INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR

Class: X Department: SOCIAL SCIENCE Subject: History

Chapter 1 Topic: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE Year:2024-25

Question Bank No:1

1 Distinguish between the Modern state and the Nation-state in Europe.

Ans:
Modern State
• Modern state had been developing in Europe for a long period before the 19th century.
• They were multi-national dynastic empires that had a centralized power exercising sovereign
control over a clearly defined territory.
• E.g.: Kingdom of Austria
Nation-State
• Nation state came into being through diverse processes in 19th century Europe.
• It included the majority of its citizens and its rulers who came to develop a sense of common
identity and shared history.
• This was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.
E.g.: Germany, Italy
2 “The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789”. Evaluate
the statement.
OR
What steps did the French Revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among
the French people?
Ans:
• The French Revolution shifted power from the monarchy to the people, who would
henceforth shape the nation’s future. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures
and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
• The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolor,
was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the
name of the nation.
• A centralized administrative system was put in place and it made uniform laws for all citizens
within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French spoken in Paris became the common language
of the nation
3 What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the
territories ruled by him?
OR
Explain the provisions of the Napoleonic Civil Code.
Ans:
• Although Napoleon destroyed democracy in France the administrative system introduced by

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 him made the whole system more rational and efficient.
• The Civil Code of 1804-usually known as the Napoleonic Code was imposed in all regions
under French control. It took away all privileges based on birth, established equality before
the law and secured the right to property.
• In the countries like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and
manorial dues. Guild restrictions were removed in the towns.
• Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new
businessmen enjoyed more freedom.
• Standardized weights and measures and a common national currency were also introduced.
4 “The initial enthusiasm towards French armies soon turned to hostility after Napoleon's
takeover of France". Give Reasons
Ans:
• Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like
Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of
liberty.
• But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new
administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
• Increased taxation, censorship, and forced conscription into the French armies required to
conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative
changes.
5 Briefly describe the concept of liberalism which developed in Europe in the 18 th Century.
Ans:
• The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
• For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all
before the law.
• Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through parliament.
• In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of
state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
6 Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles for the economic exchange and growth by
the new commercial classes. How did it come to an end?
OR
What was Zollverein? What were its provisions?
Ans:
• The presence of a large number of regions created problems in Germany. Each region
followed its own system of weights and measures and currencies, which required more
time for calculation. For example-Elle, the measure of cloth, stood for different length in
each region
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods
• There was an absence of freedom of markets’ and state-imposed many restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
• In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by
most of the German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty

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 to two. The development of railways played a crucial role in enhancing movement and
connectivity and also brought together economic interests, contributing to the unification
of nations

7 Explain the features of the Conservative regimes set up in Europe, following the defeat of
Napoléon in 1815.
Ans:
• The conservatives held the belief that established, traditional institutions of state and society
like monarchy, church, social hierarchies, property and family must be protected and
preserved.
• They never proposed a return to the pre-revolutionary period but they knew that as Napoleon
had carried out changes, modernisation would contribute to a strong monarchy. They
believed that it would strengthen the power of the state and make it much more effective.
• For them it was a firm belief that aristocratic monarchies of Europe would gain much from a
modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and the abolition of feudalism
and serfdom.
• Conservative regimes were autocratic and did not allow criticism and attempted to suppress
any activities that challenged their authority.
• They also imposed censorship laws to control newspapers, books, plays etc.
8 Explain the changes brought in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna (1815).
Ans:
• Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by collective European powers i.e. Britain, Russia, Prussia,
and Austria. The representatives of European powers drew up the Treaty of Vienna at a
congress hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich to undo the changes that had
come about the Europe during the Napoleonic wars. Following changes were brought
about in Europe by this treaty
• The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored.
France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up
on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the future.
• The Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north. Genoa was added to
Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western
frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was
given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony.
• Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.
9 During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists to
underground. Explain
OR
How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815? Explain with
special reference to the activities of Mazzini?
Ans:
• After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when conservative regimes were restored to power,
many liberal-minded people went underground because of the fear of repression. Secret
societies sprang up in European states to train the revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• Many revolutionaries opposed monarchial rule and fought for liberty and freedom of their
respective states. One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot, who

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 was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He became a member of a
secret society Carbonari.
• He founded two underground societies, first Young Italy in Marseilles and the other Young
Europe in Berne. The society had members from Poland, France, Italy, Germany, etc. The
members believed in the formation of nation-states and they were liberal-minded people.
• Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind, so
Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms but it should be a
single unified republic
• Mazzini’s opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republic frightened the
conservatives and Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social
order’.
10 Explain the Greek War of Independence.
Ans:
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public
opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from West
Europeans. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war.
• Finally, The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
11 ‘Culture played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th
and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples.
OR
‘Nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion’. Justify
Ans:
Art, poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
ROMANTICISM
• Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true
German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
• Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they
favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
LANGUAGE
• Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and
the ban on the Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious
ceremonies and religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the
nationalists.
FOLK CULTURE
• Two Germans, the Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to
promote the German spirit against the domination of the French.
• Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
• Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols.
12 ‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement
with arguments.
Ans:
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe because:
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe. Jobs
were scarce and few employment opportunities.

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 • Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of jobs. They lived in
overcrowded slums.
• Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods
from England.
• In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the
peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest, added to the miseries of the common man.

13 What were the causes of the weaver's revolt in Silesia in 1845?

Ans:
• In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and
gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
• Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the
mansion of their contractors demanding higher wages.
• When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house and
smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc. Another group broke into the
storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.
• The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter
such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that
followed, eleven weavers were shot.
14 Explain the features of the Frankfurt Parliament.
Ans:
•It was an all-German National Assembly formed by middle-class professionals, businessmen and
prosperous artisans belonging to different German regions.
• It was convened on 18th May 1848 in the church of St. Paul in the city of Frankfurt. This
assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a
parliament.
• The King of Prussia-Frederic Wilhelm IV, rejected the Frankfurt Parliament deputies offer of the
crown.
• It faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Since it was dominated by the middle
classes, it also lost its support from workers and artisans.
• In the end, it was forced to disband on 31st May 1849.
15 ‘Women played an important role in the struggle of Nationalism’ Justify.
Ans:
• A large number of women had participated actively over the years but political rights to them
were a controversial one within the liberal movement.
• Women had formed their political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in
political meetings and demonstrations.
• Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.
• When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted
only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
16 Describe the process of the Unification of Germany.
Ans:
• In 1848, the middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German
Confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.
• They were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military supported by
the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
• Prussia soon became the leader of the German unification movement. Its chief minister, Otto
von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army

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 and bureaucracy.
• Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory
and completed the process of unification.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony
held at Versailles.
17 Briefly trace the process of the Unification of Italy
Ans:
• Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg
Empire. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house
• The unification process was led by three revolutionaries –Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de
Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. As early as 1830 s Giuseppe Mazzini sought to put together a
coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He organized a secret society called ‘Young
Italy’
• With the failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848, the responsibility fell on
Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel 2nd, to unify the Italian states through
war
• Cavour the Chief Minister of King Victor Emmanuel 2nd, through a tactful diplomatic alliance
with France and by defeating Austrian forces in 1859, acquired the north under Austrian
Habsburgs.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, with armed volunteers, acquired the Southern Kingdom of Italy and two
Sicilies by driving out the Spanish rulers. In1861 Victor Emmanuel 2nd was proclaimed as the king
of united Italy.
18 How was the history of nationalism in Britain, unlike the rest of Europe?
OR
Describe in brief the process by which the British nation came into existence
Ans:
• Unlike the rest of Europe, nationalism in Britain was not a result of sudden upheaval or
revolution. It was a result of long drawn process forged through the participation of the dominant
English culture
• Symbols like the British flag and the national anthem were actively promoted
• The English Parliament seized the power of monarchy and by the Act of Union between England
and Scotland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed
• In Ireland, the English supported the protestant Irish against the Catholics and incorporated
Ireland into the United Kingdom.
• Scotland and Ireland survived only as subordinate partners in the British nation and it was
through parliamentary action and not using war that the UK was forged into a nationalist state
19 Explain the significance of portraying nations as female figures by the European artists of the
18th and 19th centuries.
OR
How were different nations visualized by the European artists of the 18th and 19th centuries?

Ans:
• Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In
other words, they represented a country as if it were a person. Nations were then portrayed as
female figures.

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 • The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman
in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. That is, the
female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• In France the female figure was Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea
of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the
red cap, the tricolor, the cockade.
• Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol
of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and
stamps.
•Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations,
Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism
20 The Balkan issue was one of the major factors responsible for the First World War. Explain
OR
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Ans:
• A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire for a long time.
• Despite attempts for modernization and internal reforms, the 19th century saw the weakening
of the Ottoman Empire.
• Thus, nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic
nationalism and also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this
area.
• The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were
jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others.
• Moreover, this was a period of intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and
colonies as well as naval and military might. The hold of imperial power over the Balkans made
the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungary all wanted more control over this
area. These conflicts ultimately led to First World War in 1914.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: History

Chapter-2 Topic: Nationalism in India Year: 2024-25

Question Bank: No,2

1 How did the ‘First World War’ create a new economic and political situation in India? Explain
with examples
Ans:
• The ‘First World War’ led to a huge increase in defence expenditure for the British which
was financed by increasing taxes on Indians. Customs duties were raised and income tax
was introduced.
• Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to
extreme hardship for the common people.
• Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread anger.
• Between 1918 and 1921, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages
of food.
• This was accompanied by an Influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13
million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
2 Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Ans:
• Satyagraha emphasized on the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• It was a novel method of protesting through mass agitation, without the use of force, the
oppressor could be persuaded to see the truth.
• It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical
force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
3 How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organize satyagraha movements in various places just
after arriving in India? Explain with examples.
Ans:
After returning from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha
movements in various places in India.
Champaran (1917)
Gandhiji inspired the peasants of Champaran in Bihar against the oppressive plantation system.
Kheda (1917)
In 1917, in support of the peasants of the Kheda district in Gujarat, he organized a satyagraha
against revenue payment at the time of crop failure and plague epidemic. He demanded
relaxation from revenue collection.
Ahmedabad (1918)
In Ahmedabad, Gandhiji organized satyagraha favouring the demands of cotton mill workers.
4 Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act
of 1919? How was it organized?
Ans:
• In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, despite the

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 united opposition of the Indian members.
• The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
• Gandhiji organized Rowlatt Satyagraha against such unjust laws which started with a
hartal on 6th April 1919. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in
railway workshops, and shops were closed.
5 Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Ans:
• As a part of the Rowlatt Satyagraha on 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a
peaceful procession, provoking Indians to attack banks, post offices and railway stations.
Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
• On 13th April, a crowd of villagers gathered in the ground of Jallianwala Bagh near
Amritsar. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and
some had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair but were unaware of the martial law
that had been imposed.
• Dyer entered the ground, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the innocent crowd,
killing hundreds. This incident is referred to as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
• General Dyer declared that his main aim was to produce a moral effect and to create a
feeling of terror and awe in the mind of the satyagrahis.
• The Jallianwala Bagh incident led to widespread unrest in North India, with public
demonstrations and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with
brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people. Seeing violence spread,
Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha.
6 Explain the Khilafat Movement
Ans:
• The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey and there were
rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor –
the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
• To defend the Khalifa’s powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March
1919 and Ali Brothers-Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma
Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
• Gandhiji supported them because he saw this as an opportunity to bring Hindus and
Muslims together to launch a broad-based movement.
• At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders
of the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for
Swaraj. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-
Cooperation programme was adopted.
7 What was Gandhiji’s idea behind launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Mention the
proposals suggested by Mahatma Gandhi with reference to the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans:
• Mahatma Gandh in his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) declared that the British rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians. It has survived because of their
cooperation. If the Indians refuse to cooperate, British rule in India will collapse and
Swaraj would come.
• According to Gandhiji, Non-cooperation could become a movement by unfolding in stages.

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 It would begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded. Boycott of civil
services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. Then if
the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
• Throughout 1920, Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali toured extensively mobilizing popular support
for the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-
Cooperation programme was adopted.
8 “Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921 and various social groups
participated in this movement each with its own specific aspiration.” Justify the statement.
Ans:
Various social groups participated in the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, but the term
meant different things to different people
Movement in the Towns
• The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and
teachers resigned and the lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice
Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of
gaining some power which usually Brahmans had access to.
The effects of Non-cooperation on the Economic front:
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires.
• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102
crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign
goods or finance foreign trade.
• As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and
wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
The Non-Cooperation Movement slowed down in the cities for various reasons:
• Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to
buy it. So, people could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
• Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no alternative
Indian institutions to be used in place of the British ones. So, students and teachers began
going back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Movement in the Country side
Peasants of Awadh:
• In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi. The movement here was
against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and a number of other cesses.
Peasants had to do begar and no right over the leased land. Peasants demanded
reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In many places nai – dhobi bandhs were organized to deprive the landlords of the services
of barbers, and washer men. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru,
Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
• The Peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was
unhappy with. As the movement spread, the houses of talukdars and merchants were
attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In several places, local
leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land
was to be redistributed among the poor.

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 Tribal peasants:
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early
1920s. Here, as in other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large forest
areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect
fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people.
• People felt that their traditional rights were being denied and their livelihoods were
affected. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar (forced labour)
for road building, the hill people revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
Swaraj in the Plantations
• For Plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of
the confined space in which they were enclosed. It also meant keeping a link with the
village from which they had come.
• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave
the tea gardens without permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation
Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left plantations and head home.
They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
villages. Trapped on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the
police and brutally beaten up.
8 Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
Ans:
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, the colonial government had closed large forest
areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect
fuelwood and fruits. People felt that their traditional rights were being denied and their
livelihoods were affected and they revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct
astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots.
• Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation
Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same
time, he said that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. The
Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials for achieving
swaraj. Later Raju was captured and executed by the British.
10 “Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922”. State
reasons.
Ans:
• On 4th February, 1922 a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar at Chauri Chaura in
Gorakhpur were fired upon by the police.
• Against this the protestors attacked, surrounded and ultimately burnt down the police
station at Chauri Chaura, leading to the death of 22 policemen.
• Mahatma Gandhi who was against any form of violence decided to call off the Non-
Cooperation Movement and felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass struggle,
and that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

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11 Explain the circumstances under which the Swaraj Party was formed?
Ans:
• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
and within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to
participate in elections to the Provincial Councils that had been set up by the Government
of India Act of 1919.
• They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for
reform and also demonstrate that these Councils were not truly democratic.
• C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a
return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra
Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
12 When the Simon Commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
Why? What was the offer given by Lord Irwin to the Indians and why?
Ans:
• The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John
Simon to look into the functioning of the Constitutional system in India and suggest
changes. The problem was that the Commission did not have a single Indian member and
all members were British.
• When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go
back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations.
• In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague
offer of ‘dominion status’ for India and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future
constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
13 Explain the significance of the Lahore session of the Congress of 1929.
Ans:
• In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
• It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when
people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. But the celebrations
attracted very little attention.
14 How did the ‘Salt March’ become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism?
Ans:
• Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31st
January, 1930 he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, some of these
were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from
industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all
classes within Indian society could be brought together in a united campaign.
• The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was one of the most
essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and the tax on salt and the
government monopoly over its production, revealed the most oppressive face of British
rule.
• Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum and if the demands were not fulfilled by 11
March, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
• Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march
accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from
Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers

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 walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi
wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to
peacefully defy the British. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the
law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
• This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
15 Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience
Movement in 1931.
Ans:
• As a part of the Civil Disobedience movement the colonial government began arresting the
Congress leaders one by one which led to violent clashes in many places. When Abdul
Ghaffar Khan was arrested crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
• A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in
Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations. British
government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were
attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
• People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, also to break colonial
laws. Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, foreign cloth was
boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and taxes,
village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws – going into
Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle
• In such a situation, Gandhiji called off the movement and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was
signed.
16 Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans:
• Mahatma Gandhi entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March, 1931.By Gandhi-Irwin Pact,
Gandhiji called off the Civil Disobedience Movement and committed to participate in the
Second Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the
political prisoners.
• In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Conference, but the negotiations
broke down and he returned disappointed. Back in India, he discovered that the
government had begun a new cycle of repressive measures.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail and the Congress had been
declared illegal. A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings,
demonstrations and boycotts. Thus, with great apprehension Gandhiji relaunched the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
17 Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
OR
Explain the idea of ‘swaraj’ to different groups of people who participated in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Ans:
Various classes and different social groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience
Movement led by Gandhiji in 1930. All of them joined this movement on account of their own
needs, aspirations and limited understanding.

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 • In the countryside, rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of
Uttar Pradesh were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices and they found
it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. These rich peasants became
supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, forcing reluctant members, to participate
in the boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high
revenues.
• The poorer peasants were small tenants who had rented land from landlords. As the
Depression continued, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent and wanted
the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. Feared of raising issues that might upset
the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’
campaigns in most places. So, the relationship between the poor peasants and the
Congress remained uncertain.
• The business classes/industrialists participated in the movement to oppose the colonial
polices that restricted business activities. During the First World War, Indian merchants
and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful They wanted protection
against: imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that
would discourage imports. To organize business interests, they formed the Indian
Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of
Commerce and Industries (FICCI). Led by industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and
G.D.Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and gave
financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to
see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and
trade and industry would flourish without constraints. But after the failure of the Round
Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
• The industrial working classes/workers did not participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. As the industrialists came
closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. Some workers participated in the
Movement, adopting some of the ideas of Gandhian programme and protested against
low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and
dockworkers and thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and
participated in boycott campaigns. But the Congress was reluctant to include workers’
demands as they felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial
forces.
• Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale
participation of women. During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of
their homes and participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign
cloth and liquor shops. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families and in
rural areas they came from rich peasant households. They began to see service to the
nation as a sacred duty of women. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women
to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives, so for a long time, the
Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the
organization.
18 Explain the view of Gandhiji regarding ‘untouchables’? What role did Gandhiji play in uplifting
them.

