 compound ______
Ans. : loses water molecules
Name the product produced when calcium oxide reacts with water.
18
Ans. : Calcium hydroxide / slaked lime
Add same amount of barium chloride solution to a test tube containing 5
ml of sodium sulphate solution. Then
i) Which insoluble white precipitate is formed?
ii) Name the ions responsible for the formation of white precipitate.
19 iii) Mention the type of chemical reaction that took place here. (June 2023)
i) BaSO4 / barium sulphate
ii) SO2− 4 — sulphate radical
Ba2+ — Barium ion
iii) Double displacement reaction / precipitation reaction.
Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Magnesium metal is highly reactive. It reacts with oxygen to form magnesium
20
oxide Over its outer layer. To expose the underlying metal into air, the
magnesium ribbon is Cleaned.
What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be
balanced?
21  A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different
elements in the reactants and products.
 To satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
Why respiration is considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.
22 Because during respiration glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our
body to form carbon dioxide and water along with the production of energy.
Name the gas stored in anode and cathode during the electrolysis of water.
 Oxygen stored in anode
23
 Hydrogen stored in cathode.

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 CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O In this reaction name the reactant (JUNE 2020)
i) that is oxidised ii) that is reduced.
24
 CuO is Reduced
 H2 is Oxidised
Identify the substances oxidised and the substance reduced in the
following reactions: MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2 O
25
 is reduced.
 HCl is oxidised to Cl2
ZnO + C → Zn + CO In this reaction name the reactant i) that is oxidised
and ii) that is reduced. (MARCH 2024, March 2022)
26
 Oxidised reactant is : C
 Reduced reactant is: ZnO.

IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Name the brown fumes liberated when lead nitrate is heated. Write the
balanced Chemical equation for this reaction.
27
 Nitrogen dioxide ( )

The reaction of Barium chloride with Aluminium sulphate solution is an
example for which type of chemical reaction? Why? Write the balanced
chemical equation for this reaction. (JUNE 2020)
28
 Double displacement reaction.
 Because chlorine and sulphide ions are exchanged.

Which type of chemical reaction takes place when an iron nail is dipped in
copper sulphate solution? Why? Write a balanced chemical equation for
this chemical reaction. OR
An iron nail is dropped into a test tube having copper sulphate solution.
29 The iron nail gradually turns to brownish colour. Why? (March 2023)
 Displacement reaction
 Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.


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 The chemical reaction that takes place between sodium sulphate and
barium chloride is called double displacement reaction why? Write the
balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
30
 Displacement reaction.
 Because chlorine and sulphate ions are exchanged

What is the type of chemical reaction in which quicklime is obtained by
lime stone (calcium carbonate)? Write a chemical equation for this
31 reaction.
 Decomposition reaction

A shiny brown colored element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes a black
colored compound. Name the element ‘X’ & the black colour compound
formed. Also write the equation.
32
 Element X is copper.
 Black coloured compound is copper oxide.(CuO)

A shining metal ‘M’, on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes
to a white powder ‘N’. (a) Identify ‘M’ and ‘N’. (b) Represent the above
reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation. (C) Does ‘M’ undergo
oxidation or reduction in this reaction? Justify.
 M is magnesium
33
 N is magnesium oxide (MgO)

 M undergoes oxidation reaction.

 Because magnesium becomes magnesium oxide.

Calcium oxide reacts with water to form slaked lime. What type of
Chemical reaction is this? Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
34
 Combination reaction.


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 Silver chloride exposed to the sunlight turns grey colour. Why? Write the
balanced chemical equation for this reaction and mention the type of
reaction.
35
 Due to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by light

 Decomposition reaction.
Name the product forms when ferrous sulphate is heated. Name the type of
reaction. Write balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
36  Ferric oxide , sulphur dioxide , sulphur trioxide
 Decomposition reaction.

Explain different types of decomposition reaction with an example. OR
Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is
supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity
 Thermal decomposition:
Decomposition reaction carried by heat.

37
 Electrolytic decomposition:
Decomposition reaction carried by electricity.

 Photolytic decomposition:
Decomposition reaction carried by light.

Copper utensils slowly lose their shiny brown surface and gain a green coat
on prolonged exposure to atmospheric air. This is due to the formation of a
coating of About 2 g ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(i) What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals before heating?
(ii) Name the gases that are evolved on heating the crystals.
38 (iii) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
 Green colour

 Decomposition reaction.


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 1g of copper powder was taken in a china dish and heated. What change
takes place on heating? When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated
substance, a visible change is seen in it. Give the chemical equation of
reactions, the name and the colour of the product formed in each case.
39  The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper oxide.

 When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated substance, the black coating
On the surface turns brown.

Strips of zinc, iron, magnesium and copper are taken in the test tubes A, B,
C and D respectively. Same quantity of ferrous sulphate solution is added
to these test tubes. In which test tubes chemical reaction will occur? Why?
40 Write the chemical equations for the reactions taking place here.
 Chemical reaction occurs in test tube A and C
 Because Zinc and magnesium are more reactive than iron.

A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for whitewashing. (i) Name the
substance ‘X’ and write its formula. (ii) Write the reaction of the substance
‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
41
i) The substance X is calcium Hydroxide.
Its formula is Ca(OH)2
ii) Cao + H2O ➝ Ca(OH)2

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.

42 Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
43 Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium
chloride
3BaCl2 Al2(SO4)3 ➝ 3BaSO4 2Al2Cl3

44 Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

2Na + 2H2O ➝ 2NaOH + H2

45 Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give

insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
BaCl2 Na2SO4 → BaSO4 2NaCl

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46 Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution
(in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.
NaOH HCl NaCl H2O
47 Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
3H2 N2 → 2NH3
48 Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
H2S 3O2 → SO2 2H2O
49 Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
2K 2H2O → 2KOH H2
50 Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
Ca (OH)2 CO2 → CaCO3 H2O
51 Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
Zn 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 2 Ag
52 Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
2Al 3 CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 3 Cu
53 Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium
chloride
BaCl2 K2SO4 → BaSO4 2KCl
54 Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) → Potassium iodide(aq) +
Barium bromide(s)
2KBr Bal2 → 2Kl BaBr2
55 Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
ZnCO3 → ZnO CO2
56 Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Magnesium chloride(aq) +
Hydrogen(g)
Mg 2HCl → MgCl2 H2
57 Burning of coal

58 Burning of natural gas

59 HNO3 +Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3 )2 + H2O

Ans : 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

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60 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
Ans : 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
61 NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
Ans : NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
62 BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Ans : BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

EXERCISE
63 Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are
reduced in the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO(s) + H2 (g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
i) Sodium is oxidized
ii) Copper oxide reduced
64 Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2 (g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.

