impulsivity but higher scores on social anxiety and sociality, as compared to players shooting games.

MOBAs & Battle Royal Games ---> impulsive, sensation- seeking players.

Strong risk factors: being male, adolescent, gaming on a daily basis for long periods, lacking social
support.

There also specific risk factors that tend to align with certain game types.

If you are the player who have some obsession with creating a character, you don't like playing game
and spend your all time creating a character or watching some YouTube videos and Twitch rather
than playing can we define these types of behaviors as a gaming behavior? Should all behaviors
include and/or implicate gaming products be defined as gaming behavior?
According to teacher they are not seen as gaming behavior. It is another thing to investigate.

ATTACHMENT

Bowlby is the finder of this concept and first person who mention about attachment.

°°°°° The attachment style affects individual's future psychopathology. Especially insecure attachment
is highly correlated with psychopathology. Attachment has so many consequences for
psychopathologies and psychological well being. Our relationships can be affected by our
relationship with caregivers.

°°°°° Attachment behavior is instinctive.

Definition and History of Attachment

Attachment theory is firstly described by Bowlby. He is interested in working with children as a

psychiatry and he is also a psychoanalysis. He search the effects of separation between the parents
and infants. He observed too many children and too many mother and their relationship, explained
attachment theory. Bowlby observed that children experienced intense distress when they are
separated from their mothers. All of these children were cared and feed by other people but mother
is an important figure for their development or behaviors.

Why is mother so important for any child? Why do we need to attach someone else?
The answers for second question: To feel safe.

We attach someone else to survive. Before feeling safe we need other people to survive. If you are
alone and there is no one to care you, you can not survive. The basic function of the attachment is to
survive.

Bowlby observed that unstable relationship between children and mother affected child's behavior
negatively.

Ainsworth as a psychologist, she attended Bowlby's research team and analyzed records of children
who are together or playing with their mothers. Their studies were influenced by Lorenz and
Harlow's experiments.
Horlow worked with monkeys. He separated monkeys from their mothers after birth. He used some
figures instead of their mothers. There were two types of mother figures. The first one was made
from soft material while other was made from wires. Both figures provided milk so monkeys got their
basic/physical needs from these. The results were so surprised. Monkeys tried to use mothers who
are from soft material. The monkeys who attached to wire fake mother behave negatively like
shooting, crying and screaming. The study was important for Bowlby he observed that physical needs
are not the only thing. We have more needs than that. He focused the psychological aspect of
attachment.

Biological Basis of Attachment

The attachment theory's explanations about biological basis are so important. The most important
fundamental aspect of attachment theory is focusing biological basis of attachment process.

You can see a baby who is smiling or vocalizing some sounds. At this point you need to do something
for this baby like saying "Ohhhh sweetie." Some behaviors we have innately signal and alert the
mother that the child needs interaction. These behaviors can serve to bring to mother to the child.
Other behaviors also some signaling roles. Imagine that. There is a baby who is crying, screaming,
clinging after his mother leaves them. This baby can calm down after reconnecting with the mother.
According to Bowlby it is because evolutionary mechanism. These behaviors (smiling, vocalizing,
crying, shooting) can enhance the survival of children. These behaviors also increase the likelihood
the child mother proximity. The proximity in turn increase the likelihood of protection and provide
survival advantage. With attachment we can affect the caregiver and thus increasing being survive.
Evolutionary perspective says that if a baby is near mother the risk of baby's crying is so low. If the
baby sees mother in the living room she starts to cry because she felt a danger for change to survive.
Here the crying is working. After crying the mother takes the child. The babies who give this kinds of
responses increases the likelihood of living. If the baby doesn't cry when feeling hunger, the
advantage of being care and survival can lose so the first important thing about attachment is the
role of providing survival.

Attachment is normal and the healthy characteristics of humans. It is not a sign of immaturity. It is
the biological function of attachment. These behaviors (crying, smiling...) are examples of attachment
behavioral system according to Bowlby. Through this system, we can maintain our relationships. We
learn to attach whether the parents meet needs or not.