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 Ans:
• For a long time, the Congress had ignored the dalits, for the fear of offending the
Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.
• But Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if
untouchability was not eliminated. Under his constructive programme he laid stress on
the removal of untouchability.
• He called the ‘untouchables ’harijan – meaning the children of God. He also organised
satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and
schools. He himself toured their colonies, and even lived there. He even cleaned toilets to
dignify the work of the sweepers.
19 Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Ans:
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in
1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by
demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded
Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death.
• He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their
integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result
was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
• It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in
provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general
electorate.
20 What were the main limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans:
• Limited Participation of Dalits: Many dalit leaders organized themselves, demanded
reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose
dalit members for legislative councils. Political empowerment, they believed, would
resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience
Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region
where their organization was quite strong.
• Limited Participation of Muslims: Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were
also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of
the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from
the Congress.
• Dominant role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasbha: The role of Sanatanis and Hindu
Mahasabha was very dominant. Due to the fear of Sanatanis (the conservative high-class
Hindus), Congress ignored the dalits. Congress was very close to Hindu Mahasbha. Hindu
Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of compromise between the Congress and
Muslim League.
• Clash between BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi: Dr B.R. Ambedkar clashed with
Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate
electorate for dalits.
• Participants have different aspirations: Participants of the Civil Disobedience Movement

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 had their own aspirations. There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and
working class. Contrast was also there in the demand of rich peasants and poor peasants.
United struggle was not there.

21 How can we differentiate the Non-Cooperation Movement from the Civil Disobedience
Movement?
Ans:
Non-Cooperation Movement
• It began in January, 1921 and it ended in February, 1922
• The Non-Cooperation Movement sought to bring the working of the government to a
standstill by not cooperating with the administration.
• There was large scale participation of Muslim working class in the Non-Cooperation
Movement
• Women participation was less
• The Non-Cooperation Movement was geographically confined to certain parts of India
• The Movement was called off in 1922 due to the Chauri-Chaura incident.
Civil-Disobedience Movement
• It began in March 1930, through the launch of the Salt Satyagraha
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was an attempt at paralysing the administration by
breaking some specific rules and regulations.
• The Civil-Disobedience Movement saw less participation from the Muslim community due
to the policy of divide and rule by the British and the communal propaganda of the
Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha
• More participation of women
• The Civil Disobedience Movement saw widespread geographical coverage and mass
participation in comparison to the non-cooperation movement
• The Movement was withdrawn after the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin pact.
22 How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India?
OR
“Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation”
Do you agree? Justify.
Ans:
Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural
processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belongingness:
• Use of figures or images. The identity of India came to be visually associated with the
image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
who wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ and was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung
during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement,
Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata in which Bharat Mata is
portrayed as an ascetic figure; calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Devotion to this

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 mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
• Indian folklore. Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian
folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales which
gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside
forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself
began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk
revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk
tales, ‘The Folklore of Southern India’.
• Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal,
a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed which had eight lotuses representing
eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag, which was again a tricolor (red, green and
white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-
help. Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it during marches became a symbol of defiance
and promoted a sense of collective belonging.
• Reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began
feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about
differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing
themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great
achievements and wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art
and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy,
crafts and trade had flourished. These histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s
great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life
under British rule.
All these techniques were used to bring the Indian people together against the common enemy.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: History

Chapter-5 Topic: The Making of a Global World Year: 2024-25

Question Bank. No: 5

1 “Human societies have been interlinked since ancient times”. Explain

Ans:
• From ancient times, travelers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for
knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment. They carried goods, money, values, skills,
ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases.
•Remains from the Indus valley civilizations reflect active coastal trade links with present-
day West Asia. Cowries (the Hindi cowdi or seashells) used as a form of currency, from the
Maldives found their way to China and East Africa also shows active trade links. The long-
distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh
century.
2 Why was the Indian subcontinent central to the flows of the trading network before the
sixteenth century? Explain
Ans:
• The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century after European sailors
found a sea route to Asia and also crossed the western ocean to America.
• For centuries, the Indian Ocean witnessed a thriving exchange of goods, people,
knowledge, and customs, constantly flowing across its waters.
• The Indian subcontinent was central to these flows and a crucial point in their networks.
The entry of the Europeans helped expand or redirect some of these flows towards
Europe
3 How do the Silk routes link the world in the pre-modern era?
OR
“Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand”. Justify (Ans: Last point of Q.No.3 and
full answer of Q.No.4)
Ans:
• Silk Route is derived from the Chinese silk, knitting together vast regions of Asia and
linking Asia with Europe and North Africa which resulted in a vibrant pre-modern trade.
These routes existed even before the Christian Era, and trade thrived along these routes
almost till the fifteenth century.
• Silk route allowed Chinese pottery, Indian textiles, and Southeast Asian spices to reach
Europe and North Africa. In exchange, gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. It
connected China to Europe, transporting Chinese silk and pottery along the way.
• Although these routes began as trade routes, cultural exchange also went hand in hand.
There were several silk routes which helped in trade and cultural links between the

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 different countries of the world especially Asia, North Africa and Europe. Christian
missionaries, Muslim preachers, Buddhist monks, all used the silk routes to spread
religions like Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
4 “Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange”. How?
Ans:
• Traders and travelers introduced new crop to the lands they travelled.
• It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti.
• Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy.
•Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies,
sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors. These foods were only
introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered
America. In fact, many of our common foods came from America's original inhabitants -
the American Indians.
5 “Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death”. Explain
Ans:
• Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. The
introduction of the potato improved the diet and lifespan of Europe’s poor.
• In Ireland, the poorest peasants relied heavily on potatoes. When disease struck the
potato crop in the mid-1840s, it caused mass starvation.
• During the Great Irish Potato Famine (1845 to 1849), around 1,000,000 people died of
starvation, and twice that number emigrated in search of work.
6 “The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century”. Explain
Ans:
• European sailors discovered a sea route to Asia and successfully reached America by
crossing the Western Ocean, while for centuries, the Indian subcontinent remained a key
trade center, exchanging goods, people, knowledge, and customs, and serving as a crucial
point in global trade networks.
• The discovery of America transformed global trade and lives with its vast lands, abundant
crops, and minerals. Precious metals from mines in Peru and Mexico boosted Europe's
wealth and funded its trade with Asia. By the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese and
Spanish had conquered and colonized America.
• In the pre-modern world, India and China were among the world’s richest countries.
However, since 15th century, China restricted overseas contact and followed a policy, of
isolation. As a result of it, the America’s importance increased. The centre of world trade
moved westwards and Europe became the centre of the world trade. Thus, the world
shrank and became closer in the sixteenth century.
7 Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the Colonisation
of the Americas.
Ans:
• The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the Colonisation of the
Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the
settlers and colonisers brought with them.
• The Europeans were more or less immune to Small pox, but the native Americans, having
been cut off from the rest of the World for millions of years, had no immunity and could

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 not defend it.
•
Smallpox was a deadly disease that, once introduced, spread quickly and wiped-out entire
communities. This made it easier for foreign powers to take over, as weapons and soldiers
could be fought against, but diseases could not.
8 Why did people flee Europe for America in the nineteenth century?
Ans:
• Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Cities were
crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
• Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.
• As a result, thousands of people left Europe for America.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: HISTORY
Chapter-5 Topic: The Print Culture and the Modern World Year: 2024-25
Q B: No.3

1.
Briefly describe the system of Woodblock printing.
Ans:
➢ The Earliest kind of print technology developed in China Japan and Korea. This was a
system of hand printing.
➢ Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
➢ As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese
‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.
➢ Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of
Calligraphy.

2. “The imperial state of China was the major producer of print material”. Explain.
Ans:
➢ China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through
civil services examinations.
➢ Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of
the imperial state.
➢ From the 16th century the number of examination candidates went up and that increased
the volume of print.
3. ‘The use of Print was diversified in the 17th century China’. Give reasons.
Ans:
➢ By the 17th century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the use of print diversified.
➢ Print was no longer used just by Scholar officials.
➢ Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
➢ Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
➢ The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, romantic
plays etc.
➢ Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and
plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about
their lives.
4. “Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices in Japan”. Explain.

➢ Buddhist missionaries from China introduced Hand-printing technology into Japan

around AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist
Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
➢ Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards, paper money etc. and printing of Visual
material led to interesting publishing practices.
➢ In the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections
of paintings depicted an elegant urban culture, involving artists, courtesans, and
teahouse gatherings.
➢ Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed material of various types –
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 books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower
arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

5. Explain the factors responsible for the invention of printing press.

Ans
➢ The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing
demand
➢ Coping was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming work.
➢ Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read
easily. Hence, their circulation remained limited.
➢ With the growing demand for books woodblock printing became more and more
popular.
➢ This breakthrough occurred at Strasbourg, Germany, Where Johann Gutenberg
developed the First-Known printing press in 1430
6. Estimate Gutenberg’s contribution for the development of print culture?
Ans:
➢ Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate. From
his childhood, he had seen Wine and Olive presses.
➢ He became a master goldsmith, and developed the expertise to create lead moulds
used for making trinkets.
➢ He adapted existing technology to design his innovation.
➢ The Olive press provided the model for the Printing press and moulds were used
for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
➢ By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system and the first book he printed was the
Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.

7. “The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand.”
Explain the statement.
OR
How did Gutenberg personalise the technology of Print?
Ans:
➢ The new Printing technology did not displace the existing art of producing books by
hand.
➢ The printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance
and layout. The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
➢ Borders were illuminated by hand with different patterns and illustrations were
painted.
➢ In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed
page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that
would do the illustrations.
➢ No two copies of the first printed Bible were same and every copy was unique, for no
one else owned a copy that was exactly the same.

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 8. “Not everyone welcomed the printed books and those who did also had fears about it.”
Explain.
Ans:
➢ Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of
debate and discussion.
➢ Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and feared that if there was no control over
what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that
happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed.
➢ This was expressed by Religious authorities and Monarchs, as well as many writers
and artists and this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed
literature.

9. “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.” Who remarked this statement and
Why?
Ans:
➢ In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety-Five Theses criticizing many
of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
➢ A printed copy of this was posted on a church door in Wittenberg. It challenged the
Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast
numbers and read widely.
➢ This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation. Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few
weeks and a second edition appeared within three months.
➢ Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the
greatest one.’ Several scholars, think that print brought about a new intellectual
atmosphere and helped to spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.

10. “Catholic church began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558”. Give reasons.
OR
Who was Menocchio? Why he had to face opposition from the Roman Catholic church?
Ans:
➢ Print stimulated even little-educated working people. Menocchio, a miller in Italy,
began to read books that were available in his locality and he reinterpreted the
message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the
Roman Catholic Church.
➢ When the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas (Beliefs which
do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church) Menocchio was hauled up twice
and ultimately executed.
➢ The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questioning of
faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain
an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

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 11. What was Erasmus idea of the printed book?
Ans:
➢ Erasmus a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer criticized the excesses of Catholicism but
kept his distance from Luther, expressed a deep anxiety about printing.
➢ He wrote in Adages (proverb or statement that speaks truth) that books reached all
corners of the world. Some of them contributed knowledge but most of them are hurtful
to the scholars because it creates glut, as they were filled with stupid, ignorant scandalous
irreligious and seditious book.
➢ He expressed that there should be some control over print and publications.

12. ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’ Who
proclaimed this and Why?
Ans:
➢ By mid-eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of
spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the
world and liberate society from despotism and tyranny.
➢ Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in 18th century France, believed Print to be the
engine of progress that would enlighten people to fight against autocratic rule and
injustice.
➢ In many of the Mercier ‘s books heroes are transformed by the acts of reading and
give them strength to fight against despotism.
➢ Convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment Louise Sebastien Mercier,
proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual
writer!’

13. “Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred.” Explain.
. Ans:
➢ Print popularized the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers. The writings of Voltaire and
Rousseau were read widely. These thinkers argued that everything should be judged
through the application of reason and rationality. They attacked the authority of the
church and the despotic power of the state.
➢ Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions
were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become recognized the need to
question existing ideas and beliefs.
➢ By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and
criticized their morality. Cartoons and caricatures suggested that monarchy remained
absorbed only in pleasures while the common people suffered. Thus, Print did not
directly shape their minds, but it opened up the possibility of thinking differently.

14. Explain the reasons which created a large number of new readers in the nineteenth century.
OR
What did the spread of Print culture in the 19th century mean to Children, Women and
workers?
Ans:
Children:
✓ Primary education became compulsory from the late-nineteenth century and it
made Children an important category of readers.
✓ School textbooks and reading material like folk and fairy tales for children
formed a major part of the publishing industry.
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 ✓ A Children’s press, was set up in France that printed books only for children.
Grimm’s Fairy Tales, a popular collection of German folktales was published in
this period.
Women:
✓ Reading and writing became popular among Women. Penny magazines catered
for women.
✓ Women also showed a huge interest in literature and apart from reading they
also took up writing. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot were some
of the best-known female novelists.
✓ Their writings defined the new woman as a person with strength, personality,
intelligence and determination.
Workers:
✓ In the nineteenth century, Lending libraries in England became instruments for
educating white-collar Workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.
✓ Self-educated working-class people wrote for themselves They wrote political
tracts and autobiographies.
15. “India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print".
Justify.
Ans:
➢ India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic,
Persian and in various Vernacular languages.
➢ Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were
beautifully illustrated. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn
together to ensure preservation.
➢ Manuscripts continued to be produced till the late 19th century.

16. James Augustus Hickey described his paper as “a commercial paper open to all, but
influenced by none. “Explain the statement.
Ans:
➢ From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly
magazine that described itself as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by
none’. It was a private English enterprise that began English printing in India.
➢ Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import
and sale of slaves. But he also published a lot of gossip about the Company’s senior
officials in India.
➢ Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey.
➢ He encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the
flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.
➢ There were Indians who began to publish newspaper. The first one was weekly edition of
Bengal Gazette brought by Gangadhar Bhattacharya.

17. “What did the spread of Print culture mean to the women in 19th century India?
OR
A woman in a Tamil novel expressed that ‘For various reasons, my world is small. More than
half my life’s happiness has come from books.’ Explain the effects of print on women in India
in the light of the above statement.
Ans:
➢ After the mid-19th century when women’s schools were set up in the cities and towns
liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women at home and sent them to
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 schools.
➢ Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared
that educated women would be corrupted.
➢ Sometimes rebel women defied such prohibition. A girl from a conservative Muslim
family of North India who had learnt to read and write Urdu even though her family
wanted her to read only the Arabic Quran which she did not understand.
➢ Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very Orthodox household learnt to read in
the secrecy of her kitchen. Later she wrote her autobiography “Amar Jiban”. It was the
first autobiography published in Bengali.
➢ From 1860, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the
experiences of women about how they were illtreated on the domestic front.
➢ Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable
lives of upper caste Hindu women, especially widows.
➢ In the early 20th Century, journals, written for and sometimes edited by women, became
extremely popular and discussed issues like women’s education, widowhood, widow
remarriage and the national movement.

18. Explain any five effects of spreading of Print culture on poor people in nineteenth century India.
OR
Evaluate the impact of Print technology on the poor people in India.
Ans:
➢ Very cheap small books were brought to markets in Madras towns and sold at
crossroads, allowing poor people travelling to markets to buy them. Public libraries
were set up expanding the access to books.
➢ From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written.
Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about
the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri. In the twentieth century, B.R.
Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as
Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over
India.
➢ Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal to
show the links between caste and class exploitation.
➢ The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of Sudarshan
Chakr, were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan.
➢ By the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves. These
were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking among them,
to bring literacy and, sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.

19. How did the Governor-General William Bentinck react to the petition led by the editors of
English and Vernacular newspapers?
Ans:
➢ Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not concerned with
censorship. But its early measures to control printed matter were directed against
Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated the actions of
particular Company officers.
➢ The Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England
to attack its trade monopoly in India.
➢ By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press
freedom and the Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would

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 celebrate British rule.
➢ In 1835 faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and Vernacular newspapers,
Governor-General William Bentinck agreed to revise Press laws. Thomas Macaulay, a
liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms.

20. Why did the British pass the Vernacular Press Act in 1878?
OR
“Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.” Explain.
Ans:
➢ After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen
demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press as vernacular newspapers became
assertively nationalist
➢ In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It
provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the
vernacular press.
➢ The government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different
provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if
the warning was ignored, the press could be seized and the machinery confiscated.
➢ Attempts to control nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. When Punjab
revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote about them in his
Kesari. This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all
over India.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: SOCIAL SCIENCE Subject: Geography

Chapter 1 Topic: Resources and Development Year:2024-25

Question Bank No:1

Q. 1 What are Resources? Give two examples.

Ans. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is
technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as
Resource. Coal, water, air, minerals, etc. are some examples of resources.
Q. 2. What is the role of human begins in resource development? OR
Resources are the functions of human beings’ Justify the statement. OR
Do you think that resources are the free gifts of nature as is assumed by many? Justify your answer
with any three suitable arguments/examples.
Ans. Resources are not the free gifts of nature.
i) Human beings interact with nature through technology, and create institutions to accelerate
their economic development.
ii) Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.
iii) They transform the material available in our environment into resource, and use them. For
example, river is a natural resource but river become a resource when its water is used for
irrigation or power production.
Q. 3. Discuss the problems which have been caused due to the over utilization of resources. OR
The Indiscriminate use of resources had led to numerous problems.’ Justify this statement. OR
Why is there a need to conserve resources?
Ans.
Resources are vital for human survival. The indiscriminate use of resources led to the following
problems:
i) Depletion of resources: - Overutilization has led to the depletion of the resources for meeting
the greed of few individuals. For example, over utilization of petroleum products has led to a
situation where most of the countries of the world are facing energy crisis.
ii) Concentration of resources in few hands: - This has divided the society into haves and have not
or the rich and the poor.
iii) Global ecological crisis: - Over-utilization of resources has led to the global ecological crisis such
as global warming, depletion or ozone layer, pollution and land degradation.
Q. 4. “Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.” Explain.
Ans.
Sustainable existence is a part of sustainable development, so resource planning is essential for
sustainable existence of all forms of life
i) An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global
peace.
ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of
our planet is in danger.
Q 5. “Development in India does not only involve the availability of resources but also the
technology, quality of human resources and the historical experience of the people.” Justify the
statement.