Answer : (D) Lead oxide is getting reduced

(C) Carbon is getting oxidised.
65 Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe The above reaction is an example of
Answer: Displacement reaction.
66 What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick
the correct answer.
Answer:
 A) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
67 In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution
involved displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction
involved.

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1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACID AND BASE
ACID BASE
Acids are sour in taste Bases are bitter
Change the colour of blue litmus to red Change the colour of the red litmus to
blue

HOW DO ACIDS AND BASES REACT WITH METALS?

2 Write the chemical reaction occurs when Zn reacts with the base sodium
hydroxide solution

4 Draw a neat labelled diagram of Reaction of zinc granules with dilute

sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning

5 Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? How will
you test for the presence of this gas?
 Hydrogen gas
 H2 gas is not soluble in water. When passed through soap solution, it gets
trapped into bubbles.
 Bring a burning candle near the soap bubble filled with
6 1M acetic acid is mixed with 1M sodium hydroxide solution. Determine the
nature of the salt forms here with suitable reason. (June 2024)
 It is a basic salt.
 Because sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

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 HOW DO METAL CARBONATES AND METAL HYDROGEN CARBONATES REACT
WITH ACIDS?

7 What happens when CO2 gas is passed through lime water and why does it
disappear on passing excess CO2?
 White precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed.

 On passing excess calcium hydrogen carbonate is formed.
 This is soluble in water.
8 Name the gas liberated when an acid reacts with metallic carbonate. Write
the chemical equation of the reaction when this gas is passed through lime
water. What is the colour of the precipitate obtained in this reaction?
 Carbon dioxide

 White.
9 How the metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate reacts with acid?
Metal carbonate/Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide +
Water

How do Acids and Bases React with each other?

10 What is neutralisation reaction? Write balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
 Reaction between acid and base to give salt and water is called neutralisation
reaction.

11 Note :

 Metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water,

 Metallic oxides are said to be basic oxides.
 Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
12 Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper
vessels?
Because sour food-stuffs contain acids which can react with the metal of the vessel
to form poisonous metal compounds which can cause food poisoning and affect our
health adversely.

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13 Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce
effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a
balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed
is calcium chloride
As the end product is calcium chloride and the gas formed is carbon dioxide, the
metal compound A must be calcium carbonate.
+

WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON?

14 Name the ions responsible for acidic and basic nature of the substances.
Ans. : Acidic — H + (Hydrogen)
Basic — OH − (Hydroxide)
15 Hydrogen ions must always be shown as H+ (aq) or hydronium ion (H3O+ ).
Give reason
Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone, but they exist after combining with water
molecules.
16 What are Alkalis? Name the strong alkali.
Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis.
Potassium Hydroxide. (KOH)
17 What is dilution of acid or base?
Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions
(H3O+/OH–) per unit volume. Such a process is called dilution.
18 Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while
solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic
character?
HCl, HNO3, etc. give H+ ions in water while alcohol and glucose do not give H+ ion
in water. Therefore, alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character.
19 Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity?

Due to the presence of ions in it.

20 Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Dry HCl gas does not give H+ ions and therefore does not change the colour of dry

Litmus paper.

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21 While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added
to water and not water to the acid?
 If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the
mixture to splash out and cause burns.
 The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
22 How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution
of an acid is diluted?
On dilution, the number of hydronium ions per volume decreases and
concentration decreases.
23 How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH –) affected when excess base
is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
The concentration of hydroxide ions will increase when excess base is dissolved in
a solution of sodium hydroxide.
24 What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have on the nature of the
Solution?
 Acid contains more H+ ions
 Base contains less H+ ions.
25 Do basic solutions also have H+ (aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Basic solutions have ions. But these are far less in number than ions that
is responsible for their basic nature.

HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTIONS?

26 What is pH scale?
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH scale.
pH = 7 → neutral solution
pH less than 7 → acidic solution
pH more than 7 → basic solution↓
27 What is strong acid? Give an example.
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids.
Example : Hydrochloric acid (HCl) , Sulphuric acid ( , Nitric acid (HN
28 What is weak acid? Give an example.
Acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak acids.
Example : acetic acid , Citric acid

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29 What is strong base? Give an example.
Base that give rise to more OH- ions are said be strong base.
Example : Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Sodium Hydroxide ( NaOH)
30 What is weak base? Give an example.
Base that give rise to less OH- ions are said be weak base.
Example : Magnesium Hydroxide ( ,Aluminium Hydroxide (
31 In two test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ an equal length of magnesium piece has taken.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) added to ‘A’ and acetic acid (CH3COOH) to test tube
‘B’ of equal amount and concentration. In which test-tube do you observe
that air bubbles evolved more vigorously? And Why?
 In test tube ‘A’ air bubbles evolved more vigorously.
 Because, HCl is strong acid while acetic acid is weak.
32 You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution
B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this
is acidic and which one is basic?
 Solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration.
Solution A is acidic and solution B is basic.

IMPORTANCE OF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE

33 What is the pH range of human body?
• Our body works within the pH range of 7-7.8.
34 Agricultural scientists have suggested adding a certain amount of lime
powder to an agricultural field. What may be the reasons for this? Explain.
 Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth.
 Soil of his land is acidic.
 Lime powder is a base.
 So adding lime powder to the soil decreases the acidic property.
35 What is acid rain? How it will affect our aquatic lives.
 When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
 It lowers the pH of the river water.
 The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.
36 Name an antacid which is generally used to get rid of stomach pain.
Milk of magnesia [Mg (OH)2]. It neutralises excess acid.