Functional equivalence: The behaviors we use in a specific context are the ones that we think they
are most useful at the moment. We choose most useful behaviors. Through our lifetime and
development we gain a lot of ways to achieve proximity. For a year old baby smiling can be a
behavior to get a protection, affection. After growing and developing we learn too many ways which
are effective in different circumstances. We learn to many way to attach another person. There is a
child who is a year old can now walk. He can use crying by expecting his mother comes back. A child
who can walk can follow his mother to achieve same goal. The goal is to establish a contact with
mother. Attachment behavioral system or in other words the behaviors we use at any point can
make us be able to respond flexibly within the environmental changes. If a baby is an unfamiliar
environment and see her mother leaving the room you can observe baby while crying because baby
feel desire to increase the proximity to her caregiver. The baby can follow her but if this strategy fails
with flexibility she changes the strategy, behavior uses attachment behavioral system and start crying
to achieve the goal.

The other approach that Bowlby highlighted is control system approach. It is highly associated with
attachment behavioral system. He used metaphor to describe this relationship. Think a thermostat. It
can show us the heat when rooms get to the thermostat activates the heater and when the desire
heat is achieved thermostat turns the heater off. Like this thermostat children want to maintain
certain proximity with their mothers. Attachment system behaves as a thermostat, when seperation
becomes to long in terms of distance or time the attachment system become activated and when the
sufficient proximity achieved it is terminated. Our goal is not mother herself, it is the state. We need
to maintain the relationship, desired distance (not too close, not too distant). The distance depends
on circumstances. It is the function of control system.

Attachment is highly biological concept, without attachment the likelihood of survival will decrease.
We use our behaviors to signal the caregiver like smiling, crying, shooting. These are examples of
attachment behavioral system. We are flexible, we use different behaviors under different
circumstances flexibly. Control systems are important. We can activate and terminate attachment
system. If the distance so high, we start the attachment system and if the distance is desirable we
terminate it. Context is important. Bowlby says that child doesn't always wants same proximity level.
This desire changes under different circumstances.

If there is a threatening stimulus it belongs to environmental factors. The location and behavior of
the mother are also environmental. If the mother isn't the room this is an environmental factor. The
child feel an illness, hungriness, pain and this can affect attachment system. This infant's effect and
environmental effects can affect attachment system, the activation of attachment system changes. A
threatening stimulus also affect activation of attachment system. The child and environmental
factors can affect the need level of proximity.

Think about a baby who is distress. If the mother is not in the room the child feels distress and tries
to contact mother. This contact terminates attachment activation system. The degree is so
important. If the attachment system is intensely activated, the contact with the parent maybe
necessary to terminated. The contact is necessary. If it is moderately activated, the voice of mother
can also terminate this activation. The degree of the activation of attachment system is important.
Sometimes, the child needs to contact with the parent, sometimes the voice or picture of mother is
enough. In sum; proximity seeking is activated when the infant receive information that a goal is
exceed.

Think about role of emotions. We can use emotions to express our needs. When a baby is angry and
protest his/her caregiver, this emotion can alert the attachment figure to reach the child and
maintain relationship. If the child doesn't show any emotion we cannot go near to baby we can say
that he is okay. If we observe any negative emotion like unsatisfied we can take the baby.

The cognition is another factor in attachment. There are mental representations of attachment
figure, mental representation of self and mental representation of environment. We acquire these
representations via our experiences. These mental representations are called as internal working
models by Bowlby. With this representations we can plan our future, do specific behaviors. In specific
situations with a specific person these representations can help us to modify our behaviors.

Bowlby also mentioned about individual differences. We all attach, we attach our parent even they
abuse us but our attachment style is not same. Some children's attach securely but some of them
not. We can split attachment styles and individual differences into two group: Secure and insecure
attachment.

• Secure attachment occurs when the mental representations of child about attachment figure
as available and responsive when they are needed.
• If the mental representations about attachment figure is not available and responsive we
lack such a good representation so in securely attach to caregiver. Caregiver's characteristics
at the same time the baby's characteristics are so important. These create the individual
differences.
The Exploratory System: With this system we get another opportunity to survive because we get
some information about the environment with this system. We learn how to use some tools, how to
build structures or how to obtain some food. If this system cannot work we lose opportunity to
survive.

There is a dynamic equilibrium between this system and attachment system. If the child maintains
proximity with the caregiver or attachment figure, she/he feels safe. If you are safe you can learn
about environment to exploration. If you don't feel this proximity you cannot explore the
environment. There is an attachment exploration balance (first year of the life). Every child behaves
flexibly during a situation and maintains a balance. The child assesses the environmental
characteristics and assesses the availability of the caregiver. If the environment is dangerous,
exploration cannot be possible, we cannot explore anything. If the attachment figure is leaving us
and environment is unfamiliar with us, the exploration rate is going to decrease.