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 Ans. 1. Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate
technological development and institutional changes.
2. The history of colonization reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attractions for the
foreign invaders.
3. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonizing countries that helped them to
exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies.
Q. 6. Which soil is well known for its capacity of holding moisture? Give reason.
Ans. Black soil. As black soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material.
Q. 7. What is leaching? Name the soils which develop due to leaching.
Ans. Leaching is a process by which the nutrients in the soil are washed away by heavy rains and high
temperature. As a result of high rainfall, lime and silica are leached away Laterite soils develop due to
leaching.
Q. 8. How over irrigation and mining leads to land degradation?
Ans.
i) Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging which leads to increase
in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
ii) The minerals procession like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and
soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the
process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
Q. 9. How is land a natural resource of utmost importance? Explain with four facts.
Ans.
i) . All economic activities are performed on land.
ii). It supports natural vegetation and wildlife.
iii). Most of the minerals are formed in land.
iv). It is used for transport and communication system.
Q.10. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80% of the
total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman Nicobar Islands.
Find out the reasons for the low proportion of net sown area in these states.
Ans. Reasons for the low proportion of net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman Nicobar Islands are as follows:
i) Mostly tribal group lives in this region. Even today they practice shifting cultivation.
ii) These states are covered by dense tropical forests.
iii) These states receive very heavy and a large amount of rainfall.
iv) The topography and soil types are not favourable for the cultivation.
Q. 11. Distinguish between Khaddar and Bhangar.
Ans. Khaddar (New)
i). The Khaddar soils are found in the low areas of the valley bottom of a valley which are flooded every
year.
ii). These soils are finer in texture. Light in colour.
iii). The khaddar soils are more fertile as these are found in the low areas of bottom of a
valley which are flooded almost every year.
Bhangar (Old)
i). The Bhangar soils are found in the higher reaches, about 30 m above the flood level.
ii). These are coarse in texture. (Kankar).Dark in colour.
iii). These soils are not flooded every year.
Q.12. Mention any five characteristics of black soil.
Ans.
i) The black soils are made of extremely fine materials i.e., clayey materials.

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 ii) These soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash and
lime.
iii) These soils are generally poor in phosphoric content
iv) The soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.
v) They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
vi) These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first
shower.
vii) These soils are found in Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh.
Q. 13. Explain the red and yellow soils on the basis of the following:
Ans. I) Where are they developed? – Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of
low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
II) Distribution: Red and Yellow soils are also found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of
the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
III) Why does the red soil appear reddish and yellow in colour? - These soils develop a reddish colour
due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a
hydrated form.
Q. 14. Explain the forest soils on the basis of the following:
I) Areas- Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. These
soils are heterogeneous (diverse) in nature, and their character changes with
mountain environment and altitude.
II) Soil Texture: The soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are
formed. They are loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse grained on the upper slopes.
III) Other Features :-
a) In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low
humus content.
b) The soils found in the lower parts of the valley particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans
are fertile.
Q. 15. Mention any five features of the arid soils.
Ans.
i) The soil range red to brown in colour.
ii) The soils contain considerable amount of soluble salts.
iii) The soils contain low percentage of organic matter due to dry climate and absence of vegetation.
iv) The soil is alkaline in nature as there is not rainfall to wash soluble salts.
v) The soils are infertile but with irrigation and fertilizers, the drought resistant and salt tolerant dry
crops such as barley, wheat, millets etc. are grown.
The lower horizons of the soils are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content
downwards. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.

Q 16. Write important features of laterite soil .

Ans: i) The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
ii)This is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
iii)Humus content is low due to micro-organisms particularly the decomposers ,like bacteria, get
destroyed due to high temperature.
iv)Laterite soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
v) These soils are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. This soil is
useful for growing coffee and cashew nut.
Q17. Which is the most widely spread and important soil of India? State the characteristics of this
type of soil.

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 Ans. Alluvial soil is the most fertile, widely spread and important soil of India.
The main characteristics of this soil type are :-
(i) Alluvial soil is riverine soil, transported and deposited by rivers. So they are also called
transported soil. Alluvial soil forms the Northern Plains. The soil has been deposited by the three great
Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
They are also found in the Eastern Coastal Plains, mainly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari,
the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
(ii) Alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inland towards the
river valleys, soil particles appear bigger in size.
In the upper reaches of the river valley, the soils are coarse. Such soils are more common in piedmont
plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
iii) According to their age alluvial soil can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. Khadar has more fine
particles and is more fertile than the bangar.
(iv) Alluvial is very fertile and regions with alluvial soil are agriculturally most productive and densely
populated.
(v) They mostly contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
vi) This rich soil is ideal for growth of paddy, wheat, sugarcane and other cereals and pulses.
vii) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and
irrigation.
Q.18. Explain the process of soil erosion.
Ans:
i) The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
ii) The processes of soil formation and erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a
balance between the two.
iii) Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, over-grazing,
construction and mining etc., while natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil
erosion.
iv) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
v) The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such
lands are called ravines.
vi) Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is
washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.
vii) Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
viii) Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.
ix) Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water
leading to soil erosion.

Q.19. What major steps can be taken for soil conservation.

Ans.

i) Afforestation: Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent as the
grass binds the soil.
ii) Contour Ploughing: along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This
is called contour ploughing.
iii) Terrace farming: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts
erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming.
iv) Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

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 v) Shelter belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also helps in soil conservation. Rows of such
trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization
of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India.

Q 20. Discuss some of the ways to solve the problem of land degradation.
Ans: There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation.
i) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent as the grass binds
the soil.
ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing,
iii) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are suitable in arid and semi-arid regions.
They help in binding the soil with the roots and also reduce the speed of the wind.
iv) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities.
v) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce
land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
Q 21. Explain the human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India.
Ans. Continuous use of land over a prolonged period of time without taking necessary steps to
conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.
Human activities responsible for land degradation in India are as follows :
(i) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to
mining have caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are dug, drilled or quarried and
abandoned after excavation work is over, leaving the land over-burdened and in a highly
degraded state.
(ii) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for
ceramic industry generate huge quality of mineral dust in the atmosphere
which ultimately settles down on the land. It retards the process of infiltration of water
into the soil, thus, degrading the land.
(iii) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main
reasons for land degradation.
(iv) In Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh over-irrigation is responsible for land
degradation. It leads to water logging which in turn increases salinity and alkalinity in the
soil and reduces its fertility.
(v) Discharge of industrial effluents and wastes cause pollution and land degradation in industrial
regions.
Q 22. How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans: Technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources on account of
various factors:
i) Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to expand their
economic development, as a result they often consume resources more in quantity.
ii) Technological development also leads to economic development. It again results into more
consumption of resources.
iii) In colonial times, imperial powers used their technological and economic superiority to establish
control over other countries thus utilizing more resources.
iv) Technical progress also results in inefficient machinery, increased production, and greater
consumption of resources.
Hence, greater the technical and economic development, the greater the consumption of resources.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: GEOGRAPHY

Chapter-2 Topic: FOREST AND WILD LIFE RESOURCES Year: 2024-25

Question Bank.No.6

Answer the following the questions: -

1 What is ‘Biodiversity’?
Ans. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse
in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of
interdependencies.
2 What are the three types of forests on the basis of the purpose of administration?
1. Reserved forests
2. Protected forests, and
3. Unclassed forests.
3 What is meant by reserved forests?
Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forests and wild
life resources. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.

4 How do the human activities affect the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Human activities like shifting Agriculture, mining, grazing, fuel food collection and construction of
river valley projects like Narmada Sagar Project have led to large scale deforestation and loss of
habitat of animals. For example, the Buxa Tiger reserve in West Bengal is damaged by dolomite
mining.

5 When was “project tiger” launched? List out the salient features of this project.
Project tiger was launched in 1973 for the conservation of tiger population in India. “Project
Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world. Tiger conservation has been
viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as a
means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.
6 What are the steps taken by the government towards the conservation of wildlife?
The steps taken by the government are:
i). Wild life protection act was enacted in 1972.
ii). Setting up of Bioreserves, national parks, wild life sanctuaries.
iii). Use of animal products and hunting of animals is banned by law.
iv). Special programmes like “Project tiger”, “Project rhino” have been taken up to conserve these
species. Three types of crocodiles – fresh water crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the
Asiatic lion, and others.
In the 1960s and 1970s, conservationists demanded a national wildlife protection programmes.
Restricting trade in wildlife.
Under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one
dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species.
In 1991, for the first-time plants were also added to the list.

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 7 What are the causes for the decline of tiger population in India and Nepal?
The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat,
depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the
use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian countries left the tiger
population on the verge of extinction.
8 Write the four major reasons for the depletion of forest cover.
Answer:

1. Deforestation for agricultural purposes.

2. Shifting cultivation which is still practiced in substantial parts of tribal belts.
3. Large-scale development of river valley projects.
4. Mining activities have also resulted in deforestation. For example, the tiger reserve in West
Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining.
5. Environmental pollution and forest fires have also led to depletion of forests.

9 Write five examples of the conservation of biodiversity at community level.

Answer:

1. In ‘Sariska Tiger Reserve’, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the
Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves, are protecting habitats and
explicitly rejecting Government involvement.
2. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar District of Rajasthan have declared 1200
hectares of forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and
regulations, which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any
outside encroachments.
3. The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation
and has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be a great
success.
4. Attempts to revive the traditional conservation methods or developing new methods of
ecological farming are now widespread. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao
Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop
production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
5. In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving
local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. The
programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the
first resolution for joint forest management

10 Explain the ‘Beej Bachao Andolan’ and ‘Navdanya’ concept.

Answer:
Farmers and Citizens’ groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown
that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are
possible and economically viable.

11 What is ‘Biodiversity’? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

Ans. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse
in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of
interdependencies.

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 Biodiversity is important for human lives because-
 The human race cannot exist without biodiversity.
 Biodiversity has to be saved for the long-term benefit and well-being of the Biosphere,
including the human race.
 It provides several items to humans.
 It is essential for the very survival of human beings on this earth.
12 How does deforestation affect the poor households?
Ans.
• Poor lose their source of survival.
• Women have to bear a greater burden and spend more time and energy to collect the
forest products from distant areas.
• Deforestation causes both drought and floods. The poor bear the burden of these.
• This causes serious health problems for women and, hence negligence of home and
children.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: : SOCIAL SCIENCE Subject : Geography

Chapter 3. QB. No :6 Topic: Water Resources Year :2024-25

Important Terms:-
Perennial Canals:- Canals developed by diverting water from rivers that flow throughout the
year.
Drip Irrigation:- A type of irrigation were water gets dropped in the form of drops near the
roots of the plant mainly to conserve the moisture.
Inundation Canal:- Canal meant for diverting flood waters mainly during the rainy season.
Rainwater harvesting:- It is a technique developed to store the rainwater, river water or
groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater, by constructing structures such as percolating
pits, check dams etc. to meet the needs of the population.
Q1 How is fresh water obtained?
Ans. The fresh water is obtained from precipitation, surface run off and ground water that is
continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.
Q2 What is water scarcity? Mention the reasons responsible for water scarcity.
OR
Water is available in abundance in India. Even then scarcity of water is experienced in major
parts of the country. Explain it with examples.
Ans. Water scarcity is shortage of water wherein adequate quantity of water is not available
to meet its requirements in different uses.
Factors/Causes/Reasons responsible -
I.The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the
variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.
II. Over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social
groups.
III. Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and consequent
greater demands for water. A large population means more water to produce more food.
Hence, to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over
exploited to expand irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture. Most farmers have their
own wells and tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their production. But it
may lead to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food
security of the people. Thus, in spite of abundant water there is water scarcity.
IV. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life styles have
not only added to water and energy requirements, but have further aggravated the
problem.
V. Intensive industrialization and urbanization witnessed in post-independence India have
significantly contributed to the exploitation of available freshwater resources. Industries
require huge supply of water for production, cooling of machineries and for power supply
in form of hydroelectricity.
(The above Points are also known as the Quantitative aspects of water scarcity)
Qualitative aspect :- Much of the water may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes,

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 chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus making it hazardous for human
use.

Q3 “Overpopulation or large and growing population can lead to water scarcity.” Explain.
OR
Explain the consequences of growing population on water resources in regions having ample
water resources.
Ans. Many of our cities have ample water resources but are still facing water scarcity.
i) More population means more demand for water.
ii) A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more
food.
iii) To facilitate higher food grain production, water resources are being overexploited to
expand the irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
iv) Overutilization of water results in lowering of the groundwater levels.

Q4 How have the growing population, industrialization and urbanization led to water scarcity?
Explain.
Ans.
i) Growing population:- Growing population is one of the basic factors which is responsible for
the scarcity of water. Most of our cities are facing this problem due to overpopulation. A large
population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food.
ii) Commercialization of agriculture :- After the success of green revolution, our farmers are
producing commercial crops. The commercial crops need more water and other inputs.
Assured means of irrigation like tube wells and wells are responsible for the falling
groundwater levels.
iii) Industrialization :- The post independent India witnessed intensive industrialization and
urbanization. Today, large industrial houses are common in the form of industrial units of many
MNCs. The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure
on the existing freshwater resources.
iv) Urbanization :- Urbanization has also aggravated the problem of water scarcity. Most of our
cities are over-populated. Overpopulation leads to over utilization of the water resources, and
also pollutes the existing resources.
Q5 What is the need of the hour in relation to conserve water resources?
Ans.
a) To manage our water resources.
b) To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
c) To ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods
d) To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem.

Q6 How was the water conserved in ancient India? Give some examples in support of your
answer.
Ans. The water was conserved in ancient India by constructing sophisticated hydraulic
structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for
irrigation.
Some of the hydraulic structures in ancient India were as follows :
I. In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad, had sophisticated water
harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.
II. During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were

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 extensively built.
III. Irrigation works have been found in many places viz., Kalinga (Orissa), Nagarjunakonda
(Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka) and Kolhapur (Maharashtra).
IV. In the 11th century, Bhopal Lake was built. It was one of the largest artificial lakes of its
time.
V. In the 14th century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish. It
supplied water to Siri Fort area.
Q7 How are the dams classified?
Ans. Dams are classified according to:
a) structure and materials used: They are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or
masonry dams.
b) According to the height, dams can be categorized as large dams and major dams or
alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.

Q8 Why are dams referred to as multi-purpose river valley projects?

OR
What are the advantages/objectives of multipurpose river valley projects? Briefly explain
these giving two examples of multi-purpose projects.
Ans. Dams are referred to as multipurpose river valley projects where the many uses of the
impounded water are integrated with one another.
advantages/objectives of multipurpose river valley projects:
Multipurpose river valley projects are meant to tackle various problems associated with river
valleys in an integrated manner.
Following are the objectives of Multi-purpose river valley projects:
a. Flood control.
b. Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
c. Generate electricity
d. Provide inland navigation
e. Encourage tourism and recreation
f. Conservation of water
g. Irrigation
h. fish breeding
examples of multi-purpose projects
a) In Sutlej-Beas river basin, the Bhakra- Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power
production and irrigation.
b) Similarly, Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood
control.

Q9 Who proclaimed dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ and why?

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’ as it would
integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and
the growth of urban economy. Reasons:
a) They eliminate or reduce flooding.
b) Provide water for agriculture.
c) Provide water for domestic and industrial consumption.
d) Provide hydroelectricity for houses and industries.

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Q 10 Cite reasons why multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and
opposition.
OR
Give examples to describe how multi-purpose projects have faced objections as they failed to
achieve the objectives for which they were built.
Ans. a) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow
and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
b) This results in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers aquatic life.
c) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate especially for
spawning.
d) The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and
soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
e) Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting
to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like
salinisation of the soil.
f) Also responsible for inter-state water disputes. For example :- Krishna-Godavari
dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments
regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for a
multipurpose project.
g) The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods in the reservoir. The
big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at time of excessive rainfall.
h) The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.
i) Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of the silt, a natural fertilizer,
further adding to the problem of land degradation.
j) These projects also induced earthquakes, water-borne diseases, and pests and pollution
resulting from excessive use of water.

Q 11 Why has there been resistance to the construction of multipurpose river valley projects and
large dams by the local people?
Ans. i) Resistance has been due to large scale displacement of local communities.
ii)Local people often had to give up their lands, livelihood and their minimum access and control
over resources for the greater good of the nation.