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37 Explain how tooth decay is caused. How can it be prevented?
 Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating. So the pH in the mouth
decreases and the tooth enamel gets corroded.
 Using toothpastes which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth.
38 Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his
fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or
chalk (calcium carbonate).
Answer : If the soil is too acidic
39 Observe the pH values of four solutions given in the following table and
answer the questions below.

i) Which solution can be used to prepare an antacid? Why?

ii) Which two solutions can be used to get a neutral salt? Why?

i) Solution ‘P’ can be used to prepare an antacid. Because it is a mild base.

ii) Solution ‘Q’ and ‘S’ can be used to get a neutral salt. Because ‘Q’ is a strong
base and ‘S’ is a strong acid.
SOME NATURALLY OCCURRING ACIDS
Natural source Acid Natural source Acid

Vinegar Acetic acid Curd Lactic acid

Orange Citric acid Lemon Citric acid

Tamarind Tartaric acid Tomato Oxalic acid

Ant sting Methanoic acid Nettle sting Methanoic acid

41 b) What is the pH value of acid rain?

b) Less than 5·6
42 Name the acid present in the following substances. (June 2024)
i) Curd ii) Gastric juice
i) Curd : Lactic acid ii) Gastric juice : Hydrochloric acid [ HCl ]

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 CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALT
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
43 What is brine solution? What products will obtain when this solution is
subjected to electrolysis?
 Aqueous solution of sodium chloride is called brine solution.
 Hydrogen, Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide.
44 How sodium hydroxide is formed?
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine),
it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
45 What happens when electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride? What is this process called? Write the chemical equation
for the reaction involved. Name the gas evolved at the anode and cathode.
Name the product formed when these gases combine.
 Sodium chloride decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
 Chloro - alkali process.

 Anode – chlorine and cathode – Hydrogen.
 is formed.
46 Why the formation of sodium hydroxide is called chloro alkali process?
Because of the products formed– chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium
hydroxide
47 Write the uses of product formed by the chloro alkali process.

S.N product Uses

1 Sodium hydroxide  soaps and detergents
 Paper making
 Artificial fibres.
2 Chlorine gas  Water treatment
 Swimming pools
 Pvc and pesticides
3 Hydrogen gas  fuel
 margarine
 ammonia for fertilisers

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48 BLEACHING POWDER

CHEMICAL NAME CaOCl2 (calcium oxy chloride)

PREPARATION Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on

dry slaked lime.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
USES  For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry
 an oxidising agent in chemical industries;
 To make drinking water free from germs.

49 BAKING SODA
CHEMICAL NAME Sodium hydrogen carbonates (NaHCO3).
PREPARATION It is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw
materials.
NaCl + H2O + CO2+ NH3 NH4Cl + NaHCO3
USES  For making baking powder,
 It is also an ingredient in antacids
 Used in soda-acid fire

50 WASHING SODA
CHEMICAL NAME Sodium carbonate
PREPARATION Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing soda.

USES  It is used in the manufacture of borax.

 Used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
 It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
51 PLASTER OF PARIS
CHEMICAL NAME calcium sulphate hemihydrate

PREPARATION On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules and

becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
USES  Doctor’s use as plaster for supporting fractured bones in
the right position.
 Plaster of Paris is used for making toys, materials for
decoration and for making surfaces smooth.

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52 What is baking powder?
Baking powder is mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.
53 What is water of crystallization?
Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of a salt.
54 How the gypsum is formed?
Plaster of Paris mixing with water, it changes to hard solid mass called gypsum.

55 A student heated a few crystals of copper sulphate n a dry boiling tube.

(a) What will be the colour of the copper sulphate after heating?
(b) Will you notice water droplets in the boiling tube?
(c) Where have these come from
 Blue colour of crystals changes in to White
 Yes,
 Copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallization.
56 What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Answer: Bleaching powder.
57 Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching
powder.
Answer: Slaked lime - Ca (OH)2.
58 Simultaneously red and blue litmus papers are dipped in the brine solution
and in the aqueous product produced by subjecting that solution to
electrolysis. What changes do you observe in litmus papers? Support your
answer with reasons.
 No colour change is observed in the litmus papers dipped in the brine solution.
Because it is a neutral solution.
 Red litmus paper dipped in aqueous product obtained by electrolysis of brine
solution turns to blue colour. Because it is a basic solution.
59 A strong solution of sodium hydroxide is added to the strong solution of
hydrochloric acid. What is the nature of the salt solution formed here? Write
a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
 The salt solution is a neutral solution.
 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O.

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60 Give Reason:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) used as ingredient in antacid.
Because Being alkaline it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides
relief.
61 Give Reason:
Blue colour Copper sulphate crystals turns to white by heating
Because copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation. When we heat
this water is removed and the slat turns to white.

EXERCISES
1 A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be (a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d)
10
Answer: (d) 10
2 A solution reacts with crushed-egg shells to give a gas that turns lime water
milky. The solution contains (a) NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl
Answer: (b) HCl
3 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 mL
of a given solution of HC1. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH,
the amount of HC1 solution (the same solution as before) required to
neutralise it will be (a) 4 mL (b) 8 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL
Answer: (d) 16 Ml
4 Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating
indigestion?
Answer: (c) Antacid
5 Balanced equations for the reaction taking place when
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filing
Answer :
(a) Zinc + dilute sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
(b) Magnesium ribbon + dil. Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride +
Hydrogen
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

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 (c) Aluminium powder + dil. Sulphuric acid > Aluminium sulphate +
Hydrogen
2Al (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → Al2 (SO4)3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
(d) Iron filings + Dilute hydrochloric acid > Ferric chloride + Hydrogen
2Fe (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
6 Compounds such as alcohol and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
categorised as acids.
Alcohol does not release ions in aqueous solution.
7 Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does?
 It does not contain any ionic compound dissolved in it.
 Due to the presence of carbonic acid which provides ions to rainwater.
8 Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
 The acid produces hydrogen ions only in the presence of water.
9 Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed
pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively. Which solution is
(a) Neutral (b) Strongly alkaline (c) Strongly acidic (d) Weakly acidic
(e) Weakly alkaline . Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion
concentration.
(a) Neutral – D
(b) Strongly alkaline - C
(c) Strongly acidic - B
(d) Weakly acidic - A
(e) Weakly alkaline - E
Increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration 11 < 9 < 7 < 4 < 1
i. e., C < E < D < A < B
10 Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH)
is added to test tube B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more
vigorously and why?
 Fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube A.
 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid
11 Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture proof container. Explain why?
Because the presence of moisture can cause slow setting of plaster of Paris by
bringing about its hydration.