Consistent with this situation, we can say the child experiences healthy attachment figure does not
have to activate attachment system because he/she has a healthy attachment figure and feels
comfortable with the attachment figure exploration is increase so attachment can strengthen the
exploration.

Is the physical presence/appearance of attachment figure is enough? Not enough.

Belief is also important. If you believe that your parent is here and you can reach him or her when
you need, this belief helps you to maintain this balance. The belief is not enough only anyway. We
have to say that the physical appearance and the belief interact and complete balance.

Some important concepts of attachment theory: You can feel that your parent or your caregiver is
here for you and you can explore the environment: secure base. After secure base you can explore
environment and you return to the safe haven. Return to the attachment figure to feel comfort and
safety. In any face of threat and fear you can return to the caregiver, to the attachment figure to feel
safety and comfort.
We start with secure base to explore environment, with facing ant threat or feeling any fear we can
return to the attachment figure which seen as a secure heaven. Other important aspect of
attachment is proximity seeking/maintenance (teacher mentioned about that). After separation we
can feel distress this is the separation distress.

The Fear System: We can feel the fear during the exploration environment and we want to return
safe heaven but the fear system has some relationship with the attachment system. Some clues to
danger (darkness, loneliness. .) increase the likelihood the danger but they are not really dangerous
things. The child who is sleep in her bedroom at sleep time, she starts to cry or shout and saw a
monster. The parent go to the her and try to make her safe. This is an important example for fear
system. In this example, the infant is afraid if being alone and scream to seek protection. The
presence or absence of attachment figure is so important. If the attachment figure is available and
accessible the infant is feel less susceptible to fear. Sometimes the photograph of mother can calm a
fearful child. Fear system affect the attachment.

The Sociable System is important according to Bowlby. Being social can promote survival. If you are
with people you are less likely to be killed. You can find food, get shelter, feel secure. If you are alone
you lose the advantage of protection. We can learn environment easily with other people.
Sociable system and attachment system are correlated. They serve to survive.

The Caregiver System: Doing a good parenting is preprogrammed at some degree. We have some
innate qualifications to do parenting. Bowlby described urge to care and protect children. If you don't
have this kind of biological base urge to protect or care children the survival of infant cannot be
possible? The difference between our parenting is emerged through learning. We get some parenting
qualifications via learning. Both parent and child work together to maintain the proximity. If the child
goes away the parent takes him, if the child think the parent also wants to protect this proximity
maintenance the attachment behavior are not need, that is the activation of attachment system is
not need but if the caregiving system is not relatively activated the child's attachment system
become activated.

What about multiple attachment figures? We always talked about mother but what about fathers or
other caregivers? Can we do multiple attachments? Do we choose someone mother or father and
continue attachment with her/him without attaching someone else?
We know the role of mother as an attachment figure but the father, siblings and other caregivers can
serve as attachment figures. At this point; we do hierarchy of major caregivers. We attach objects or
fathers but we do a hierarchical list of caregivers. This list depends on;
(1) how much time the infant spends in each figure's care
(2) the quality of care each provides
(3) each adults emotional investment in the child
(4) social cues
(5) the repeated presence across time of the figure in the infant's life.
The potential of limitless but the infant does not treat all attachment figures equivalent. There is an
attachment hierarchy.
Two or three attachment figure occur during the first year of infant. By middle childhood we spend
more time outside the family like friends and opportunities for attachment arises. In adolescence and
young adulthood we can begin to develop attachment to sexual partners and attachment to parents
remain throughout the life. The other figures can change. The attachment figures whom we attach at
first year become persistent and central.

Patterns of Attachment

• Secure attachment: The child feel a little bit distress when separating from their caregivers
but they can feel joy, go back to the baseline when the caregiver returns. They can depend
on their caregivers and feel secure. When the adult leaves the room, the child may feel upset
but they think the caregiver will return. The child explore the environment freely. They can
able to separate their caregiver in adulthood we can observe some important parts. We can
have trusting, long lasting relationship with other partners. The child seeks the comfort from
their parent when he/she is frightened, if the caregivers return this warn, the child behaves
with positive emotions. In secure attachment the child prefer parents to strangers. People
who seek social support are securely attached people.
• Avoidant Attachment: Children do not show any protest or distress as an reaction to
caregiver's leaving. In avoidant attachment you don't interest your parents leaving. They
tend to avoid parents and caregivers, show no preference between caregiver and a stranger.
There is no differences for them. This children may avoid parents, do not seek comfort or
contact from their parents. If you observe people who have problems with intimacy, invest
little emotions in social and romantic relationships, are not able to share thoughts or feelings
with other people use avoidant attachment style.