Q 12 What is Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana? What does it focus on?
Ans. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana: Some of the broad objectives of this
programme are:-
a) To enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under
assured irrigation (har khet ko pani).
b) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage.
c) Also to increase availability of water, both in duration and extent.
d) Irrigation and other water saving technologies (per drop more crop) and introduce
sustainable water conservation practices, etc.
Q 13 Even though irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting
to water intensive and commercial crops, it has great ecological consequences.” Justify giving
two consequences.
Ans. a) salinisation of soil.
b) It has transformed the social landscape-increased the social gap between the richer

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 landowners and the landless poor.
Q 14 With regard to which issue are the inter-state water disputes becoming common?
Ans. With regard to the sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project. The Krishna-
Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh Governments.
It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for a
multipurpose project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse
consequences for agriculture and industry.
Q 15 What are ‘Khadins’ and ‘Johads’?
Ans. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage
structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the Khadins in Jaisalmer and
the Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.

Q 16 Explain the working of underground tanks as a part of roof top rainwater harvesting system
practised in Rajasthan. OR
How were the underground tanks beneficial to the people of Rajasthan? Explain. OR
Describe how rainwater harvesting is carried out in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.
a) In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan almost all the houses traditionally had
underground tanks for storing drinking water. (Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer)
b) They are extremely reliable source of drinking water when other sources are dried up. This
is considered the purest form of natural water.
c) The tanks can be as large as big rooms.
d) The tanks were part of the well- developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
e) The tanks were built inside the main house or the courtyard giving cooling effect to the
rooms in the summer.
f) Those tanks were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
g) Rain falling on these rooftops would travel down the pipe and stored in these underground
tanks.
h) Usually first rain water is not collected to clean the rooftop and the pipe.

Q 17 Describe any three traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of
India. OR
Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India. OR
“Rainwater harvesting system is viable alternative both socially, economically and
environmentally”. Support the statement with three examples.
Ans :
a) In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ in
Western Himalaya for agriculture.
b) Roof-top rainwater harvesting was commonly practiced to store drinking water particularly
in Rajasthan.
c) In West Bengal, people develop inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
d) In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are converted into rainfed storage structures that
allowed the water to stand and moist the soil.

Q 18 Why is groundwater a highly overused resource?

Ans :

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 Groundwater is a highly overused resource because of the following reasons:
a) Due to large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and
unequal access to it.
b) To facilitate higher food grain production for large population, water resources are being
over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
c) In the housing societies or colonies in the cities, there is an arrangement of own ground
water pumping devices to meet water needs.
Q 19 What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation? Mention any two features of it.
Ans : Bamboo Drip Irrigation system is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring
water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through
gravity.
Features: a) 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, get transported over hundreds
of meters and finally reduces to 20-80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
b) The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.

Q 20 Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water
scarcity? Explain with the help of three relevant examples. [Board Question]
Ans. Yes, it is possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but still faces
water scarcity. Most of our cities are facing this problem.
1. In most of our cities, there is no shortage of water but the water is unfit for consumption.
2. Most of our cities are on the banks of rivers, but rivers have been turned into toxic streams.
3. The growing population, industries and vehicles have made matters worse by exerting
pressure on existing freshwater resources.

Q21 Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being
carried out to conserve and store water.
Ans.
a. Rooftop rainwater is collected through a pipe into the underground tanks. Rooftop rainwater
harvesting is practiced in Shillong and Meghalaya where nearly 15 to 25 percent of actual water
requirement is met from rooftop water harvesting.
b. In Many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is successfully adopted
to conserve and store water.
c. In Gendathur, a village in Karnataka and nearly 200 households have installed this system.
d. In Meghalaya, Bamboo drip is practiced to transport stream and spring water by using
bamboo pipes.
e. Several low-cost techniques are now available to recharge groundwater and harvest the
rainwater like, construction of proclamation ponds, refilling of dug wells and collection of
rainwater and storing it in tanks or underground.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR

Class: X Department: Social Science Subject : Geography

Chapter 4 Topic: Agriculture Year :2024-25

Question Bank:2

1 Define the term ‘agriculture’

Ans. The practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and
the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, silk and other products.
2 What is meant by leguminous plants?
Ans. Leguminous plants are those plants that help to restore the fertility of the soil as their
small nodes absorb nitrogen from the air and fix it into the soil. These are mostly grown in
rotation with other crops.
3 What is sericulture?
Ans. The rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is called sericulture.
4 What is horticulture?
Ans. Intensive cultivation of fruits, flowers and vegetables for the commercial purpose is
known as horticulture.
5 Which fiber crop is called as the ‘golden fiber’ of India? What is its importance?
Ans. Jute is called the golden fiber of India and it is used to make gunny bags, mats, ropes and
yarns.
6 Which variety of coffee is mainly grown in India?
Ans. Arabica coffee is mainly grown in India.
7 Name the major fiber crops produced in India.
Ans. Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the 4 major fiber crops in India. The first 3 are
derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms
fed on green leaves especially mulberry.
8 Name the cereal crop of India which is used both as a food and fodder.
Ans. Maize is the cereal crop of India which is used both as a food and fodder.
9 Name the crop in which India is the largest producer and consumer.
Ans. India is the largest producer and consumer of the pulses in the world.
10 Mention the factors which influence the change in the methods of cultivation. OR
Why the farming methods vary from subsistence to commercial in India?
Ans. Indian Agriculture is an age-old economic activity. Farming in India varies from subsistence
to commercial type. The cultivation methods vary from place to place due to:
• The variation in the characteristics of physical environment,
• Technological know-how and
• Socio-cultural practices.

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 11 State the characteristics of Primitive Subsistence Farming. OR
What do you mean by slash and burn or shifting agriculture?
Ans. In this type of farming farmers grow crops for self-consumption. This type of farming is
still practiced in few pockets of India.
• It is practiced on small patches of land.
• Farmers use primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
• Only family/community labour is used for farming.
• This type of farming depends upon natural conditions such as monsoon, natural fertility of
the soil and suitable conditions for the crops.
• It is also known as slash and burn’ agriculture.
• Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or
other modern inputs.
12 Mention different names by which the ‘Primitive form’ of farming is known in India. Name
the states where this type of farming is practiced in India.
Ans. It is known by different names in India.
Jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland;
Pamlou in Manipur; Dipa in Bastar district of Chattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
13 State the characteristics of Intensive Subsistence Farming. Name any two states of India
where such farming is practiced?
Ans.
• This type of farming is practiced in areas of high density of population where pressure of
population is high on agricultural land.
• It is labour-intensive farming.
• High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
• Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land.
• The farmers take maximum output from the limited land.
• Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure
on agricultural land.
Areas: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.
14 State the characteristics of Commercial Farming.
Ans. Commercial farming has following characteristics:
• Farmer use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
• Farmer obtain higher productivity from land due to high doses of inputs.
• The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For
example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is a subsistence
crop.
• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming.
15 State the characteristics of Plantation Farming.
Ans.
• Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is
grown on a large area.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Covers large tracts of land.
• Uses capital intensive inputs such as modern machinery with the help of migrant labourers.
• The production is mainly for market and all the produce is used as raw material in

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 respective industries.
• It requires well-developed network of transport and communication to connect the
plantation areas, processing industries and markets together.
• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are important plantation crops.
16 State the geographical conditions required for wheat.
Ans.
Temperature — It requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
Rainfall — 50 to 75 cm annual rainfall
Soil — Alluvial soil/Black soil of Deccan
There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the
north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
States —Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan
17 What are millets? Give brief description of the climatic conditions and producing states of the
millets grown in India.
Ans.
Millets are coarse grains but have high nutritional value e.g. ragi-rich in iron, calcium other
micro nutrients and roughage.
• Jowar-It is the third most important food crop in respect to area and production. Rain fed
crop mostly grown in moist area. States producing- Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Bajra-grown well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. States producing- Rajasthan, UP,
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
• Ragi-grown well in dry region on red, black, sandy and loamy soils. States producing-
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal
Pradesh.
18 What geographical conditions are required for the cultivation of sugarcane? Name two
largest producing states of sugarcane.
Ans.
India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil. It is the main source of
sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.
Geographical requirement for sugarcane: -
(a) Climate: - It is a tropical crop as well as subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid
climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C.
(b) Rainfall: - Annual rainfall should be between 75 cm and 100 cm, irrigation needed where
low rainfall takes place.
(c) Soil: - It is grown on variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
(d) Major states: - Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
19 Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea. Mention the two
major tea producing states of India. OR
Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the
geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important states where it is
grown.
Ans.
• India is the second largest producer of tea after China. (2018)
• Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture.
• It is also an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British. Today,
most of the tea plantations are owned by Indians.

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 • Tea is a labour-intensive industry. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. Tea is
processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
• Tea grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
o Soil type: Deep and fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matters.
o Climate: Warm and moist, frost-free climate throughout the year.
o Rainfall: Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of
tender leaves.
Major states: Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala.
Other States: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura.
20 Give an account of coffee plantation in India.
Ans.
• Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
• The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. This variety is
in great demand all over the world.
• Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation
is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
21 Explain rubber cultivation in India under the following heads.
(a) Importance (b) Geographical conditions (c) Any two rubber producing states
Ans.
(a) Rubber is an important industrial raw material. Tyres, tubes of vehicles and other rubber
products are made from natural rubber.
(b) It is an equatorial crop but grown under special conditions. It is also grown in tropical and
sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm
and temperature above 25°C.
(c) Rubber is mainly grown in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar islands
and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
22 Which are the important fiber crops of India? Mention the major producing areas of cotton
crop. Write about the geographical conditions required for the growth of this important fiber
crop.
Ans.
Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the major fibre crops of India.
India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. Cotton is one of the main raw
materials for cotton textile industry. In 2017, India was second largest producer of cotton after
China.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton, are as follows:
• Cotton is a kharif crop and requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost
free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black soil area of the Deccan plateau.
• The major cotton-producing states of India are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
23 Describe the geographical conditions for growth of jute. Name the major areas of its
production. What kind of products are made from Jute?
Ans.
• Jute is the second most important fibre crop of India and known as the golden fibre.
• It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the floodplains which are renewed every year.
• High temperature during the time of growth and sufficient availability of water has

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 favoured jute cultivation.
• West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.

• It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its
high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
24 Explain the features of comprehensive land development programme initiated during
1980sand 1990s. OR
Explain the technological and institutional reforms introduced by the government to improve
the agricultural production in India. OR
Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural
production.
Ans.
In the 1980’s and 1990’s a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which
included both institutional and technical reforms.
• Land reforms: collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of
zamindari.
• Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.
• Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,
cyclone etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and T.V.
• Improving Rural infrastructure i.e. roads, markets and storage facilities.
• Minimum support price – the government also announces minimum support price,
remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation.
OTHER SCHEMES – kissan credit card, personal accident insurance scheme are some other
schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of farmers
25 What is Bhoodan – Gramdan movement and Blood less Revolution in the field of agriculture?
Ans.
• Vinobha Bhave introduced voluntary redistribution of farm-lands to poor landless farmers
for their economic well-being. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.
• This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is also known as the Blood-
less Revolution.
• Some poor villagers demanded land for their economic well-being during Vinobha Bhave’s
lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh. Amidst this Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up
and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed amongst 80 landless villagers. This act was
known as 'Bhoodan'.
• This idea was widely introduced all over the country and some zamindars, owners of many
villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: Geography

Chapter-5 Topic: Minerals and Energy Resources Year: 2024-25

Question Bank: No.3

1 What is a ‘Mineral’?
Ans. Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure”. E.g. Quartz, Mica, Feldspar etc.
2 What is an ‘ore’?
Ans. Ore is a mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically. E.g. Magnetite (Iron), Pyrite
(Copper), Bauxite (Aluminium)
3 What are ‘rocks’?
Ans. Rocks are the combinations of homogenous substances called minerals. Some rocks, for instance
limestone, consist of a single mineral only, but majority of the rock consist of several minerals in
varying proportions.
4 What are ‘Placer deposits’?
Ans. Alluvial deposits with some minerals in the valley floors and the base of hills are called Placer
deposits. E.g. Gold, Silver, Platinum etc.

5 How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The
smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. Major metallic minerals like tin,
copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
6 Describe the four major Iron ore belts of India.
(i) Odisha-Jharkhand Belt:-
In Odisha, high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and
Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singhbhum district of Jharkhand; hematite iron ore is mined
in Goa and Noamundi.
(ii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur:-
It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high-grade hematite is found in the famous Bailadila
range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It has the best physical properties needed for
steel making; iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan, South Korea via the
Vishakhapatnam port.
(iii) Bellary-Chikmaglur-Chitradurga:-
Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the
western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudermukh deposits are known to be
one of the largest in the world.
(iv) Maharashtra - Goa belt:-
It includes the state of Goa, and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though the ores are not of
very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through the Marmagao
port.

7 State two main uses of Copper. Also, mention four major Copper producing districts in India?
Ans: (i) Uses – It is used for making electric wires, utensils and alloys.

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 (ii) Major Copper producing districts/states – Khetri in Rajasthan, Nellore in Andhra Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
8 State the uses of limestone and largest producer state of lime stone?
Ans: About 75% of limestone is used in the cement industry, rest is used for smelting of iron and in
chemical industries.
Leading producer of limestone is Madhya Pradesh.
9 Describe the distribution of coal in India?
Ans: (i) Anthracite is found in Jammu and Kashmir
(ii) Bituminous is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
(iii) Lignite is found in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.

10 “Hydel power is more important source of energy than thermal power” Discuss this fact with
three examples?
Ans: Hydel power is a renewable source as it is produced from flowing or falling water. On the other
hand, thermal power is produced from coal, petroleum or natural gas which are non-renewable and
causing pollution. Hydel power is neat and clean and pollution free with less maintenance cost.
11 Coal is an important source of energy even today? Give reasons.
Ans: (i) It is most important for the Iron and Steel Industry.
(ii) Major raw materials for chemical industries.
(iii) Over two-third of the coal in India is used to produce electricity in thermal power plant.

12 What is the importance of natural gas as a source of fuel?

Ans: (i) domestic as well as industrial raw material (ii) can be easily transported through pipelines
(iii) setting up of fertilizer plant and power plants on its way (iv) clean source of energy (v)
Environment friendly because of low carbon emission.

13 In recent years, use of which fuel is gaining popularity for transport vehicles? Why?
Ans. In recent years, use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for transport vehicles is gaining
popularity. It is replacing liquid fuels like petrol and diesel. The use of CNG is encouraged to control
pollution, protect the environment and the conservation of petroleum which is exhausting rapidly.

14
Differentiate between conventional sources of energy and Non-conventional sources of energy?
Conventional sources of energy. Non-conventional sources of energy.

1. These have been used for some time. 1. These have been recently developed.
2. These are expensive in the long run. 2. These are cheaper in the long run.
3. These are used extensively. 3. These are used locally.
4. E.g. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and 4. E.g. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal,
hydroelectricity. atomic energy and Biogas.
15 Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Ans:(i) India lies in the tropical zone and thus has enough scope for the production and utilization of
solar energy.

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 (ii) The non-conventional sources are in plenty, renewable, eco-friendly and pollution free.
(iii) Becoming popular in every parts of the country and can be used for cooking, lighting, pumping,
heating water and cooling.

16 What are non-conventional sources of energy? Why do the non-conventional sources of energy
have a bright future?
Ans: Non-conventional sources are: Sun, Wind, Geo thermal and Tidal.
They have a bright future because;
(i)They are abundantly found (ii) renewable (iii) pollution free (iv) eco-friendly (v) cheaper.

17 How will you use and conserve energy efficiently?

Ans: To conserve energy we should: -
(i) use public transport system as far as possible.
(ii) Switch off electricity if not required.
(iii) use power saving devices.
(iv) regularly check our power equipments.
(v) emphasise on greater use of nonconventional sources of energy.

18 Why is it important to conserve Energy resources?

• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
• Every sector of the national economy – Agriculture, Industry, Transport, Commercial and
Domestic needs – needs inputs of energy.
• Consumption of energy has been steadily rising all over the country.
• India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world.

IMPORTANT MAPS FROM CHAPTER-5 (MINERALS)

Map No: 1, INDIA - MINERALS – (Identification only) (Page: 54)

Iron ore – Kudermukh, Bellary, Bailadila, Durg, and Mayurbhanj
Map No: 2, INDIA – ENERGY RESOURCES, HVJ PIPE LINE – (Page: 59)
(Identification only)
Coal mines - Neyveli, Talcher, Bokaro and Raniganj
Oil fields- Naharkatia, Mumbai high, Digboi, Bassien, Ankaleshwar
and Kalol
Map No: 3, INDIA POWERPLANTS – (Locating and labelling), (Page: 61)
Nuclear- Kalpakkam, Tarapur, Kakrapara, and Narora.
Thermal- Ramagundam, Singrauli, and Namrup.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: SOCIAL SCIENCE Subject: Geography

Chapter 6 Topic: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Year:2024-25

Question Bank No: 4

Q1 What is manufacturing?
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from
sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.
Q2 Explain three physical factors for the localization of an industry in a particular area.
Ans
i) Raw materials: The location of industrial enterprises is sometimes determined simply by
location of the raw materials. For example-The jute mills in West Bengal are concentrated close
to the sources of raw materials. Iron and steel industries are concentrated around Chotta
Nagpur plateau.
ii) Power: Regular supply of power is a perquisite for the localization of industries. Most of the
industries tend to concentrate at the source of power.
iii) Climate: Climate plays an important role in the establishment of industries at a place.
Cotton textile industry requires a humid climate consequently majority of cotton textile mills
are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Q3 Explain any three human factors for the localization of an industry in a particular area.
Ans.
i) Capital: Big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, etc are big industrial centres, because
the big capitalists live in these cities.
ii) Government Policies: The government activity in planning the future distribution of
industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water, and for
avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has also become an important localization factor.
iii) Market: The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the
market. Nearness to the market is essential for the quick disposal of manufactured goods. It
helps in reducing the transport.
Q4 Distinguish between the large scale and the small-scale industries.
Ans.
Large scale industries
i) Those industries where investment of capital is more than Rupees one crore are called as
large- scale industries.
ii) The quantity of finished goods, raw materials and capital investment are very large.
iii) Skilled labour and large- scale machinery is used in these industries.
iv) For example: Iron and steel, cotton textile, cement, petrochemicals etc.
Small scale industries
i) Those industries where investment of capital is less than Rupees one crore are called as
small- scale industries.
ii) These industries manufacture small goods. No huge quantity of raw material and capital is
required.
iii) Labour and small machinery is used in these industries.
iv) For example: Toy industry, soap making, radio industry etc.