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1 Write the difference between metal and Non-metal on the basis of their
physical property.
Metal Non-Metal
Metals are shining Not shining except iodine
Generally hard Generally soft except diamond
Good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat.
Malleable and ductile Non-malleable and Non- ductile.
2 Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical
properties.
Metal Non-metal
Metals are electropositive. Non-metals are electronegative.
They react with oxygen to form basic They react with oxygen to form acidic
oxides. or neutral oxides
These have ionic bonds.. These have covalent bonds
3 What is Metallic lustre?
Metals, in their pure state, have a shining surface. This property is called
metallic lustre.
4 What is malleability? Give an example for more malleable metals.
 Metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This property is known as
malleability.
 Gold and Silver are the most malleable Metals.
5 What is Ductility? Give an example for more ductile metals.
 Metals can be drawn into thin wires. This property is known as Ductility.
 Gold is the most ductile metal.
6 Which physical properties are used in the following situations?

i) Gold is used to make ornaments.

Ans :Ductility and malleability

ii) Nickel is used in strings of guitar.

Ans : Sonorous

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7 Name the following metals and non-metals.
 The best conductors of heat: Silver and copper.

 The metal which is liquid in state : Mercury

 The non-metal which is liquid in state : Bromine

 The poor conductor of heat : Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg)

 Have very low melting points. Gallium and caesium

 melt if you keep them on your palm Gallium and caesium

 a non-metal which is lustrous : Iodine

 Alkali metals (which can cut by knife) Lithium, sodium, potassium

 Non-metal which have shining surface: Iodine.

 Non-metals which are good conductor of heat and electricity. : Graphite.

8 Write the properties of allotropes of carbon?

 Diamond: it has a very high melting and boiling point.

 Graphite: it is a good conductor of electricity.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

9 Write the chemical properties of Metals.
 Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxide.
 Metals react with water and produce a Metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
 Metals react with acids to give a salt and hydrogen gas.
 Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in
solution or molten form.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN METALS ARE BURNT IN AIR?
10 Write the chemical reaction takes place when copper and aluminium reacts
with air.
When copper is heated in air, it combines with oxygen to form copper oxide, a
black oxide.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Aluminium forms aluminium oxide.
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

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11 What are Amphoteric Oxides?
Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and
water are called amphoteric oxides.
Example: aluminium oxide, zinc oxide.
12 Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide whereas sodium oxide is a basic
oxide. Why? Write suitable chemical equations.
 Aluminium oxide is reacts with both acid and base to give salt and water.

 Sodium oxide dissolves in water to produce alkalis.

13 Potassium and sodium metals are preserved in kerosene oil. Give reason.
Sodium and potassium metals vigorously react with atmospheric oxygen and
water, but not with kerosene.
14 Name the metals which do not react with oxygen and water even at high
temperatures.
Silver and gold
15 Metals such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead, etc., are covered with a
thin layer of oxide. Give reason
It prevents the metal from further oxidation.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN METALS REACT WITH WATER?
16 Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam
on a metal.

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17 How does the metal react with water?
 Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
 Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to form metal hydroxide.
 Metals like potassium and sodium react violently with cold water.
 Magnesium reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and
hydrogen.
 Metals like aluminium iron and zinc reacts with steam.
18 How do calcium and sodium metals react with cold water? Explain. Which
of these metals is more reactive?
 Sodium metal reacts violently with cold water.
 It is highly exothermic reaction.
 Evolved hydrogen gas immediately catches fire.
 The reaction of calcium with cold water is less violent.
 The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.
 Calcium starts floating
 Sodium metal is highly reactive.
19 Why calcium starts floating when it reacts with water?
The bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.
20 Write equations for the reactions of
(i) Iron with steam
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(ii) Calcium and potassium with water
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g).
(iii) Potassium reacts with water.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
21 250 ml of water is taken in each of beaker ‘A’ and beaker ‘B’. About 5 gm of
sodium metal is added to the beaker ‘A’ and about 5 gm of calcium metal is
added to beaker ‘B’. What are the reasons for the observations that have
been noticed here?
Answer :
Beaker ‘A’ —reaction between sodium and water is so violent and exothermic
the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.
Beaker ‘B’ — The reaction of calcium with water is less violent.
and the heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.

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 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN METALS REACT WITH ACIDS?
22 Name the metal which does not react with dil.HCL? answer : copper
23 Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. Give
reason.
 Because HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to
water and itself gets reduced oxides of the nitrogen.
24 Name the Metals which evolve hydrogen gas reacting with nitric acid.
Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn)
25 Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive
metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
 Hydrogen gas. / Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4+ H2
26 What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron sulphate?
Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
 When Zn is added to Iron Sulphate, Zinc displaces Iron from its solutions
and Zinc sulphate is formed.
 Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
27 Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two
metals which will not.
 Sodium and potassium.
 Copper and silver.
THE REACTIVITY SERIES
28 What is reactivity series?
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing
activities.
29 Write the reactivity series of Metals.
MOST REACTIVE METALS

Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium

K Na Ca Mg Al
MIDDLE REACTIVE METALS
Zinc Iron Lead Hydrogen Copper
Zn Fe Pb H Cu

LEAST REACTIVE METALS

Mercury Silver Gold
Hg Ag Au

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30 Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following
solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal Iron sulphate Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A No reaction Displacement
B Displacement No reaction
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C
and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper sulphate?
(iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity
1. B is the most reactive metal because it gives displacement reaction with iron
sulphate.
2. When metal B is added to copper sulphate solution, a displacement reaction
will take place.
3. B > A > C > D.

HOW DO METALS AND NON-METALS REACT?

31 NOTE :
 Metals: 1, 2, or 3 electron in its outer most shells.

 Non-metals: 5, 6, or 7 electrons in its outer most shell.

 Noble gas : atomic number 2 or 8 electrons in its outer most shells

32 The atomic numbers of elements A, B, C and D are 3, 9, 4 and 8

respectively. Elements having metallic nature among these are.
Ans. : A and C
33 Explain the formation of ionic bond between sodium atom and chlorine
atom. [ Atomic number of sodium is 11, Atomic number of chlorine is 17 ]

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34 Depict the formation of magnesium chloride ( ) with the help of
electron dot structure.