Adults are rejecting or intrusive. So when I meet you I will avoid and ignore you and look after myself.
I won't be asking you for help no matter what I face. It's not okay to be emotional. Love? Care? Why
would I trust you? You have no idea what I need.
 • Ambivalent/ Anxious attachment style: The children with ambivalent attachment become
very distress when parents leave them. We observe poor parent availability in these
situations. These children can not depends on their mother and they can not be sure that
their mothers are there for them when the child needs her. These children become greatly
distress, they can scream, cry when parents leave. In adulthood these people are reluctant to
become close to others, they are always worry about their partners love them. They become
mad when their relationship end. These children feel uncomfortable when their parents
return to them. They feel that their mothers are not available for them.

Adults are unpredictable. I have to draw attention to myself to get you to notice me and to make
sure I get my needs met, even if it's just some of them. I can't rely on you work out when I need and
when. Sometimes you will feel like I'm in your face but you've got to understand that I can't bear to
be ignored. That terrifies me. I want comfort but it does not help me.

• Disorganized Attachment: They have mix emotions about their caregivers. They are
confused about their feelings and their caregivers. They display mix behaviors. They feel
disoriented or confused. Orphans and traumatized, neglected children. There is no clear
attachment pattern, we cannot observe any consistent pattern. They have inconsistent
behavior from their caregivers.

Adults are either frightening by being abusive towards you or frightened because they seem so
scared or helpless most of the time. I don't know whether to approach you or run away from you. I
feel confused by you and others. I'm bad. I am frightened. Why should I trust you? But then I need
you sometimes. I need to stay in control and be ready. Who knows what will happen next.
It's like being starving but faced with a poisoned cake.

Attachment stillerini Ainsworth tanımladı fakat biyolojik temelleri ve diğer sistemlerle olan ilişkisini
kuran Bowlby.

There have to be a balance between attachment and exploration. Nearly more than half of people
attach securely to their caregivers. Some people use different types of attachment because of the
imbalance between attachment the exploration. There is two types of insecure attachment style. The
first one is anxious (resistant and ambivalent), the second one is avoidant. We know there is also
disorganized attachment but it is different and about more problematic situations. It is more than
insecure attachment. Insecure attachment can be important risk factor for further psychopathologies
but we observe disorganized with attachment autism, schizophrenia. You can have some relationship
problems and depressive symptoms we can say that it is more about anxious or avoidant
attachment.

After Ainsworth some researchers defined more attachment styles (Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991),
Fraley & Shaver (2000)). This model depends on the Ainsworth's model and is extended. It is a
dimensional model not a categorical one. They put insecure attachment styles (avoidant and anxious)
in a spectrum. If you experience low avoidance and low anxiety you have secure attachment. There is
balance between low anxiety and low avoidance in secure attachment. If you have high anxiety but
low avoidance you may have preoccupied attachment style. High avoidance and high anxiety cause
fearful attachment style. Low anxiety and high avoidance cause dismissing attachment style. Secure,
avoidant and anxious attachment styles are main styles.
 Attachment and Attention Problems
Executive function, executive attention, working memory, self regulation, self control.... are
associated with attention. Self regulation is a type of executive attention which is a type of executive
function.
What does self regulation mean, what are its characteristics? What does self control mean?
Is self control effortful or effortless? Do you effort to control yourself? Do we make inhibition or
initiation while making self control? Is self control deliberate or automatic?

• Self regulation: controlling the reaction to stress, capacity to maintain focused attention
(emotion regulation and attention regulation are types of self regulation), capacity to
interpret mental states in themselves and others.
• Self control : the process of selecting most valued behavior when different options are
available. Attention plays an important role in this process.

Self regulation and self control are related to each other, similar and according to some researchers
we can use these concepts interchangeably. According to others, self regulation is a more broader
concept. Self regulation is about goal directed behavior. Self control is about controlling or inhibiting
your behavior but it is not current definition of self control.

If you have higher level of self control there would be increase in your cognitive& self regulation
skills, health, well- being, better grades, academic achievement, better quality interpersonal
relationships, happier life...
According to some researcher self regulation and self control have mediator role between the
genetic predisposition and environmental factors and our functioning.
Lower levels of self control cause impulsive buying (internet shopping addiction or gaming disorder),
financial debt, maladaptive eating patterns, procrastination.