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 Q5 Distinguish between the Light industry and the Heavy Industry/ Based on the bulk and weight
of raw material and finished goods.
Ans.
i) Heavy Industries: Industries using heavy and bulky raw materials and whose products are
also heavy and heavy and bulky and that involve high cost of transport come under this
category. E.g. iron and steel industry, sugar industry and cement industry.
ii) Light industries: Industries whose raw material as well as finished products are light and
which can also employ female labour come under this category. For example: watch making,
pen making, sewing machine making, radio and television.
Q6 “The cotton textile industry has the largest concentration in and around Mumbai
(Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat).” Give reasons.
Ans.
i) Availability of raw materials: There is large scale production of cotton in this region. Hence,
there is regular supply of raw materials.
ii) Favourable climate: This region has favourable climate which ensures the production of
cotton and moist climate facilitates spinning.
iii) Export facility: Mumbai is the major seaport of India. Through it good quality cotton,
machines and raw materials are easily imported and finished products can be easily exported.
iv) Availability of capital: A large amount of capital is also required for the establishment of
textile industry which is available from Parsi and Bhatia traders.
v) Labour: Cheap and skilled labour is available in this region.
vi) Transport facility
vii) Market for the finished goods
Q7 Explain any three factors which are responsible for decentralisation of cotton industry
weaving in India.
Ans.
i) Cater to the needs of large domestic markets.
ii) To provide scope of incorporating traditional skills and design, weaving in Cotton, silk, zari
and embroidery etc.
iii) It provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes.
Q8 Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Ans.
Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi because of the following
reasons:
i)He wanted Indians to boycott British made goods, and wear only clothes made by Indians.
ii) To give employment to a large number of people who were unemployed.
iii) He also believed that weaving and spinning would promote small scale industries in every
home as cottage industries.
Q9 Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than the power
loom and handloom?
Ans. i) Power loom and handloom provide good employment opportunity to local people.
Whereas, mills are large units thus, resulting in low employment growth.
ii) To encourage local artisans all over India.
iii) The power loom and handloom will help to reduce the migration of villagers to the
cities.
Q10 Why are more than 60% of the sugar factories located in the sugar belt comprising of Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar?
Ans.
i) The Ganga plain has fertile soil and heavy rainfall suitable for sugarcane cultivation.

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 ii) Cheap labour is easily and regularly available from these densely populated states of Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar.
Q11 Which factors are responsible for shifting of sugar mills to southern and western states? OR
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and
western states especially in Maharashtra?
Ans.
In recent years, there is a tendency among the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the
southern and western states, especially Maharashtra because:
i) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content and yields greater quantity of sugar.
ii) The cooler climate here ensures longer crushing season as it prevents drying of cane (about 7
to 8 months)
iii) Cooperatives are more successful in these states.
iv) The tropical climate of Peninsular India results in higher yield per unit hectare of land.
v) Though Uttar Pradesh has more sugar mills than Maharashtra yet Maharashtra’s sugar mills
are larger in size & capacity.
Q12 Why is the iron and steel industry called as basic and heavy industry?
Ans.
The iron and Steel industry is called a basic and heavy industry because:
i) It is this industry which lays the foundation of a rapid development of other industries such as
the heavy engineering, defence equipment, automobiles, aeroplane, shipbuilding, locomotives,
etc.
ii) It produces tools and equipment which in turn are basic for any manufacturing process.
iii) It is also helpful in providing employment to many.
iv) It also helps in the development of agriculture.
v) It is a heavy industry because all the raw materials and finished products are heavy and
bulky.
Q13 Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is concentrated around the Chhota
Nagpur plateau region. OR
Why does the north eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau region has the maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries?
Ans
i) The ChhotaNagpur plateau is famous for iron ores and it is available at low cost. The states of
Bihar, Bengal and Jharkhand provide the raw materials like coal, manganese and limestone.
ii) Because of more population in this region, cheap labour is also available.
iii) The Damodar Valley Corporation provides power to these plants.
iv) The export and import facility is provided by Kolkata port.
v) The vast growth potential in the home market is an additional advantage. Local market
for the finished goods are provided by other industries using steel as raw material. Good
linkage of roads and railways helps in distribution of finished products all over the country.
Q14 What are the prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries? Where are the
main aluminium smelting plants of the country located? OR
Present a brief profile of aluminium smelting industry in India.
Ans.
The prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries are as follows:
i) Availability of the raw material, bauxite at minimum cost as it is a bulky material, 4
to 6 tonnes of bauxite is required to manufacture 1 tonne of aluminium.
ii) Regular supply of power is another important factor for location of the industry.
Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, are the
states where aluminium smelting plants are located.

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 Q15 The chemical industry is its own largest consumer, why?
Ans.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer because the finished product of a chemical
industry is largely used as a raw material for other chemical industries-
For example:- a factory is producing hydrochloric acid and this acid may be used in
pharmaceutical industry one way or the other.
Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for
industrial application (plastic, synthetic rubber), agriculture (fertilizers, pesticides) or directly
for consumer markets (baking soda).
Q16 Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?
Ans.
The ideal location for cement manufacturing units are:
i) They should be near the sources of raw materials as this industry requires heavy and
bulky raw material like limestone, silica, gypsum and clay.
ii) Coal and electric power should be available.
iii) Availability of rail transportation.
Q17 How does the industrial pollution degrade the environment? Explain with three examples.
Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries are air pollution, water pollution and
Noise pollution.
i) Air pollution through spewing of smoke from industry pollute the air with sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
ii) Industrial wastes and effluents discharged through industries into rivers and ponds cause
water pollution.
iii) Industrial and construction activities generate noise pollution.
Q18 How do industries pollute air? Explain with examples.
Ans.
Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It adversely affects the environment and
degrades it.
i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust sprays, mist and smoke in the atmosphere due to
emission from industrial units.
ii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants
and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. These cause
respiratory diseases among the people working or living in such areas.
iii) For example- Toxic gas leaks as during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy can be hazardous with long-
term ill effects.
Q19 How does the industry create water pollution? Explain by giving four points.
Suggest few measures to control water pollution.
Ans.
i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste discharged into rivers.
ii) Industries discharge dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury,
pesticides, fertilizers, etc. into the water bodies.
iii) Industries also let out solid wastes like fly ash, iron and steel slag, gypsum etc. into water.
iv) Overdrawing of groundwater resources by industries also lead to water pollution.
Suggestions to control water pollution:
i) Water should be reused and recycled to maximize its usage.
ii) Rainwater should be harvested to meet water requirements.
iii) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing in river and ponds.
iv) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water

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 resources also need to be regulated legally.
Q20 How does the thermal pollution of water occur?
Ans. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
Q21 What are the effects of waste from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production
facilities?
Ans. They cause: a) Cancer b) Birth defects c) Miscarriages
Q22 What renders the soil useless? How does the groundwater get contaminated?
Ans. a) The following renders the soil useless:
1. Dumping of wastes specially glass
2. Harmful chemicals 3.Industrial effluents 4. Packaging 5. Salts 6. Garbage
b) Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the groundwater
also gets contaminated.
Q23 Briefly describe any five measures of controlling industrial pollution.
OR
Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries.
Ans.
i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
iii) Treatment of hot water and affluent before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
iv) Air pollution can be reduced by reduction of particulate matter, aerosol emission in the air
by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and
inertial separators.
v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in factories.
vi) Machinery and equipment and generators can be fitted with silencers.
vii) Machinery can be redesigned to make them energy efficient and to reduce noise.
viii) Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
ix) Shifting of industries away from cities.
Q24 Suggest some measures to reduce noise pollution.
Ans. Suggestions
i) Machinery and equipment can be reduced and generators should be fitted with silencers.
ii) All machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
iii) Noise absorbing material may be used
iv) Personal use of ear plugs and ear phones.
Q25 Contributions of NTPC in accordance with Sustainable Development.
Ans:
i) Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing
equipment.
ii) Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special
purpose vehicles for afforestation.
iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABR
CLASS: X DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL SCIENCE SUB: CIVICS

CHAPTER: 1 TOPIC: POWER SHARING YEAR: 2024 -25

QB. NO: 1

1. “The ethnic composition in Belgium is very complex. “Explain.

Ans:
➢ Belgium is a small country in Europe, having a population of a little over one crore.
➢ 59 percent of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch
language.
➢ Another 40 percent people live in Wallonia region and speaks French.
➢ Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German.
➢ Whereas in the capital city of Brussels, 80 percent of the population is French-speaking
and 20 percent is Dutch-speaking.

2. What led to the tensions between the Dutch speaking and the French speaking communities
in Belgium during 1950s and 1960s?
Ans:
➢ The primary cause which led to the tension between the Dutch-speaking people was
that,the minority French speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
➢ This was resented by the Dutch speaking community who got the benefit of economic
development and education much later.
➢ The conflict between the two communities was more acute in the capital city Brussels.
Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority
in the country, but minority in the capital.

3. “Between 1970 and 1993 the Belgians amended their constitution four times” Give reasons

OR
“The arrangements worked out by the Belgians was very innovative” Do you agree? Justify.
Ans:
➢ Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be
equal in the Central Government.
➢ Some Special laws require the support of majority members from each linguistic group.
➢ No single community can take decisions unilaterally.
➢ Many powers of the central government have been given to the state governments. The
State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
➢ Brussels, the capital, has a separate government where both the communities have equal
representation.
➢ Apart from the central and the state government, there is a third kind of third kind of government
called ‘Community Government’, is elected by people belonging to one language community —
Dutch, French and German speaking —no matter where they live. This government has
the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

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4 Describe the ethnic composition in Sri Lanka.
Ans:
➢ In Sri Lanka the major social group are the Sinhala speakers (74%) and the Tamil -
speakers (18%).
➢ Among Tamils there are two sub groups. Tamil natives of the country are call Sri-Lankan
Tamils (13%). The rest are called Indian-Tamils who are originally from India.
➢ Most of the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus
or Muslims.
➢ There are about 7% Christians who are both Tamils and Sinhala.

5. What is Majoritarianism? Mention the measures adopted by the government to establish

Sinhala supremacy.

Ans:
A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it
wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is called Majoritarianism.
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government
adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy:
➢ In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the official language.
➢ The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for
University positions and government jobs.
➢ A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

6. “How do the majoritarian measures of the Sri Lankan government increase the feeling of
alienation among the Tamils.”?

Ans:
➢ The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist
Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.
➢ They felt that the constitution and the government policies denied them equal political
rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities.
➢ As a result, there was a feeling of alienation among the Tamils that create a distrust between
the two communities which resulted in the Civil war.

7. “power sharing desirable in democracy” Give reasons?

Ans:
There are two different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing. They are:
Prudential Reasons:
➢ Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social groups.
➢ Social conflicts can turn into violence and thereby resulting in political instability, so
power sharing is a good way to ensure political stability.
➢ Power sharing is very important for the promotion of national unity.
Moral Reasons:
➢ Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy
➢ People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
➢ Power sharing is desirable to produce a responsible and legitimate government.

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8. Explain how power can be shared among different organs of the government?
OR
What is the Horizontal form of power sharing?
OR
“The arrangement of sharing power among different organs of the government is called a
system of checks and balances”. Explain.

Ans:
➢ Power shared among different Organs of government such as the Legislature, the
Executive and the Judiciary. This is called horizontal distribution of power because it
allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different
powers.
➢ Such a separation of powers ensures that none of the organs gets unlimited power. Each
organ checks the others. This ensures a balance of power among the organs. That is why
this arrangement is also called a system of checks and balances.

9. Explain the Vertical or Federal form of power sharing.

OR
How power can be shared among governments at different levels?
Ans:
➢ Power can be shared among governments at different levels like; a general government
for the entire country and governments at the regional or state.
➢ In India such a general government is called Central or Union government and the
governments at regional level as State government.
➢ The same principle can be extended to levels government lower than the State
government such as the municipality and panchayat. The constitution clearly lays down
the powers of different levels of government. This is called federal division of power.
➢ Division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government is also called Vertical
division of power”.

10. Explain how power can be shared with different social groups with examples.

Ans:
➢ Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and
linguistic groups. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and
administration to diverse social groups who otherwise feel alienated from the
government.
➢ ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
➢ In India, there are the system of ‘reserved constituencies’ for the socially weaker section and
women in assemblies and the parliament.
➢ Reserved Constituencies are there for the minority communities to ensure their
participation in Government.
11. How powers are shared among political parties and pressure groups?

Ans:
➢ In democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for
power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different
parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

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 ➢ In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represent different
ideologies and social groups.
➢ Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct like two or more parties to form alliance to
contest in elections or to form a coalition government.
➢ In a democracy there are groups such as those of traders, businessmen, farmers etc. who
also have a share in the governmental power, either through participation in
governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision-making process.

12. What are the Major Forms of Power Sharing?

OR
“In modern democracies Power sharing arrangements can take various forms”. Explain.
Ans:
Refer. Text Book Page. No. 8 -9

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: CIVICS

Chapter-2 Topic: FEDERALISM Year: 2024-25

Q.B No :2

1 Define ‘Federalism’.
Ans:
• Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent units of the country.
2 Distinguish between Unitary and Federal form of government?
Ans:
Unitary Government
• Either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the
Central government
• The Central government can pass orders to the sub-units.
• Example: United Kingdom, France, Japan.
Federal Government
• Usually there are two levels of government-one at the Central level and the other at the
State level. Both governments enjoy their power independent of the other.
• The Central government cannot pass orders to the State government and it has powers of
its own for which it is not answerable to the Central government.
• Example: United States, India, Australia
3 Explain the key features of Federalism.
Ans:
• There are two or more levels of government.
• Different tiers of the government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own
jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
• The Jurisdictions of the respective levels of the government are specified in the
Constitution.
• The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one
level of the government and such changes require the consent of both the levels of
government.
• The Supreme court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of
government in the exercise of their respective powers.
• Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified in the Constitution to
ensure its financial autonomy.
• Dual objectives of Federal system are:
a) To safeguard and promote the unity of the country
b) Accommodate regional diversity

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 4 “There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed". Which are they?
OR
“The exact balance of power between the Central and the State government varies from one
federation to another”. Explain
Ans:
There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed. They are:
Coming Together Federation
• This route involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger
unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they can increase their security.
• All the constituent states have equal power and are strong.
• Example: USA, Switzerland and Australia.
Holding Together Federation
• In this route a large country divides its power between the constituent States and the
Central government.
• Central government is more powerful in relation to the states
• Constituent units of the federation have unequal powers and sometimes some units are
granted with special powers
• Example: India, Spain and Belgium
5 Explain the distribution of legislative powers between the Union government and the State
governments in India.
OR
“The Constitution provides a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union
government and the State governments”. Explain
OR
Explain List System
Ans:
The Indian Union is based on the principle of “Holding together Federation”
Three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union government and the State
governments are as follows:
Union List
It includes subjects of national importance which needs a uniform policy throughout the country.
It has 97 subjects and only the Union Government can make laws relating to these subjects.
Defence, Foreign affairs, Railways, Banking etc. are important Union List subjects
State List
It includes subjects of state and local importance such as Police, Trade and Commerce, Agriculture
and Irrigation. I t has 66 subjects and the State legislature alone can make laws on these subjects
Concurrent List
It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union government as well as the State
government such as Education, Forest, Marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as
well as the State governments can make laws on these subjects. But in case of a conflict between
the Central and the State laws, Central laws only prevails.
Residuary Subjects
Apart from the above-mentioned subjects there are many new subjects like computer technology,
hardware, software etc. which came up after the Constitution was made. According to our
Constitution, the Union Government has the power to make laws on these ‘Residuary Subjects’.
6 “All the States in the Indian Union do not have identical powers”. Justify
Ans:
• All the States in the Indian Union do not have identical powers

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 • Some States such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram enjoy special
powers under certain provisions of the Constitution of India (Article 371) due to their
peculiar social and historical circumstances.
• These special powers are given in relation to the protection of land rights of indigenous
peoples, their culture and also preferential employment in government services. Indians
who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house here.
7 What are called Union Territories?
Ans:
• There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power. These are areas
which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with
any of the existing States.
• Areas like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, the capital city of Delhi etc. are called the Union
Territories. These territories do not have the powers of a State.
• The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.
8 “The creation of linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our
country”. Justify the statement
Ans:
• In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new
States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the
same State.
• Some States like Uttarakhand, Nagaland and Jharkhand were created not on language
basis but on the basis of Culture, Geography or Ethnicity.
• The Central government resisted linguistic states for some time because some national
leaders feared that it would lead to disintegration of the country.
• But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the
country more united and also made administration easier.
9 Examine the language policy of India as an important aspect of our Constitution
OR
“The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country to avoid the kind of
situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in” Justify.
Ans:
• Our Constitution did not provide the status of National language to any one language.
Hindi was identified as the official language and to protect other languages, the
Constitution recognizes 21 other languages as Scheduled Languages and candidates
appearing for Central Government exams have the option to take the test in any of these
recognized languages.
• The controversy over the Hindi and English as the official language started when Indian
Constitution made the provision that the use of English for official purposes was to stop in
1965.
• However, many non-Hindi speaking states (Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40
per cent of Indians) demanded that the use of English should continue and in Tamil Nadu
this movement took a violent form.
• The Central government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with
Hindi for official purposes.
• Thus, the flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped India to avoid the tense
situation like that in Sri Lanka.