35 Show the formation of Na2O by the transfer of electrons.

36 Show the formation of MgO by the transfer of electrons.

37 Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

38 What are Ionic Compounds?
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal
are Called ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
39 List any four general properties of ionic compounds.
 Generally solids
 They have high melting and boiling points.
 Soluble in water and not soluble in organic solvents.
 They do not conduct electricity is solid state

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40 Magnesium forms ionic compound with chlorine. Why? Explain
 Magnesium and chloride ions, being oppositely charged, attract each other
and are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction to exist as
magnesium chloride (MgCl2).
 It should be noted that Magnesium chloride does not exist as molecules
but aggregates of oppositely charged ions.
 The compounds formed in this manner by the transfer of electrons from a
metal to a non-metal are known as ionic compounds or electrovalent
compounds.
41 Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling points. Why?
More amount of energy is required to break the strong inter ionic attraction
between the molecules.
42 Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard. Why?
Because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions
43 Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity. Why?
Because movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid
structure.
44 The electronic configuration of element X is 2, 8, 8, 1 and the electronic
configuration of element Y is 2, 8, 7. Then the type of bond formed
between these two elements is
Answer : ionic bond
[[[[

OCCURRENCE OF METALS

45 What are Minerals?

The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth’s crust are Called
minerals.
46 What are ores? Write the respective methods used to convert sulphide and
carbonate ores of metals into their oxides.
 Minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and the
metal can be profitably extracted from it.
 Metallic sulphide ore — Roasting
 Metallic carbonate ore — Calcination
47 Name the metals which are found in free state.
Gold, silver, platinum and copper.

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48 The ores of many metals are oxides. Give reason?
Because oxygen is a very reactive element and is very abundant on the earth.
49 Write the Steps involved in the extraction of high reactive metals.
 Electrolysis of molten ore Pure metal
50 Write the Steps involved in the extraction of Middle reactive metals.
i) carbonate ore
Calcination Oxide of metal Reduction to metal Purification of metal
ii) sulphide ore
Roasting Oxide of metal Reduction to metal Purification of metal
51 Write the Steps involved in the extraction of low reactive metals from ores.
sulphide ore Roasting Metal refining
52 Explain the extraction of mercury from cinnabar.
 Cinnabar (HgS) is an ore of mercury.
 When it is heated in air, it is first converted into mercuric oxide (HgO).
 Mercuric oxide is then reduced to mercury on further heating.

 2HgS(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)

 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

53 Explain the extraction of copper from copper sulphide.
 Copper sulphide ( ) is an ore of copper.
 When it is heated in air, it is first converted into cuprous oxide ( O).
 Cuprous oxide is then reduced to copper on further heating.

 + 3O2 (g) → 2 O(s) + 2SO2(g)

 2 O (s) → 6 Cu(s) + SO2 (g)

54 How are metals in the middle of the reactivity series extracted from their
ores? Explain.
 Metals in the middle of the activity series are in the form of sulphide or
carbonate ores.
 The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by roasting.
 Roasting is heating the ores strongly in the presence of excess air.
 The carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in limited air
in calcination.
 The metal oxides are then reduced to the corresponding metals by using
Reducing agents such as carbon.

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57 Mention the difference between calcination and roasting.
 Carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in limited air.
This process is known as calcination.
 Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence
of excess of air. This process is known as roasting.
58 Write the steps involved in the extraction of zinc from zinc carbonate.

After these processes is reduction necessary to obtain zinc? Why?

 When ZnCO3 undergoes calcination ZnO is formed.

 ZnCO3 ( s ) → ZnO ( s ) + CO2 ( g )

 When ZnS undergoes roasting, ZnO is formed.

 2ZnS ( s ) + 3O2 ( g ) → 2 ZnO ( ) + 2SO2 (g).

 After these processes reduction is necessary.

 Because zinc oxide is then reduced to zinc using suitable reducing agent.

59 Explain the electrolytic refining of copper.

 Anode: Impure copper
 Cathode: Strip of pure copper
 Electrolyte: Solution of acidified copper sulphate
 On passing the current through electrolyte, the impure metal from anode
dissolves into the electrolyte.
 An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited at the
cathode.
 The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and is called
anode Mud.
60 The highly reactive metals such as sodium, calcium, aluminium, are used
as reducing agents. Give reason.
Because they can displace metals of lower reactivity from their compounds.
60 What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Reduction.
61 Highly reactive metal oxides cannot be reduced by using carbon. Why ?

Highly reactive metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.

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62 Draw a neat diagram of electrolytic refining of copper.

63 Reaction of compound X with aluminium is used to join railway tracks or

cracked machine parts.
a. Identify the compound.
b. Name the reaction.
c. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
 Ferric oxide.
 Thermite reaction.

64 How silver and copper articles lose their shining surface?
 Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with air to form a
coating of silver sulphide.
 Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a green coat of
copper carbonate.
65 Write any four methods to prevent rusting of iron.
i) Painting
ii) Oiling
iii) Greasing iv)Galvanising
66 What is Galvanization?
It is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a
thin layer of zinc.
67 How galvanisation protects iron articles?
Layer of zinc formed by the galvanisation reacts with oxygen to form a layer of
zinc oxide which prevents further oxidation.

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68 What is an Alloy?
An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-
metal.
69 Name some alloys and write its constituents.
Alloys Constituents
Stainless Steel Iron + Nickel and chromium
Brass Copper + Zinc
Bronze Copper + Tin (Sn)
Solder Lead + Tin
Amalgam If one of the metals is mercury (Hg).
70 Write the uses of solder.
 Solder, an alloy of lead and tin
 It has a low melting point.
 It is used for welding electrical wires together.
GIVE REASON
71 Silver articles when exposed to air gradually turn blackish.
Silver reacts with sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
72 Chemical reaction does not take place when copper is added to iron
sulphate solution.
Reactivity of copper is less than that of iron.
73 “Alloys of iron are more useful when compared to pure iron.”
 Iron is very soft
 Stretches easily when hot
74 Copper loses its brown layer gradually when exposed to air.
Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a green coat of
Copper carbonate.
75 Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide.
Aluminium oxide reacts both acid and base to give salt and water.
76 Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because these are malleable
and ductile.
77 Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
They are very reactive and catch fire when exposed to air.