There are three possible explanations for self control:

• Delay of gratification: The children who resisted the impulse to eat, years later, showed
higher academic, social, health outcomes. Self control is about well being. Some children
have innate characteristics about self control. The delay of gratification study was replicated
with British twin study. The siblings with lower self control at the age of 5 had poorer
outcomes (low academic career, distorted relationships) at the age 12.

There are two types of self control mechanism: State and trait self control. Trait self control (the
desired goal is prioritized) is innate and has genetic background but state self control is about
effortful inhibition. We can also extend trait self control via good attachment figure. If you have a
good attachment figure it can affect your self control abilities. Self control and self regulation are
important for our behaviors and attachment affect self control.

• Another explanation is dual system theory: It mention about hot and cold systems. These
systems are processing the information and guide our behaviors. Hot system is fast, reflexive
and impulsive system. This system is always on mood. It is guided by bottom up attention (it
comes from your limbic system, inner side of brain; top down attention is related to frontal
lobe which is outer in the brain). The cold system is guided by top down attention and this
system is slower than hot system and it is about self control. You use cold system and your
prefrontal cortex before reacting to use self control. You give reaction later but at the same
time you can use self control by cold system.
Self control is a mechanism that allows to inhibit or override the impulses coming from hot
 system allowing precedence if cold system. To use self control mechanism, cold system that
is top down process should override hot (button up) system.
• The last explanation is strength model: According to this model; the self alters it's own
behavioral patterns so as to prevent or inhibit its dominant response. This model see self
control effortful and relate it to state self control because you can alter your behavioral
patterns according to the environment and your dominant responses. Ego depletion is a self
control failure. If you have ten pieces of energy to maintain your daily life and use all of this
energy to inhibit or alter your behaviors you will experience ego depletion. You can use some
strategies to change this situation you can alter your behaviors not to experience ego
depletion.

Self control is an effortful, inhibition thing but assume that: You want to achieve some academic
achievement. If you have self control you need to stop or inhibit watching Netflix but effortful
inhibition can not explain all the aspects of self control because if you don't put any other behaviors
like attending class (that is initiation, it is important as inhibition) you cannot get any success. We
have to experience a balance between effortful inhibition and initiation. To become a healthy person
you stop your binge (inhibition) and do exercise (initiation).
Inhibitory predicts undesired behavior. Initiatory predicts desired behaviors.

A study showed that people who have high trait of self control generally do not use inhibition to
regulate or control their behaviors. They use effortless smart strategies such as habits. They create
habits and do not spend too much efforts. They have strong habits to study or healthy eating and do
exercise. For example; a person who study day by day.

The relationship between self control and attention

Attention is important aspect of self control. You may have notifications from website they distract
your attention to make you buy something.
Addicts tend to demonstrate both initial attention to and the difficulty in disengaging attention from
addiction related stimuli.
Self control is both effortful (you may use some effort to distract your attention) and effortless
(habits) thing. Self control is both related to inhibition and initiation. It is both deliberate or
automatic.

Attention and Attachment

Studies can not show any direct relationship between attentional problems and attachment styles.
We know that there are relationships between self control, self regulation, effortless inhibition and
the attachment styles and this relationship can say something for attention problems because these
concepts are related with attentional problems.

Self regulation hedefinize ulaşmak için davranışlarınızda yaptığınız tüm değişimleri ifade ediyor. Self
regulation ve self control kavramlarını aynı olarak gören araştırmacılar da var fakat bazı araştırmacılar
bunların farklı olduğunu ve hatta self-regulation'ın self control'ü içeren daha üst bir kavram
olduğunu savunurlar. Self control'ü sorduğumuzda herkes inhibitasyondan bahseder fakat demin de
gördüğümüz gibi aslında yeni davranışlar ortaya koymak da self control ile ilgili. Bunun bir üstü olarak
da hedefinize ulaşmak için yaptığınız değişimler self-regulation.
°°°°° The study shows that insecure and disorganized attachment style is associated with behavioral
disorders such as attention problems. Attention problems are like easy distractibility, difficulty in
finishing tasks, concentrating works. The most diagnosed attentional problem is ADHD. The
symptoms are inattentive and easily distracted, cannot concentrate or cannot pay attention for long.