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 10 Explain the Centre-State relations of Indian federalism
OR
How far Federalism Strengthened the Center- State relations?
OR
What was the new culture of Power sharing developed in India after 1990?
Ans:
• The Centre-State relations of Indian Federalism are regulated by the provisions of Indian
Constitution but in reality, it depends on how ruling parties follow these provisions.
• Earlier when ruling party at the Centre and the State was different, the Union government
undermined the power of the states and misused the Constitution to dismiss the State
governments. This undermined the spirit of Federalism.
• A new culture of Power sharing developed after 1990 with the rise of Regional parties in
many States and this marked the beginning of the Coalition government.
• The era of Coalition government implies that if no single party gets a clear majority, then
the major National parties enter into an alliance with many parties including Regional
parties to form a government at the Centre.
• This led to a new culture of power sharing which respects the autonomy of the State
Governments and is more effective today than it was in the early years.
11 What is ‘Decentralization’? What is the basic idea behind it?
OR
What are the advantages of Local Self Government?
Ans:
• When power is taken away from the Central and the State governments and given to the
Local government, it is called ‘decentralization’.
• The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and
issues which are best settled at the local level.
• People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
• They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more
efficiently.
• Besides, at the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision
making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.
• Local self-Governments are the training schools for Democracy
12 “The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of Democracy more powerful and
effective". Explain
OR
“A major step towards Decentralization was taken in 1992”. Justify

Ans:
Steps taken by the constitution to make the third –tier of Democracy more powerful and effective
are:
• It is mandatory to conduct regular elections to the local government bodies.
• Seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward
Classes.
• At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women
• An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each
State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections
• State government share some powers and revenue with the local bodies.

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 13 Briefly explain the structure of Rural local government
Ans:
Rural local government popularly known as Panchayati Raj has three level system.
a) Village level
• Each village or group of villages in some States has a Gram Panchayat and it is a council
consisting of ward members called the Panch and a President called the Sarpanch.
• They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village and it is
the decision-making body for the entire village
•The Panchayat works under the supervision of the Gram Sabha which has to meet at least
twice or thrice a year to review the performance of the Gram panchayat and also to check
the annual budget of the Panchayat.
b) Block level
• A few Panchayats are grouped together to form a Panchayat samiti or Block or Mandal.
• The members are elected by all the Panchayat members of that area and the elected head
is known as Pradhan or Block Development Officer (BDO)
c) District level
• All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla (district)
parishad. Most members of the Zilla parishad are elected.
• Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other
district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of
the Zilla parishad.
14 Briefly explain the structure of Urban local government
Ans:
• Municipalities are set up in towns and Municipal corporations are set up in big cities. Both
Municipalities and Municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of
People’s representatives.
• Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.
• Mayor is the political head of the Municipal Corporation

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: Civics
Chapter 3 Topic: Gender, Religion and Caste Year: 2024-25
Question Bank: No.3

1 “Gender division is not based on biology, but on social expectations and stereotypes’. Support the
statement.
Ans
‘Gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes’.
• Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division which is considered as natural and
unchangeable. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is
housework and bringing up children as reflected in a Sexual division of labour.
• Women do all work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, tailoring, etc. Men do these works if
they are paid. For example, most cooks in hotels are men.
• In addition to their domestic work women too work outside their home. Poor women work as
domestic servant in middle class homes while in urban area women work.
2 “Women in the Indian society still suffer from discrimination and oppression.” Justify.
Ans:
The following points sum up how women are still discriminated against and oppressed in India.

• Patriarchal society: Indian society is highly a male dominated one. Father or eldest male
member is the head of the family
• Low Literacy rate: The first and foremost discrimination is in the field of education where the
literacy rate among women is only 54 percent when compared to a high 76 percent in men. A
smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls perform as
well as boys, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their
resources for their boys’ education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
• The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976: It provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work.
However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less
than men, even when both do exactly the same work
• Less women in highly paid jobs: The proportion of highly-paid women is very less when
compared to highly-paid men. Though on an average, Indian women work one hour more than
men every day but they are not equally paid and thus their work is also not often valued as much
as that of men.
• Low Sex ratio: In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child
aborted before she is born. Such sex-selective abortion led to the decline in sex ratio in the country to
merely 914. The ratio also fallen below 850 or even 800 in some places.

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3 What are Feminist Movements? What were their major demands?
Ans:
• More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These
movements are called FEMINIST movement.
• The agitations demanded enhancing the political and legal status of women.
• The movements also demanded in improving the educational and career opportunities for the
women.
4 ‘Religion cannot be separated from politics. Justify.
Or
How are religious differences expressed in politics ?
Ans:
• Views of Gandhiji : Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics.
What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam, but the
moral values that are there in all religions. According to him, politics must be guided by ethics
drawn from all religions.
• Views of Human rights groups : Human rights groups in our country have argued that most of
the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have
demanded that the government should take special steps to protect religious minorities.
• Family laws: Women’s movements have argued that family laws of all religions discriminate
against women. So they have demanded that the government should change these laws to
make them more equitable.
5 Explain the forms of communalism in politics.
Ans:
Communalism is a strong sense of belonging to particular community especially a religious community,
which often leads to extreme behavior or violence towards others. It cannot tolerate and respect
people belonging to different religious communities.
There are different forms of communalism in politics as follows.

• Communalism in everyday beliefs: It is the most common form of communalism and can be in
the form of religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief that one
religion is superior to other religions.
• Communalism as Political Dominance: A communal mind often leads to quest for political
dominance of one’s own religious community. For people belonging to the majority community
this comes out as ‘Majoritarian dominance’ for those belonging to the minority community, it
can take form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
• Communalism as political mobalisation: Political mobalisation on religious lines is another
frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, emotional appeals and
plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in political arena.
• Communalism in the form of communal violence: Sometimes, communalism takes its most
ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. For instance, India and Pakistan suffered
some of the worst communal riots at the time of the partition.
To sum up, it can be said that communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to

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 different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them has to
dominate the rest or they have to form different nations.

6 State any four provisions of the Indian Constitution which makes it a secular state.
Ans:
• No official religion: There is no official religion of the Indian state. Unlike the status of
Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Islam in Pakistan and Hinduism in Nepal, our Constitution does not give
a special status to any religion.
• Fundamental Rights : Under the Right To Freedom of Religion, our Constitution provides to all
citizens freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
• Prohibits discrimination: The Constitution prohibits discrimination any one on grounds of religion.
• State intervention in religious matters: The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the
matters of religion in order to ensure equality within the different religious communities.
7 “Caste inequalities are continuing in India” Justify.
Ans:
Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India and caste division is special to India. Some of the
older aspects of caste persist even today.
1. Even now most people marry within their caste.
2. Untouchability has not ended completely despite constitutional prohibition.
3. Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages can be felt today. The caste groups that
had access to education under old system have done well, whereas those groups that did not
have access to education have lagged.
4. There is a large presence of ‘upper caste’ among the urban middle classes in our country.

8 Explain the various forms that caste can take in politics.

Ans:
Various forms of caste in politics:
• The caste composition of the electorate: When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in
mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to
muster necessary support to win elections. When governments are formed, political parties usually take
care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
• Appeal to voters: Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to
muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their
representatives.
• Universal adult franchise: Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote
compelled political leaders to mobilise political support. It also brought new consciousness
among people belonging to those castes which were treated as inferiors.

9 State reasons to say that ‘caste alone cannot determine election results in India’.
Ans:
The caste alone cannot determine election results in India because of the following reasons:

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 • No single caste majority constituency:
No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every
candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to
win elections.
• No party wins with the votes of single caste/community:
No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say that caste is
a vote bank of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters from that caste
vote for that party.
• Candidates from the same caste:
Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste if that caste is believed to
dominate the electorate in a particular constituency. All these factors divide the voters
between two or more candidates. People within the same caste or community may have
different interests depending on their economic condition. Rich and poor or men and women
from the same caste often vote very differently.
• Loss in elections: The ruling party MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country. That could not
have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences.

10 ‘It is not politics that gets caste ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised’. Justify
Or
In what ways does politics influence caste system?
Ans:
Politics too influences the caste system and caste identities by bringing them into the political arena.
Thus, it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised. Politics in caste
normally takes the following forms:
• Wide base: Each caste tries to widen its base to gain majority. Each caste group tries to
become bigger by incorporating within it, the neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were
earlier excluded from it.
• Coalition: Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or
communities, and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation. This strengthens the basic
structure of democracy.
• New groups: New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and
‘forward’ caste groups.

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 Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: CIVICS

Chapter-4 Topic: Political Parties Year: 2024-25

Question Bank.No.4

1 What is a political party? Which are the components of a political party?

Ans:
• A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold
power in a government.
• They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the
collective good.
•The leaders, the active members and the followers are the three elements/components
of a political party.
2 Why do political parties involve partisanship?
Ans:
• A person who is strongly committed to a party or a group is called as a partisan.
• Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view
on an issue.
• Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are a part of the society
and thus they involve partisanship. Thus, a party is known by which part it stands for,
which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.
3 “Political Parties perform various functions”. Which are they?
Ans: The following are the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.
• Contest elections: In most democracies, elections are mainly among the candidates put
forward by the Political Parties. In countries like India, top party leaders choose candidates
for contesting elections and in countries like USA, members and supporters of a party
choose its candidates.
• Put forward Policies and Programmes: Parties put forward different policies and
programmes and voters choose from them. People may have different opinions and
political parties group together a large number of similar opinions to provide a direction in
which policies can be formulated by the government.
• Play an important role in making laws: Political parties play a decisive role in making laws
for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature, since most of the
members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective
of their personal opinions.
• Form and run the government: Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them
ministers to run the government in the way they want.
• Play the role of opposition: The party which loses election plays the role of opposition to
the parties in power, by voicing different views and checks on the ruling party by
constantly criticizing its policies.

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 • Shape public opinion: Parties have lakhs of members spread all over the country and they
raise relevant issues. Parties also conduct movements against the problems faced by the
people.
• Provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes: Political parties provide
people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by
governments. For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a
government officer. Parties have to be responsive to the people’s needs, otherwise people
can reject parties in the next election.
4 ‘Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.’ Analyze the statement with
examples. OR
“Modern Democracy cannot exist without Political Parties” Do you agree? Justify your answer
Ans:
In a democratic set-up, political parties are required because without political parties:
• Every candidate in the elections will be independent so no one will be able to make any
promises to the people about any major policy changes.
• The government may be formed, but it’s utility will remain uncertain.
• Elected representatives will be accountable only to their constituency, but no one will be
responsible for running the country.
• Larger societies need representative democracy and political parties are needed to collect
different views on various issues.
•No one will be responsible for bringing various representatives together and there will be
no mechanism to support the government, make policies or oppose them. So political
parties are a necessary condition of a democracy. The rise of political parties is directly
linked to the rise of Representative democracies.
5 Describe the various Party systems existing in different countries.
Ans:
One-party or Single Party system
• In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. It is called
One-party system. We cannot consider One-party system as a good option because this is
not a democratic option.
• Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and
provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power.
• Example: Communist Party of China.
Two-party or Bi- Party system
• In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties. Several other parties
may exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the national legislatures.
• But only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form
a government. Such a party system is called Two-party system.
• Example: USA and UK.

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 Multi-party system
• If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance
of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, it is called a
Multiparty system. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming
together in a coalition.
• When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting
elections and winning power, it is called an Alliance or a Front. For example, in India there
were three such major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections– the National Democratic
Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left Front.
• The multiparty system often appears very messy and leads to political instability. At the
same time, this system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political
representation.
Example: India. India adopted multiparty system because of its social and geographical
diversity. In such a diverse country two or even three parties cannot absorb all the
differences.
6 ‘No party system is ideal for all countries and all situations.’
Justify the statement.
Ans:
No party system is ideal for all countries and all situations. This statement can be
justified through the following arguments
• One-party system cannot be considered a good option because the voters do not have any
choice and it is not a democratic option.
• Two-party system cannot be considered ideal for a country because in this system, power
usually shifts from one party to the other. Several other parties with better programmes
and policies may exist, contest elections and win a few seats, but only two parties have
serious chance of forming the government.
• Multiparty system also cannot be considered a good option because it often appears
messy and leads to political instability. In this system the government is formed by various
parties and ideologies coming together which may further raise issues and conflicts.
7 Which Parties are called, ‘recognized political parties’ by the Election Commission?
Ans:
• Every Party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the
Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large and
established parties.
• These parties are given a unique symbol and only the official candidates of that party can
use that election symbol. Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities
are ‘recognized’ by the Election Commission and such parties are called, ‘recognized
political parties’
•
The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and
seats that a party must get in order to be a ‘recognized national party’ and a ‘recognized
state party’.
8 How can we differentiate a National Party and a State Party?
Ans:
• A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative

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 Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognized as a state party. Example:
Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front.
• A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or
Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognized as a national party. Example: Bharatiya Janata Party, Indian National Congress.
•
There are six recognized national parties in the country as per notification of the Election
Commission of India issued in 2023.They are as follows:
1) Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)
2) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
3) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
4) Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)
5) Indian National Congress (INC)
6) National People’s Party (NPP).
9 What made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse?
OR
How do State or Regional Political parties contribute in strengthening federalism and
democracy in India?
Ans:
• Over the last three decades, the number and strength of the State Parties has expanded.
This made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse.
• No single National party is able to secure on its own a majority in the Lok Sabha, until
2014. As a result, the National parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties.
•Since 1996, nearly every one of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of
one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the
strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.
10 What are the challenges faced by the Political Parties in India?
Ans:
• Lack of internal democracy: All over the world there is a tendency in political parties
towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep
membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal
elections regularly. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on
what happens inside the party. As a result, the leaders assume greater power and those
who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than
loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more
important.
• Dynastic succession: Since most Political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning, the party leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to
favour people close to them or even their family members. In many parties, the top
positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to other members
of that party. This is also bad for democracy, since people who do not have adequate
experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.
• Money and muscle power: Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend
to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or

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 can raise lots of money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to
have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. In some cases, parties support
criminals who can win elections.
• Absence of a meaningful choice: In recent years there has been a decline in the
ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world, so they do not provide a
meaningful choice to voters. Difference between the Labour Party and Conservative Party
in Britain is very little. In India too, the differences among all the major parties on the
economic policies have reduced. Those who want really different policies have no option
available to them. Also, people cannot even elect different leaders because the same set
of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.
11 Describe in brief the recent efforts that have been made in India to reform political parties and
its leaders.
Ans:
Recent efforts to reform political parties and its leaders are as given below:
• Anti-defection law: The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs
from changing parties. It was seen that many MLAs and MPs were changing their parties
for personal gains. Now, according to the anti-defection law, if any MLA or MP changes
his/her party, his/her seat in the legislature will be lost. Also, MLAs and MPs have to
accept whatever the party leaders decide.
• Filing of an Affidavit: The Supreme Court has made it mandatory for every candidate who
contests an election to file an Affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases
pending against him. This has been done to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
•Mandatory organizational meeting and filing of ITR: The Election Commission has made it
necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their Income
Tax Returns.
Other important suggestions to reform political parties are:
• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties including the
maintenance of a register of its members, following its own constitution, having an
independent authority, act as a judge in case of party disputes and hold open elections to
the highest posts.
• It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum of one-third of the
party tickets to women candidates.
• There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to
support their election expenses in cash or in kind (petrol, paper, telephone, etc.) on the
basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.
• People can pressurize political parties through petitions, publicity, and protests. Ordinary
citizens, pressure groups, and movements along with media can play an important role in
forcing the parties to keep a check on its reforms.
• Public participation is essential in reforming the level of politics. Citizens, by directly
joining political parties can contribute towards the betterment of the nature of politics.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
CLASS: X DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL SCIENCE SUB: DEMOCRATIC
POLITICS
CHAPTER: 5 TOPIC: OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY YEAR: 2024 -25
QB NO: 5

1. “Democracy is better than any other form of government.” Justify the statement.
Ans:
➢ Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
➢ It enhances the dignity of the individual by giving every person equal treatment.
➢ Improves the quality of decision making
➢ Provides method to resolve conflicts
➢ Allows room to correct mistakes

2. “Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to be not so good in its practice.” Justify the
statement.
Ans:
➢ Over a hundred countries of the world, today claim and practice some kind democratic
politics i.e. having a formal Constitution, holding regular elections, guaranteeing the citizens
certain rights, working for the welfare of the people, etc. but these democracies are very
different with each other.
➢ People’s expectations from democracy often push them to think that democracy can
address any socio-economic and political problems. So, whenever some expectations
are not met, they start blaming the idea of democracy. Since, democracy is a form of
government, it can only create conditions for achieving our goals the citizens have to
take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals.

3. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and a legitimate government?

Ans:
➢ A democratic government, ensures that people will have the right to choose their rulers
and people will have control over the rulers and have the right to remove them.
Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that
is accountable to the citizens, and which is answerable to the people or Parliament.
➢ A democratic government is people's government so it has to be responsive to the needs
and expectations of the citizens. This ensures that the working of the government is
transparent. They have the right to criticize and question the government policies. They
keep a check on the ruling party and make sure that it does not misuse the power.
➢ A democratic government is a legitimate government as it is elected by the people.
Democracies have greater success in setting up regular and free elections. Democracy
ensures that the decision making will be based on norms and procedures. It may be
slow, less efficient not always clean and responsive but a democratic government is people’s
own government.