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78 Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for
cooking.
Aluminium forms a non-reactive layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. This
layer prevents aluminium to react with other substances.
79 Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the
process of extraction.
It is easier to reduce a metal oxide into free metal.
80 School bells are made up of metal.
 Because metals are Sonorous/ producing sound.
81 Aluminium metal used as reducing agent.
Aluminium has strong affinity for oxygen and is thus readily oxidized.
82 Metals are used in making cooking vessels.
Because, metals are good conductors of heat.
71 Metal ‘A” reacts violently with cold water and the gas evolved catches fire.
Another metal ‘B’ when dipped in water starts floating. The metal ‘C’ does
not react either with cold or Hot water, but reacts with steam. The metal
‘d’ does not react with water at all. Identify the metals A,B,C and D
A: Potassium /sodium
B: calcium /Magnesium
C: Iron / Zinc / aluminium
D: lead / copper /silver
EXERCISES
1 Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions ?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal. (b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal.
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal. (d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
2 Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan
from rusting?
(a) Applying grease (b) Applying paint. (c) Applying a coating of zinc
(c) Applying a coating of zinc.

3 An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting

point. This compound is also soluble in water. The element is likely to be
(a) calcium (b) carbon (c) silicon (d) iron
(a) Calcium.

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4 Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin (b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin
(c) zinc is less reactive than tin (d) zinc is more reactive than tin.
(d) Zinc is more reactive than tin.
5 You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch.
(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and
non-metals?
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals
and non-metals.
 A) Metals can be beaten into thin sheets with a hammer but Non-metals
cannot.
 Metals are malleable, while non-metals are non-malleable.
 Metals are good conductors of electricity while non-metals are not.
 B) Because of malleability, metals can be casted into sheets.
 Metals are good conductors of electricity so these can be used for electrical
cables.
6 In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode,
the cathode and the electrolyte?
Cathode – Pure metal
Anode – Impure metal
Electrolyte – Metal salt solution
7 Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and
heated it. He collected the gas evolved by
inverting a test tube over it, as shown in the
figure.
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus
paper ?
(ii) moist litmus
paper ?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place
Answer:
(i) Dry litmus paper – no action.
(ii) Moist litmus paper – becomes red.

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8 What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen ?
Answer:
Non-metals combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides or neutral oxides.

9 You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or
tamarind juice. Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning
the vessels.
The sour substances such as lemon or tamarind juice contain acids.
These acids dissolve the coating of copper oxide or basic copper carbonate
present on the surface of tarnished copper vessels and make them shining red-
brown again.
10 A man went door-to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back
the glitter of old and dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set
of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles
sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was
upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty repeat. Can you play
the detective to find out the nature of the solution he has used ?
 The dishonest goldsmith dipped the gold bangles in aqua-regia.
 Aqua-regia dissolved a considerable amount of gold from gold bangles and
hence reduced their weight drastically.
11 Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an
alloy of iron).
(i) Copper is a better conductor of heat than steel.
(ii) Copper does not corrode easily. But steel corrodes easily.
12 Why is aluminium used to join railway tracks or the cracked machine parts
of iron? OR
Thermite process has wider industrial applications. Why?
The reaction between aluminium and iron oxide is highly exothermic which
forms molten iron which is used in welding cracked machine parts.

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13 Observe the test tubes A, B and C given in the following figures.

i) In which test tube the iron nail undergoes rust ? Why?

ii) Iron nails present in other two test tubes do not rust. Why?
Answer :
 Iron nail present in test tube A. Both moisture and air available.
 In test tube B only moisture is available but not oxygen. In test tube C
only air is available but not moisture.

BONDING IN CARBON – THE COVALENT BOND

1 What is a covalent bond?
Chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms is
known as covalent bond
2 Write the properties of covalent bond.

 the low melting and boiling points

 Generally poor conductors of electricity

3 Give reason

I) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points

II) Covalent compounds are generally poor conductor of electricity.

i) Because they have weak intermolecular force.

ii) Because electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles are

formed.

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4 Carbon atom does not form 4− C anion and 4+ C cat ion. Why? OR
Carbon forms only covalent bonds. Give reason.
 It could gain four electrons forming C4– anion. But it would be difficult for
the Nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.
 It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it would require a large
Amount of energy to remove four electrons.
5 Which element exhibits the property of catenation to maximum extent and
why?
 Carbon
 Because it can form strong covalent bond with other carbon atoms.
6 Write the electron dot structure of hydrogen molecule.

7 Write the electron dot structure of oxygen molecule.

8 Write the electron dot structure of Nitrogen molecule.

9 Write the electron dot structure of water molecule.

10 Write the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide.

11 Write the electron dot structure of Ammonia ( molecule.

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12 Write the electron dot structure of Methane.

13 Write the electron dot structure of ethane.

14 Write the electron dot structure of ethene.

VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

15 Name the first member (simple) of carbon compound.
Methane
16 What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of
carbon compounds we see around us? OR explain the versatile nature of
carbon.
 Catenation: It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
 Tetravalency: With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four
other atoms.
17 What is a saturated carbon compound?
Carbon compounds having single bond between the carbon atoms are called
saturated carbon compound.
18 What is an unsaturated carbon compound?
Carbon compounds having double or triple bonds between their carbon atoms are
called Unsaturated carbon compound.

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 SATURATED AND UNSATURATED CARBON COMPOUNDS
19 Write any two differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon
compounds.

SATURATED HYDROCARBON UNSATURATED HYDRO CARBON

Less reactive More reactive
On burning, generally give a clean On burning, give a yellow flame with
flame. lots of black smoke.
It contain single bond between carbon It contain double or triple bond between
atoms the carbon atoms.
20 Write the general molecular formula of alkane, alkene, alkyne and cyclo
alkane
Alkane Alkene Alkyne Cyclo alkane

21 The pair of carbon compounds having same molecular formula is

(A) Hexane, Hexene (B) Hexene, Hexyne
(C) Hexene, Benzene (D) Hexene, Cyclohexane
Ans. : (D) Hexene, Cyclohexane
22 The saturated hydrocarbon among the following is
(A) C5 H 8 (B) C 2 H 2 (C) C 6 H 6 (D) C5 H12
Ans. : (D) C5 H12
23 The number of single bonds and double bonds present in a structure of
benzene molecule respectively
Ans. : 9 and 3
24 The major component of compressed natural gas is
Ans. : methane
25 An example for a carbon compound having branched chain structure is
(A) Methane (B) Benzene (C) Isobutane (D) Cyclopropane
Ans. : (C) Isobutane
26 The name and the molecular formula of the unsaturated hydrocarbon having

general formula Cn H2n and containing 3 carbon atoms is

Ans. : (D) Propene, C3 H 6.