°°°°° There is a subclinical problem we can call it subclinical dissociation (seen in people who has
disorganized attachment) which is characterized by daydreaming, blank states, appearance of being
in a fog.

°°°°° Some studies show a relationship between attachment styles and effortful control. If you have
secure attachment style you can use effortful control. If you have insecure attachment, effortful
control may be problematic for you.

°°°°° Low level of effortful control is a risk factor for attention problems. Attachment affects effortful
control which in turn affects attention problems.

°°°°° Not only effortful control but also reactive aspects of self regulation (buttom up, automatic) is
also associated with attention problems. Researchers focused effortful control more than reactive
aspects (hot system).
Effortful control cold system top down
Reactive aspects bottom up hot system

Three aspects of attachment affects attentional regulation:

Ø The regularity role of caregivers: Caregivers play a regularity role for children. They act as
external regulation and encourage the emerging capacities for self regulation of children.
Ø The balance between secure attachment and exploration is possible and it means that
attention regulation can be a good process for children is there is a such balance. Exploration
is important because children can use their attention flexibly. This balance influences the
children's flexibility of attention and concentration; secure base allows for switching
attentional focus (between environment and attachment figure). Children explore the
environment because of the secure base. If there is no secure base the children always direct
their attention to environment or attachment figure.
Ø Internal Working Models: If there is secure attachment the children use attention flexibly,
sometimes they direct their attention attachment figure or environment. If children direct
their attention all the time to environment there may be avoidant insecure attachment. If
children direct their attention all the time to caregiver it is also insecure attachment
(resistant attachment). Insecurely attached children vary somewhat for children with
different types of attachment. Avoidant babies allocate the attention to the environment
rather than the caregiver. Resistant baby use normative strategies (crying, calling); at the
expense of exploration. They tend to maintain their attention to the caregiver. They also
experience some attentional problems in adulthood or childhood.

Although these modes of dealing with attention may be adaptive for attracting their caregiver's
attention, over time they may result in the development of maladaptive patterns of attention.

°°°°° A study with Emotional Stroop Task showed that higher attachment avoidance is associated with
lower interference by attachment- related words. They also have better ability to switch their
attention rapidly.

°°°°° Higher emotional resistance is associated with easily impairment by attachment related worries.
°°°°° What about disorientation/ disorganized?
There is a relationship between subclinical dissociation and disorientation. Disorganized attachment
style is characterized by failure in orienting of attention. We observe blank and staring eyes, labse in
monitoring discourse, inappropriate attention to unimportant details, diminished awareness of
surroundings.

°°°°° In sum; Insecure and disorganized patterns of attachment are related to different types
of attention problems.

°°°°° Resistant children: Their attention is easily disrupted by attachment-related worries

and negative emotions.

°°°°° Avoidant children: Their attention is rigid and diverted by attachment concerns.

°°°°° Children in the group of secure attachment were lower in attentional problems than
children in insecure attachment.

°°°°° Avoidant children were higher in attentional problems than were secure children. They avoid
from attachment-related thoughts and emotions because of their caregivers' characteristics, they
use inflexible focusing of attention; this situation can be responsible for having attentional problems.

°°°°° Resistant children have more attentional problems than securely attached children but there is
no difference between resistant children and avoidant children. There is equality in their risks of
attentional problems.

°°°°° Disorganised children exhibited higher attentional problems than organized (secure, resistant
and avoidant) children.

°°°°° Attachment to father: Secure children were lower in attentional problems than insecure children
when the attachment figure was the father. There is no difference between gender of the caregiver.
Both mother and father have same pattern.

°°°°° Especially for ADHD heritability of genetic factors play important role.
If there is a genetic role, genetic problem; parents may experience this kinds of attentional problems
as well. If they experience attentional problems they may have limited ability to regulate their
attention. This parents also may not behave well and have limited ability to regulate their attention
to their children. In other words caregivers with attention problems have insecure attachment in
their children because of inattentive to their children’s needs. The children’s attention can be
affected by both genetic & environmental (insecurity of attachment) factors and this situation can
affect attention problems negatively.

°°°°° People with secure attachment is aware of their emotions and they are better to regulate them.
They use better attentional regulation and they are less distracted by interpersonal worries. They can
pay better attention to the events.

Today, we will discuss narcissism, some current discussions about narcissism. Do you know the
differences between pathological narcissism, normal narcissism or the narcissistic personality
disorder?