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4 “Democratic governments ensure transparency (Right to Information Act 2005)”. Explain.
Ans:
➢ Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a
citizen, who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures, can
find this out. A citizen has the rights and means to examine the process of decision-
making. This is known as transparency.
➢ It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures
and is accountable to people. The democratic government develops mechanisms
for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to
take part in decision making whenever they fit.
5. “Some people think that democracy produces less effective government.” Justify your answer.
Ans:
➢ It’s true, because that non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in
assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion. They can be very quick and
efficient in decision making and implementation. But maybe these decisions are not
accepted by the people and may therefore face problems.

➢ Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound
to place. But because it has followed procedures its decisions may be more acceptable
and to the people and more effective.
6. Mention the factors that determine the economic growth of a country.
Ans:
Economic development depends on several factors:
✓ Country’s population size
✓ Global situation
✓ Cooperation from other countries
✓ Economic priorities adopted by the country.
7. “Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.” Explain.
OR
How does the democratic government address the problem of economic inequality?
Ans:
• Democracies are based on political equality, as all individuals have equal weight in
electing representatives. But democracies are not showing a good result in reducing
economic inequalities.
• A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and
incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been
increasing.
• Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have
been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as
food, shelter and clothing.
• Democratically elected governments do not seem to be as keen to address the problem
of poverty as we expect.
• The situation is much worse in some countries where more than half of its population
lives in poverty.

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8. “Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.” Explain the statement.
OR
How democracy accommodate social diversity?
Ans:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. Democracies
usually develop a procedure or mechanism to negotiate the differences. This reduces the
possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent. In this context a democracy must
fulfill two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:
✓ It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The
majority always works with minority. Majority and minority opinions are not
permanent.
✓ It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community
in terms of religion or race or linguistic groups. Rule by majority means in every decision
or in case of every election different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
9. “Democracy promotes Dignity and Freedom of the citizens.” Explain.
Ans:
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting
dignity and freedom of the individual.
➢ The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies
throughout the world have recognized the passion for respect and freedom of the
individual.
➢ Most societies of the world were historically the male dominated societies. Long
struggles by women have created some sensitivity that respect to women and equal
treatment to women are necessary for a democratic society. Once the principle is
recognised it becomes easier for women to a struggle against what is legally and
morally unacceptable.
➢ Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
➢ Perhaps it is the recognition that makes ordinary citizens value their democratic
rights.
➢ It transforms people from the status of a subject in to that of a citizen.
10. “The most distinctive feature about democracy is its examination never gets over. “Explain the
statement.
OR
“The fact that, people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of Democracy.”
Explain.
Ans:
➢ As democracy passes through one test, it produces another test. As people get some
benefits from democracy, they ask for more and they want to democracy even better.
➢ That is why when are people asked, they will come out of more expectations any many
complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of
democracy, it shows that people have developed awareness and ability to expect to
look critically at power holders.
➢ A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows that the success of the
democratic project that, it transforms people from the status of a subject and into that
of a citizen.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: ECONOMICS

Chapter-1 Topic: DEVELOPMENT Year: 2024-25

Question Bank:1

1 What are the different aspects or characteristics of development? Give suitable examples.
OR
“For development, people look at a mix of goals‟. Support the statement with suitable
examples. (Ans. Point. iii)
Ans:
The different characteristics of development are as follows:
i. Different persons can have different developmental goals: -
Example: Development for a landless rural labourer might be more days of work and
better wages but for a girl from a rich urban family it may mean to get as much freedom as
her brother and wants to pursue her studies abroad. etc.
ii. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even
be destructive for the other: -
Example: Industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals. They
might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
iii. People look at a mix of goals for development: -
• For development, people look for a mix of goals. Income or money (material things) is one
of the main goals of almost everyone.
• But the quality of life also depends on non-material things like, pollution free
environment, good health, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others in
society, love, care, affection and friendship, peaceful environment etc.
• Example: Before accepting a job, try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as
facilities for your family, working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, sense of security etc.
2 Why is Average Income taken as the criteria for measuring development?
OR
‘Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries.’ Justify.
Ans:
Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries, because:
• Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell what an
average person is likely to earn.
• It is difficult to compare between different countries of different size and population.
• Hence, we compare the average income, which is the total income of the country divided
by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

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 3 Are there any limitations to the use of Per capita income (Average Income)? Illustrate with
suitable examples.
Ans:
The limitations of average income are as follows;
• It does not show the distribution of income between the rich and the poor.
For example, let us consider two countries, A and B and both the countries have identical
average income. In country A, people are neither very rich nor extremely poor. On the
other hand, citizens in country B are poor and one person is extremely rich. Hence, it does
not tell how this income is distributed among people.
• It hides disparities.
• It does not measure various facilities and services that influence quality of life like
education, health etc.
4 Comparison of Two countries:
Country Monthly income of citizens in 2010 (in Rs)
Country A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200
Country B 500 500 500 500 48000

1. Calculate the average income of country A and B.

2. Are both countries equally developed? If not, why?
3. Which country is better and why?
Ans.
1. Country A - Average income- 10000
Country B - Average income-10000
2. No, both countries are not equally developed because in country A, income distribution is
equitably done while in country B, most citizens are poor except one who is extremely rich.
3. The condition of country A is better because in Country A, income distribution is equal.
5 Explain the following terms: -
a) Infant Mortality Rate
b) Literacy Rate
c) Net Attendance Ratio
Ans:
a) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age
of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
b) Literacy Rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age
group.
c) Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14- and 15-years
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

6 Study the data given in the table and answer the following questions.
Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
State Infant Mortality rate Literacy rate Net Attendance ratio
per 1000 (2003) (%) 2001 for class I-V (1995-96)

Haryana 49 70 81
Kerala 11 91 91
Bihar 60 41 41

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 1. Which state has the lowest infant mortality rate? Why does this state have the lowest
infant mortality rate in comparison to other states?
2. Compare the literacy rate of Bihar with that of Kerala?
3. Compare Net Attendance ratio with Haryana.
Ans.
1. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic
health and education facilities.
2. Bihar has only 41% literacy rate that is very less in comparison to Kerala. Kerala has 91%
literacy rate.
3. Bihar has a very low net attendance ratio in comparison to Haryana. Bihar has 41 and
Haryana has 81 net attendance ratios. Kerala has a high net attendance ratio, that is 91%.
7 In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from
the one used by the World Bank?
Ans:
The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the
World Bank in following ways:
UNDP WORLD BANK
(United Nations Development Programme)
• It measures development on the • It measures development on the basis of
parameters of education, health and per capita income.
per capita income
• It ranks the countries on the basis of • It classifies the countries into three
development like first, second, third categories: rich countries, middle income
etc. countries and low-income countries.
• It is a broader framework to • It is a narrow framework to measure
measure development development.
• It publishes the Human • It publishes the World Development
Development Report Report.

8 “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you agree with
this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.
OR
Explain the important aspects of our lives that are more important than income.
Ans:
Yes, I agree with the statement because income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Money cannot buy all the goods and
services one needs to live well.
• Money cannot buy a pollution free and clean environment with fresh air.
• It cannot protect us from infectious diseases.
• Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.
• Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom,
security, and respect of others. All these are important goals.
• In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more
consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live.

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 9 Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any four facilities.
Ans:
Public facilities are those facilities (goods and services) which are provided collectively in the best
and cheapest way by the government for the social and economic development of individuals.
Four major facilities given by government are as follows: -
• Basic Education: - Government provides school and allied educational facilities like
playground, furniture of the school etc. which are enjoyed by all.
• Basic Health Facilities: - Government provides hospitals, vaccine programmes to maintain
basic quality of life.
• Law and Order: - Government provides police outposts, police stations for maintaining
security of the public and it also protects the interest of its citizens by the state laws.
• Public Distribution System (PDS): - Government opens PDS shops or ration shops through
which basic food items like rice, wheat, pulses etc. are distributed at subsidized rate to the
lower income group or poor people.
10 Explain the importance of Sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving an
example. OR
‘The issue of sustainability is important for development.’ Examine the statement.
Ans:
• Sustainable development aims at economic development without damaging the
environment and at the same time conserving for the future.
• Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological
balance.
• For example, groundwater is a renewable resource which is replenished by nature. Recent
evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts
of the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres
during the past 20 years. Nearly one-third of the country is overusing groundwater
reserves.
• Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water.
• In other words, it is the process of economic growth that is sustained over a long period of
time without causing any fall in the quality of life of future generations.
11 “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.”
Justify the statement.
OR
Is it correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue? Illustrate.
Ans:
• Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.
This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. Our future is linked together.
• Sustainability of development is essential for all mankind and it is our common
responsibility to save the environment.
• Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
• Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global matter
of thinking and finding the solutions.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: ECONOMICS

Chapter-2 Topic: Sectors of the Indian Economy Year: 2024-25

Question Bank. No: 2

1 Differentiate between the Economic and Non-Economic activities.

Ans.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
These activities give an income in return These activities do not give any income in
return
These are done to earn a livelihood These are done out of love and care
For example: People going for work in For example: Doing social work, helping the
factories, farms, banks etc. poor

2 How are the economic activities classified in various sectors based on the nature of activity?
OR
“Sectors are classified into three based on their nature of activity”. Which are they? Explain
OR
‘Tertiary sector is different from other sectors.’ Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
[Ans. Refer: Point (iii) only]
Ans.
i. Primary Sector
• It includes activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. For example,
the cultivation of cotton.
• These activities depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and
climate etc.
• It forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
• Since most of the natural products come from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector
is also called Agriculture and related sector.
ii. Secondary Sector
• The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other
forms through ways of manufacturing that are associated with industrial activity.
• Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called as Industrial
sector.
• Example: Spin yarn and weave cloth by using cotton fibre, make sugar or gur by using
sugarcane as a raw material.

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 iii. Tertiary Sector
• The tertiary sector is different from other sectors because the other two sectors produce
goods but this sector does not produce goods by itself.
• Tertiary activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
• These activities are an aid and support for the production process.
• Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called
the Service sector.
• Example: Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc.
3 “Economic activities, though grouped into three different categories, are highly
interdependent”. Justify.
Ans.
All the three sectors, primary, secondary and tertiary, are interdependent to each other in the
following ways.
• Raw materials are produced in the primary sector and processed into finished items in the
secondary sector. Assistance is provided by the tertiary sector to these two activities.
For example: -
• Primary sector makes possible the extraction of natural resources like iron. This iron is
then taken to the secondary sector through the transportation system like trucks.
• The secondary sector is changing the natural resource iron into other forms through
the process of manufacturing. Manufacturing again needs the support of the service
sector in the form of engineers, electricians, etc. Iron is changed into iron sheets and
then into vehicles for transportation.
• Once manufactured, the vehicles are sold through various trading agencies. These
vehicles are used for providing services in the tertiary sector and at the same time
support the primary and the secondary sectors to carry out their processes.
(Refer table 2.1, page number 21, for more examples)
4 Define Gross Domestic Product. Who undertakes the task of measuring GDP in India?
Ans.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of all final goods and services produced in the
three sectors within a country during a particular year.

• In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a Central government

ministry. This Ministry, with the help of various government departments of all the Indian
states and union territories collects information relating to total volume of goods and
services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.

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5 Differentiate between the Final and the Intermediate goods.
Ans.
FINAL GOODS INTERMEDIATE GOODS
Goods which are used by the consumers for Goods which are not ready for final
final use consumption and are used as raw materials for
further production.
The value of final goods is included in National The value of intermediate goods is not included
Income in National Income to prevent double counting

These goods directly satisfy human needs These goods indirectly satisfy human needs
Example: - Computer, Car, Pen, biscuit etc. Example: - Flour, cotton, steel etc.

6 What precaution should be taken while estimating total production of each sector?
Ans.
The following precaution should be taken while estimating total production of each sectors: -
• While estimating total production, not every goods and services that are produced and
sold needs to be counted, only the value of final goods and services are taken.
• If we include the value of intermediate goods separately it will lead to double counting
(counting the value of the same things a number of times).
• For instance, a farmer who sells wheat to a flour mill for Rs 20 per kg. The mill grinds the
wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for Rs 25 per kg. The biscuit company uses
the flour and things such as sugar and oil to make four packets of biscuits. It sells biscuits
in the market to the consumers for Rs 120 (Rs 30 per packet). Biscuits are the final goods.
• In this example, the value of Rs 30 for the biscuits (final good) already includes the value of
flour (Rs 25) and all other intermediate goods that are used in making the final good.
Therefore, counting the value of the flour and wheat separately is not correct because it
will lead to double counting.
7 What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place
between sectors?
OR
‘‘When a country develops, the contribution of primary sector declines and the contribution of
secondary and tertiary sectors will increase.’’ Analyse the statement.
Ans.
• In the initial stages of development, the primary sector was the most important sector.
• Due to improved methods of farming, the agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced
much more food than before. Many people could do other activities such as trading,
transport, army, administration etc. However, at this stage, most of the goods produced
were natural products from the primary sector and most people were also employed in
this sector.
• Over a long time (more than hundred years), and especially because new methods of
manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. People began
to use many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap rates. Secondary sector

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 gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
• In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary sector to tertiary
sector in developed countries. Tertiary sector became most important in terms of
production and employs the maximum number of people.
• In short, there has been a shift from primary to secondary and then to tertiary sector in
the developed countries.
8 Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed
countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Ans.
• In the case of developed countries, the evolution of the economy happened in the most
logical pattern. Growth in the primary sector was followed by a growth in the secondary
sector. After that, the growth of the tertiary sector followed.
• The employment generation also kept pace with related changes in different sectors.
• The case of India is somewhat different. The growth of the primary sector was not
followed by the growth of the secondary sector, rather it was the tertiary sector which
took the lead.
• The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.
• A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of the
three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
9 Why does the primary sector in India continue to be the largest employer in 1977-78 as well as in
2017-18?
OR
Explain the contribution of the primary sector in the context of employment in India.
Ans.
• The primary sector continues to be the largest employer because not enough jobs were
created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial output or the production of goods went up by more than nine times during the
period, employment in the industry went up by around three times. While production in the
service sector rose by 14 times, employment in the service sector rose around five times.
• The primary sector, mainly in agriculture, still employs about more than half of the workers
in the country. But producing only about one sixth of the GDP.
• The secondary and tertiary sectors produce the rest of the produce whereas they employ
less about half the people.
• Both the secondary and tertiary sectors offer a limited number of services which employ
highly skilled and educated workers.
10 Explain the reasons behind the growth of the service sector in Indian Economy.
OR
‘Tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of Indian Economy’. Justify the
statement.
OR
Why tertiary sector is more important in India?

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 Ans.
• Expansion of Basic Services: -
In any country, several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and
telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, etc. are required.
These can be considered as basic services. In a developing country the government has to
take responsibility for the provision of these services.
• Development of Agriculture and Industrial sector: -
The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
transport, trade, storage and the like, as we have already seen. Greater the development
of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services.
• Growing demand for better and leisure services: -
As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like
eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.
• Rapid expansion of Communication and Information Technology: -
Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and
communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these
services has been rising rapidly.
11 Explain with suitable examples which part of the service sector is not growing in
importance.
OR
Why has the entire tertiary sector not grown in importance? Explain
Ans.
• The service sector in India employs many different kinds of people.
• At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated
workers.
• At the other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as
small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc.
• These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services because
no alternative opportunities for work are available to them. Hence, only a part of this
sector is growing in importance.
12 Explain the significance and the role of the secondary sector as a tool in the economic
development of a country.
Ans.
• The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other
forms through ways of manufacturing that are associated with industrial activity.
• It absorbs excess labour from the Primary sector and reduces disguised unemployment.
• It has a great contribution for the sustenance and growth of other sectors and contributes
significantly to the GDP of India.
• It gives employment to a large number of people.
• It uses mechanical power and skilled and unskilled labour.

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13 “Tertiary sector has a pivotal role in the economy of the country.” Support the statement with
day to day examples.
Ans.
• Tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in India. It contributes more than 50% of the
GDP of India.
• In 2017-18, about 31 per cent of total employment is generated in the tertiary sector.
• It provides a number of personal services like hospitals, educational institutions, post and
telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal
corporations, defence etc.
• It helps in the development of the primary sector by providing services like transport,
trade, storage, banking and insurance etc.
• It helps in the industrial development of the country by providing services like transport,
banking and insurance.

14 What do you understand about disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from
the urban and rural areas.
Ans.
• It is a situation when people are apparently working but they are not actually employed
and all of them are made to work less than their potentials. Each one is doing some work
but no one is fully employed as their labour effort gets divided. This is the situation of
underemployment.
• It means that there are more people than necessary. So, even if you move a few people
out, production will not be affected. In other words, workers are underemployed.
• This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job
and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment.
• In rural areas, where agriculture is the main source of income, this kind of unemployment
can be seen often. For example, Laxmi, a small farmer, owning about two hectares of land
and all five members of her family work in the plot throughout the year. Each one is doing
some work but no one is fully employed. If two people move out, it does not affect
production on their farm and at the same time, the family is now able to earn some extra
income through wages.
• In urban areas there are thousands of casual workers in the service sector who search for
daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others
doing odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work every day and spend the whole day but
earn very little. They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.