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27 What are structural isomers? Write two structures of butane molecule.
Carbon compounds having same molecular formula but different structures are
called structural isomers.

28 Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?

There are three structural isomers for bromopentane depending on the position of
Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.

29 Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has

Answer: 7 covalent bonds.
30 Name the first member of alkynes and write its molecular formula.
Ans.: Ethyne C2H2
31 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
answer : 3
32 Write the structure of Benzene. (Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon compound)

33
The number of single bonds and double bonds present in a structure of benzene
molecule respectively
Ans answer : 9 and 3
34 Write two differences between alkanes and alkenes.

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 Alkanes Alkenes
Having single bond between carbon There is one double bond between any
atoms. two carbon atoms.
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
35 Name the first member of alkanes that shows structural isomerism
Answer : Butane
36 Name the first member of alkynes and write its molecular formula.
Ans. : Ethyne ( or Acetylene )

STRUCTURAL FORMULAS

S.N ALKANE ( 2 +2) ALKENE ( 2 ) ALKYNE ( 2 −2)

Methane - 1 4

1 ---------------------------- -------------------------

Ethane- 2 6 Ethene - 2 4 Ethyne - 2 2

2 − −

Propene - 3 6 Propyne- 3 4
Propane - 3 8

Butene - 4 8 Butyne- 4 6
Butane - 4 10

Pentene - 5 10 Pentyne - 5 8
Pentane - 5 12

CYCLO ALKANES ( 2 )

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 Cyclo propane Cyclo butane

Cyclo pentane Cyclo hexane

FUNCTIONAL GROUP
36 What is functional group?
Functional groups are the sites where reactions occur in organic molecules.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

HALO ALKANES Chloro , Bromo − −

ALCOHOL -OL

ALDEHYDE -AL

KETONE -ONE

CARBOXYLIC -ACID
ACID

37 The functional group present in this carbon compound is

Answer : Aldehyde
38 Draw the structure of following compounds.

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 Ethanoic acid Bromopentane Butanone Hexanal

39 Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its
molecule.
An alcohol with four carbon atoms is butanol .

40 How would you name the following compounds?

Bromoethane Methanal Hexyne

41 The general formula of two specific groups of saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n. Write the structures of the member of each group
when n = 3

42 Write the functional group present in butanol and propanone. Mention

number of carbon atoms in a molecule of these compounds.
 Functional group in butanol is — OH | Alcohol
 Functional group in propanone is Ketone
 Number of carbon atoms in butanol is 4
 Number of carbon atoms in propanone is 3
43 Explain why we cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane family.

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 It is because branching is not possible with carbon atoms.
44 Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons in the following carbon compounds and
write their structural formula. C6 H6, C5 H12, C2H5 OH, C2 H2.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
45 What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
It is series of compounds in which the some functional group substitutes for the
Hydrogen in a carbon chain which are differing from CH2.
Example: Alcohols – CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH,
46 Write the properties of Homologous series.
 Have same general formula.
 Any two homologues differ by – CH2 group
47 A group of carbon compounds that are in homologous series
(A) CH4 , C2 H 4 , C 3 H 4 (B) C 2 H 2 ,C 2 H 6 , C 3H 6

(C) C 2 H 4, C 3 H 6 ,C 4 H 8 (D) C 3 H 6 ,C 3 H 8 , C3 H 4

Ans. : (C) C 2 H 4, C 3H 6 ,C 4 H 8

48 Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series

having functional group -OH.
 CH3OH and C2H5OH.
49 The general formula of a group of organic compounds is CnH2n  1 OH. Write
the molecular formula of first two members of this group. Examine whether
these two compounds are in homologous series, based on their molecular
formula.
 and
 These two compounds are differing from
 These compounds are in homologous series.
50 In a specific group of unsaturated hydrocarbons, though the ratio of carbon

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 and hydrogen atoms is 1:2, CH2 is not the first member of those
hydrocarbons. What is the reason for this? Write the structural formula of
the first member of that hydrocarbon group.
 Carbon cannot form double bond with hydrogen atom.

51 The molecular formula of the first member of a certain group of organic

compounds is CH2O ( HCHO ). Determine the name and the molecular
formula of the third member of this group if the members of this group are
in homologous series. What is the general name for this group of organic
compounds?
 Name → Propanal / Propanaldehyde.
 Molecular formula → C3H6O ( C2H5 CHO)
 Aldehydes.
52 In a homologous series, the first member of hydrocarbons group has the
molecular formula CH4. Then find out the molecular formula of the fourth
member and write two types of structural formula of it.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

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53 Unsaturated hydrocarbon gives a yellow flame with lot of black smoke when
burnt in oxygen. Give reason.
Ans: Unsaturated hydrocarbons have more amount of carbon, therefore burns
with smoky flame due to incomplete combustion.
54 Why do alkanes burn with blue flame?
It is because they have less carbon and more hydrogen, therefore, undergo
complete combustion and produce blue flame.
55 Name the products formed when methane completely burns in oxygen.
 Carbon di oxide ( and water ( )

56 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a
mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame due to incomplete
combustion, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
57 How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid? OR
How will ethanol be oxidised?
Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate is added to
ethyl alcohol. When it is heated it oxidises to form ethnic acid.
58 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Conversion of ethanol in to ethanoic acid involves addition of oxygen and
removal of hydrogen.
59 Complete the following oxidation reaction and name the functional group
that is found in the product .

60 Write the differences between oils and fats.

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 Oils Fats
i) Liquids at room temperature a) Solids at room temperature
ii) Mostly unsaturated b) Mostly saturated
61 Oils have very little shelf life. What is the reason ?
 Unsaturated.
 Chemically reactive.
62 What is Hydrogenation?
Conversion of unsaturated hydrocarbon into saturated.
Ex : conversion of oil into solid fats.
63 Why are oils converted into solid fats? What is the role of nickel in this
process?
 To make them saturated.
 To increase the shelf life
 Nickel: As a catalyst.
64 Explain the addition reaction with the help of examples.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons combine with hydrogen atoms in the presence
of catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons.
 Example: Hydrogenation of vegetable oil.