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15 In what ways Government can increase employment opportunities in the rural sector?
OR
‘Underemployment continues to be rampant in the rural areas’ . Suggest some ways through
which employment for rural people can be generated.
OR
How can we create more employment oppertunities in secondary and tertiary sectors in rural
India?
Ans.
The following steps can be taken to create more employment opportunities in the rural areas.
• Create a strong infrastructure: Construction of dams and canals for irrigation purposes in
rural India will generate millions of new jobs. Besides, this will make agriculture more
productive. Farmers could be able to grow the second crop during the year, i.e., they will
remain employed all the year round.
• Expansion of transport, communication network and trade: If the government invests
some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes better rural roads, it can
provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in
services like transport or trade.
• Provision of cheap and easy credit facilities: If the farmers are provided cheap and easy
loans, they would be in a position to buy necessary agriculture inputs such as HYV seeds,
fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural equipment, etc. A prosperous agriculture will generate
new employment avenues.
• Promotion of local and agro-based industries: Identify, promote and locate industries and
services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. For
instance, opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their
products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good. Similarly, in
villages near forest areas, we can start honey collection centres where farmers can come
and sell wild honey.
• Construction of school buildings, hospitals, community centres, etc.: A study conducted
by the Planning Commission (now known as NITI Aayog) estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs
can be created in the education sector alone. Similarly, the improve of health situation,
need many more doctors, nurses, health workers etc. to work. These are some ways by
which jobs would be created and we would also be able to address the important aspects
of development
• Promotion of other activities like tourism, regional crafts, information, etc. will certainly
lead to creation of new employment opportunities. For example, the study by the Planning
Commission says that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can give additional
employment to more than 35 lakh people.
16 Explain the objectives of implementing the MGNREGA 2005.
OR
Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’?

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 Ans.
• Central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in about 625
districts of India. It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) - 2005
• Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas
are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
• If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment
allowances to the people.
• The types of work that would in future help to increase the production from land will be
given preference under the Act.
17 Distinguish between organized and unorganized sector.
OR
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree ? Give reasons
(Ans. Write the points given in the column of Unorganised sector)
OR
Explain the advantages of working in an organised sector?
(Ans. Write the points given in the column of Organised sector)
Ans.
ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR
It covers those enterprises or places of work It is characterised by small and scattered units
where the terms of employment are regular which are largely outside the control of the
government.
Assured job work Jobs are low-paid and often not regular.
Employment is not secure.
They are registered by the government and There are rules and regulations but these are
have to follow its rules and regulations which not followed.
are given in various laws such as the Factories
Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity
Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc.
It includes formal processes and procedures No formal processes and procedures
Fixed number of working hours. No fixed number of working hours.
Overtime money for extra work There is no provision for overtime, paid leave,
holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
Getting annual increment and other Not getting annual increment and other
allowances like provident fund, gratuity, paid allowances.
leave, payment during holidays etc.

Ensure facilities like drinking water, safe No such facilities

working environment etc.

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 Get pension after retirement Not getting a pension.
18 ‘There is a need for the protection and support of the workers in the unorganised sector’- Who
are these vulnerable people who need protection? How to protect them?
OR
How to protect workers in the unorganized sector?
Ans:
The following are the ways in which the workers in the unorganized sector can be protected by
the government.
• In the rural areas, the unorganised sector mostly comprises landless agricultural labourers,
small and marginal farmers, sharecroppers and artisans (such as weavers, blacksmiths,
carpenters and goldsmiths). These farmers need to be supported through adequate facilities
for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities and marketing
outlets.
• In the urban areas, the unorganised sector comprises mainly of workers in small-scale
industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc., and those who work as
street vendors, head load workers, garment makers, rag pickers etc. They need the
government’s support for procuring raw material and marketing of output.
• Majority of workers from scheduled castes, tribes and backward communities find
themselves in the unorganised sector. Besides getting irregular and low paid work, these
workers also face social discrimination.
• Protection and support to the unorganised sector workers is necessary for both economic
and social development.
19 Distinguish between Public and Private sector with examples.
Ans.
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR
The government owns most of the assets and The ownership of assets and delivery of
provides all the services services is in the hands of private individuals
or companies.
The purpose is not just to earn profits, Activities are guided by the motive to earn
increasing the facilities for public welfare. profits.

The decisions regarding production and The decisions regarding production and
distribution are taken by the government. distribution are taken by owner or manager of
the company.
Provide basic facilities like education, health, Provides consumer goods to the people.
food and security to people.

Example: Railways, Post office etc. Example: Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
(TISCO), Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) etc.

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20 How far is it correct to say that several services which cannot be provided by the private sector
can be provided in the public sector? Explain.
OR
‘Public sector contributes to the economic development of India.’ Justify the statement.
Ans.
Reasons why government has taken up public sector activities are:
• There are some activities which require a huge amount of money which is beyond the
capacity of the private sector.
• Collecting money from thousands of people who use these facilities is not easy. Even if
they do provide these things they would charge a high rate for their use. Examples are
construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing
irrigation through dams etc.
• There are some activities, which the government has to support: -
For example, selling electricity at the cost of generation may push up the costs of
production of goods in many industries, especially small-scale units. Here the government
is producing and supplying electricity at rates which these industries can afford.
Government has to bear part of the cost.
• Similarly, the Government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a ‘fair price’. This
stores in its godowns and sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops. In this
way, the government supports both farmers and consumers.
• There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibility of the
government: -
For example, providing health and education facilities, availability of safe drinking water,
housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition. It is also the duty of the government
to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country through increased
spending in such areas.

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10
 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: Economics

Chapter-3 Topic: Money and Credit Year: 2024-25

Question Bank.No.3

1 Define Barter System with an example.

Ans.
• Barter system is a system where goods are exchanged directly without the use of money.
• Double coincidence of wants is an essential feature of the barter system. It means both
parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. In other words, what a
person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy.
• For example: -Take the case of a shoe manufacturer who wants to sell shoes in the market
and buy wheat. In this system he would have to look for a wheat growing farmer who not
only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoes in exchange.
2 How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example.
OR
What was the shortcoming of the barter system that led to the evolution of money as a medium
of exchange? Explain.
OR
Do you think money makes it easier to exchange things? Explain with the help of an example.
Ans.
• Double coincidence of wants is an essential feature of a barter system where goods are
directly exchanged without the use of money.
• In contrast, in an economy where money is in use, money eliminates the need for double
coincidence of wants. A person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or
service that he or she might want.
• Since money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process, it is called a medium of
exchange.
• For example: -Take the case of a shoe manufacturer who wants to sell shoes in the market
and buy wheat. It is no longer necessary for the shoe manufacturer to look for a farmer who
will buy his shoes and at the same time sell him wheat. Once he has exchanged his shoes for
money, he can purchase wheat or any other commodity in the market.
3 "Explain the evolution of currency over time."
Ans.
• Barter system was the earliest method to buy and sell goods.
• Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects were used as money like grains and
cattle.
• Thereafter came the use of metallic coins-gold, silver, copper coins.
• Modern forms of money include Currency (paper notes and coins) and Deposits with banks.

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 4 “Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own”. Justify.
OR
“The rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange”. Give reasons.
Ans:
• Modern forms of money include Currency (paper notes and coins) and Deposits with banks.
• It is different from earlier forms of money because it is not made of precious metals like
gold, silver or copper and unlike grain or cattle, it is not used in everyday life.
• It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorized by the
government of the country.
• In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central
government.
• The law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling
transactions in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees.
Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange.

5 “Bank deposits are called demand deposits”. Why? What are the benefits of bank deposits? Why
are they considered money?
Ans:
People deposit the surplus or extra money in the banks by opening a bank account in their name.
People have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the deposits in
the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.

The benefits of bank deposits are as follows:

▪ Banks accept the deposit and pay an interest on the deposits.
▪ Money is safe with the bank.
▪ People (depositors) may withdraw the money as and when they require.
▪ Depositors may make payments through cheques instead of cash.

Demand deposits are considered as money in the modern economy, because they can be withdrawn
when required and the money withdrawn can be used for making payments.

6 What is a Cheque? How does it replace currency?

Ans.
• A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account
to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
• For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the bank, makes out a
cheque for a specific amount.
• For example: Salim, a shoe manufacturer, writes a cheque instructing his bank to pay a
specific amount to his leather supplier. The supplier deposits the cheque in his bank account.
Within a few days, the money is transferred from Salim’s bank account to the supplier’s
account, completing the transaction without any cash exchange. This example shows how
cheques facilitate direct payments without using cash.

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 7 How do banks mediate between the depositors and the borrowers?
OR
What determines the main source of income of the bank?
Ans.
• Banks act as an intermediate between depositors (those with surplus money) and borrowers
(those who need money). They accept deposits from the public and use most of these funds
to provide loans, keeping only a small portion (about 15% at present in India) as cash
reserves for withdrawals.
• This reserve ensures they can handle withdrawal requests from depositors on any given day.
Since only a small number of depositors typically withdraw money daily, banks can
effectively manage with this cash amount.
• The banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money
and charge interest on it.
• Banks earn income by charging higher interest rates on loans than they pay on deposits. The
difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their
main source of income.
8 What is a credit? What comprises the ‘terms of credit’?
Ans:
• Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money,
goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
• Interest rate, collateral, documentation requirement and mode of repayment together
comprises the ‘terms of credit’.

9 “Whether credit will be useful or not, depends upon the situation.” Give two different examples
in support of this statement.
OR
‘‘Credit is useful as well as harmful, it depends on the risk involved.’’ Support the statement with
examples.
OR
When does a credit push the borrower into a debt-trap? Explain with the help of an example.
(Answer for the last question is only write the Negative role of credit)
Ans.
It is true to say that the usefulness of credit depends on the situation.
Positive role of credit
Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also
makes some profit with the use of that money.
For example:

• Salim, a shoe manufacturer, got an order for 3,000 pairs of shoes to be delivered
in a month.
• He took loans from two sources to complete the production on time.
• At the end of the month, he delivered the order, made a good profit, and repaid his loans.
• In this case, credit plays a positive role and the borrower is able to improve his financial
condition by increasing his earnings.

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 Negative role of credit
Sometimes credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from which recovery
is very difficult. In this situation, the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many times gets
caught into the situation of debt-trap.
For example:
• Swapna, a small farmer, borrows money from a lender to meet the expenses of
cultivation, hoping her harvest will repay the loan.
• She can't repay the lender, so the debt grows over the year.
• The next year, she borrows again for farming, but her earnings still don't cover the old loan.
• She is trapped in debt and has to sell part of her land to pay off the debt.
• This makes her situation much worse and traps her in a cycle of debt.
10 What is a collateral? Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower?
Ans:
• Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock,
deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
• Banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower.
• If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral
to obtain payment.
11 ‘People obtain loans from various source’. Which are the different sources of credit mentioned in
the statement?
Ans:

The various types of loans can be grouped as formal sector loans and informal sector loans.

FORMAL SECTOR CREDIT INFORMAL SECTOR CREDIT

The credit is provided by Banks and The credit is provided by moneylenders,

Cooperatives. traders, employers, relatives and friends etc.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)organize and There is no organization which supervises the
supervises the functioning of formal sources credit activities of lenders in the informal
of loans sector.
RBI checks on how much they are lending and They can lend the money at whatever interest
at what interest and has some rules and rate they choose and there is no one to stop
boundaries to get the money back. them from using unfair means to get their
money back.
They charge reasonable interest as compared They charge much higher interest as
to informal lenders on credit. compared to formal lenders on credit.

They provide cheap and affordable credit with Terms of credit are flexible for the personal
main motive as public welfare. benefit of the lenders and the main motive is
to make their own profits.

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 12 Which government body supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in India? Explain its
functioning.
OR
Explain the significance of The Reserve Bank of India in the Indian economy.
Ans:
The Reserve Bank of India is the apex institution of India’s monetary system which supervises the
functioning of formal sources of credit
• It monitors that the banks maintain the required cash balance with them.
• It supervises that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and trade but
also to small cultivators, small scale industries etc.
• It is mandatory for the banks to submit information to RBI periodically on how much they are
lending, at what interest rate and to whom.
• It issues guidelines for fixing rate of interest on deposits and lending by banks.
• RBI checks on how much they are lending and at what interest and has some rules and
boundaries to get the money back.

13 Why is cheap and affordable credit crucial for the country’s development? Explain with reasons.
OR
Why is it necessary for banks and co-operatives to increase their lending in rural areas? Explain.
OR
Why there is a need to expand the formal sources of credit in India?
Ans:
• Informal lenders usually charge higher interest rates than formal ones. Higher interest rate
means borrowers use more of their earnings to repay loans as a result, they have less
income left for themselves.
• Sometimes, the high interest can make the repayment amount greater than the borrower's
income. This situation can lead to increasing debt and a debt trap.
• High borrowing costs stop potential entrepreneurs from starting businesses. Therefore,
banks and cooperatives need to lend more. Increased lending would
boost incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture, business, and small industries.
Thus, cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development.
• Currently, formal credit sources meet only about half of rural people's total credit needs.
The rest is sourced from informal lenders with high-interest rates. Banks and cooperatives
need to increase lending, especially in rural areas, to reduce reliance on informal sources.
• Formal sector loans should expand, ensuring everyone has access. Presently, richer
households get formal credit, while the poor rely on costly informal sources.
Formal credit should be more equally distributed to help the poor benefit from
cheaper loans.
14 Dhananjay is a government employee and belongs to a rich household whereas Raju is a
construction worker and comes from a poor rural household. Both are in need and wish to take
loans. Create a list of arguments explaining who between the two would successfully be able to
arrange money from a formal source. Why?

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 Ans:
Dhananjay will be able to get a loan from a formal source.
Arguments: -
• Dhananjay is a government employee and belongs to a rich household.
• He has the capacity to repay the loan within a given frame of time.
• Since he is well-off, he has enough collateral which he can use as a guarantee to the bank
until the loan is repaid.
15 “Poor households still depend on informal sources for credit”. Why?
Ans.
• Banks are not present everywhere in rural areas.
• Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely available with poor
households.
• Informal lenders like money lenders know the borrowers personally and are often willing to
give a loan without collateral.
• The borrowers, if necessary, approach the moneylenders without paying their earlier loans.
• Getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources.
16 Explain the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in the rural society.
OR
Imagine yourself to be XYZ, a member of a women Self- Help Group. Analyse the ways through
which your group provides loan to the members.
Ans.
The basic objective of ‘Self Help Groups’ is to organize rural poor, particularly women belonging to
one neighborhood into small Self-Help Groups (15-20 members). These members save regularly and
the amount varies from ₹25-100 or more depending upon their ability to save.
Advantages of ‘Self Help Groups’ are as follows:
• The members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group
charges interest on these loans which is still less than what moneylenders charge. After a
year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the
bank which is sanctioned in the name of the group to create self-employment opportunities.
• All important decisions regarding loan, purpose, amount of interest, non-payment of loan is
taken by the group members.
• For instance, small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land,
meeting working capital needs (buying seeds, fertilizers, raw materials etc.), for acquiring
assets like sewing machines, handlooms, cattle etc.
• Since non-repayment of loans is dealt with seriously by group members, therefore banks are
willing to lend to the poor women when organized in SHGs, even though they have no
collateral as such. Thus, the SHG s help women to become financially self-reliant.
• The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social
issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.

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 INDIAN SCHOOL AL WADI AL KABIR
Class: X Department: Social Science Sub: Economics

Chapter-4 Topic: Globalisation and the Indian Year: 2024-25

Q.B.NO:4 Economy

1 What do you mean by ‘Globalisation’?

Ans.
• Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
• MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process.
• More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between
countries.
• Besides, there is movement of people between countries in search of better income,
better jobs or better education.

2 Explain the factors which enabled globalization

OR
“Information and Communication Technology has played a major role in spreading out
production of services across countries.” Support the statement.
Ans. Refer- Point A (ii)
OR
How has improvement in technology stimulated the globalisation process? Explain.
Ans. Refer- Point A (i & ii)

Ans.
Factors that have stimulated the globalisation process are as follows: -
A. Technology
Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation
process.
i. Transportation Technology:
• Improvements in transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods
across long distances possible at lower cost.
• Containers have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and increased the speed with
which exports can reach markets.
• Similarly, the cost of Air transport has fallen. This has enabled much greater volumes of
goods being transported by airlines.
ii. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) :
• In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, Internet has
been changing rapidly. It has played a major role in spreading out production of services
across countries.

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 • Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are
used to contact one another around the world and to communicate from remote areas.
This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
• Computers have now entered almost every field of activity where one can obtain and
share information on almost anything.
• Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across
the world at negligible costs.
B. Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy: -

•Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and
to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country.
For example: Tax on imports.
• The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and
investment to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
• Starting around 1991, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a
large extent.
• Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as
Liberalisation.
• With liberalisation of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what
they wish to import or export.
C. World Trade Organisation (WTO): -
• World Trade Organisation (WTO) is one of the organisations whose aim is to liberalise
international trade.
• WTO started at the initiative of the developed countries, establishes rules regarding
international trade, and sees that these rules are obeyed.
3 What is a Multinational Corporation (MNC)?
Ans.

• A Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in more

than one nation. MNC is not only selling its finished products globally, but more
important, the goods and services are produced globally.

• Example: Tata, Pepsi, Adidas, Apple etc.

4 ‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent in India since
1991.’ Justify the statement.
OR
Why had the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after
independence? Analyze the reasons.
Ans.
The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment after independence
because:
• It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign
competition.

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 •Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at
that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed
imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.
• Starting around 1991, the government decided that the time had come for Indian
producers to compete with producers around the globe. It felt that competition would
improve the performance of producers within the country.
• Thus, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent.
This meant that goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies
could set up factories and offices here.
• Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as
Liberalisation.
6 Differentiate between Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment?
Ans.
Foreign Investment: -
Investment made in a country by a MNCs originated from some other country is called Foreign
Investment.
Foreign Trade: -
Trade with different countries is called Foreign Trade and it includes import and export.

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