65 Explain substitution reaction in hydrocarbons with an example.
 Substitution reaction is the process of replacing hydrogen atom atoms present
in saturated carbon compounds by chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
 Example : Methane + Chlorine → Chloromethane + Hydrogen chloride
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
66 The carbon compounds X and Y have the molecular formula C4H3 and C5H12
respectively. Which one of these is most likely to show addition reaction?
Justify your answer
C4H3 will undergo addition reaction. It is because it has double bond while C5H12
is a saturated hydrocarbon which cannot undergo addition reaction.
67 Write the properties of ethanol?

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  Liquid at room temperature.
 It is used in medicine.
68 Name the compound formed when ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid in
the presence of few drops of cone. H2SO4 .
Ans : Ethyl ethanoate
69 What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
Ans : Sodium ethoxide and H2 gas is formed
70 How ethanoic acid reacts with a sodium hydroxide.(base)
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to give salt (sodium ethanoate) and
water.
71 What happens if Ethanol is heated with excess cone. H2SO4 at 443 K? OR
How ethanol converted in to ethene. (Explain dehydration reaction )
Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in the
dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.
72 A compound X on heating with excess of cone. H2SO4 at 443 K gives an
unsaturated compound Y. X also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a
colourless gas Z. Identify X, Y and Z. write the role of conc. sulphuric acid
in the reaction.
 X is Ethanol and Y is Ethene
 Z is hydrogen gas.
 Cone. H2 SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.
73 Name two oxidising agents that are used to convert alcohols to acids.
Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of
(a) Litmus test (b) reaction with NaHCO3.
 (i) Alkaline KMnO4 (ii) Acidified potassium dichromate
 Litmus test: Acetic acid turns blue litmus red but ethanol does not.
 NaHCO3 test: Acetic acid will give brisk effervescence due to evolution of
CO2 whereas ethanol will not react.
74 Write the difference between esterification and saponification.
 Esterification: Reaction between an acid and an alcohol to produce
esters.
 Saponification: Reaction between an alkaline base and long chain
carboxylic acid to produce soaps.

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75 State one use of each (i) esters and (ii) saponification process.
 Esters are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, etc.

 Saponification process is used for manufacture of soaps.

76 Write two different chemical reactions showing the conversion of ethanoic

acid to sodium ethanoate.
 Ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide.

 Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

77 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a

Carboxylic acid? (SEP-2020)
 Carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to give rise
to a salt, carbon dioxide and water.
 Alcohol will not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
78 What are oxidising agents?
Substances which add oxygen during a chemical reaction.
79 Explain the mechanism of cleaning action of soaps.
(i) The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts
with oil.
(ii) The soap molecules thus form structures called micelles, where one end of
the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.
(iii) Thus an emulsion forms in water.
(iv) The soap micelle’s help in pulling out the dirt in water and thus cleans
clothes.
80 More amount of soap is required to clean the clothes in hard water. Why?
 The reaction of soap with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water
develops scum.
81 Can detergent be used to test hardness of water? Give reason.
Ans.: No.
Detergents give foam with both hard water and soft water and do not form scum.
82 Use of detergents is more suitable for cleansing clothes in hard water.
Why?
Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium / magnesium ions.

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83 Why are detergents preferred over soaps for washing clothes in hard water?
Explain.
Detergents work well even with hard water because their calcium and
magnesium salts are soluble in water. They do not form scum.
84 What are soaps?
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
85 How do soaps and detergents react with hard water? Explain.
 Soaps form insoluble precipitate with hard water.
 Soaps do not give foam with hard water.
 Detergents do not form insoluble precipitate.
 Detergents give foam with hard water
86 How micelles are formed during cleansing action of soap ? (Apr 2024)
Micelles are formed by the interaction of ionic end of the soap with water while
the carbon chain with the oil.
87 Which are the salts responsible for hardness of water? Detergents are
effective even in hard water. Why? (Apr 2024)
 Calcium and magnesium salts.
 Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and
magnesium ions in hard water.
88 How ethanoic acid does reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
OR How sodium acetate is formed.
Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to give rise to
salt (Sodium acetate),carbon dioxide and water.
89 Name two commercially important compounds.
Ethanol and ethanoic acid.

EXERCISE
1 Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
Answer: (b) 7 covalent bonds.
2 Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
Answer: (c) Ketone.
3 While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the
outside, it means that
Answer: (b) The fuel is not burning completely.

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4 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
 Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms
complete their outermost shell.
 In
 their electronic configuration is C – 2,4 , H – 1 and Cl – 2, 8, 7

5 Draw the electron dot structures for

(a) ethanoic acid (b) propanone (c) H2S (d) F2.

6 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties?
Difference on the basis of physical properties
Ethanol Ethanoic acid

It has Specific smell It has vinegar like smell.

it has burning taste it has sour taste

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 Difference on the basis of chemical properties
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
No change in the colour of litmus
Blue litmus turns red.
solution.
It does not react with NaHCO3 It liberates CO2 with NaHC03.
7 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water?
Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
 Because the hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic which
are insoluble in water,
 But the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic and hence soluble in
water.
 Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in
which sodium salt of fatty acids do not dissolve.
8 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight
9 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
 Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium.
 Calcium and magnesium on reacting with soap form insoluble precipitate
called scum.
 The scum formation lessens the cleansing property of soaps in hard
10 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper
Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature.
Blue litmus remains blue in soap solution.
11 Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons.
So addition reaction takes place only in C3H6 and C2H2.
12 Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and
cooking oil.
 Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated
compound.
 Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated
compound.

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13 Organic compounds obtained by the reaction between carboxylic acid and
alcohol are
Ans. : Esters
14 Given below incomplete equation represents a chemical process of
converting an unsaturated carbon compound to saturated carbon
compound. (Apr 2024)

i) Complete the equation

ii) Name the gas ‘x’ and the substance ‘y’
iii) What happens if the end products of this reaction react with chlorine in
the presence of sunlight?
Ans :

ii) Hydrogen
Nickel / Palladium
iii) Undergoes substitution reactions.
Chlorine replaces hydrogen one by one.
15 How esters are converted back into alcohol and its acid.
On treating with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali esters are converted back
into alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid.
16 Name the reverse process of Esterification. Where this process does is used.
 Saponification.
 It is used in the preparation of Soap.

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