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1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
- Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more • Take lead nitrate solution in a test tube. Add potassium
reactants are converted to one or more products. iodide solution. A yellow precipitate of lead iodide
- During a chemical reaction, chemical change occurs. appears at the bottom.
- The substances that undergo chemical change are called • Take few zinc granules
reactants. The new substance formed is called product. in a conical flask or test
Examples for chemical reactions tube. Add dilute HCl or
H2SO4. Bubbles are
• Burning of a clean magnesium ribbon with a dazzling observed around zinc
white flame to form white powder (magnesium oxide). granules due to release
It is due to the reaction of magnesium with oxygen in air. of hydrogen. Conical
flask becomes hot.
The following
observations helps to
determine whether a chemical reaction has taken place.
• Change in state.
• Change in colour.
• Evolution of a gas.
• Change in temperature.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
- The description of a chemical reaction can be written in Number of atoms in Number of atoms
Element
a shorter form. The simplest way is word-equation. E.g. reactants (LHS) in products (RHS)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide Zn 1 1
(Reactants) (Product) H 2 2
- The reactants are written on left-hand side (LHS) with a S 1 1
plus sign (+) between them. Products are written on the O 4 4
right-hand side (RHS) with a plus sign (+) between them. Thus it is a balanced chemical equation.
- The arrowhead points towards the products, and shows Steps of balancing a chemical equation
the direction of the reaction.
Writing a Chemical Equation - Balancing a chemical equation using least whole number
coefficient is called hit-and-trial method.
- Chemical equations can be simplified by using chemical - The steps are given below:
formulae. A chemical equation represents a chemical Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
reaction. E.g. Step I: Draw boxes around each formula. Do not change
Mg + O2 → MgO (skeletal chemical equation) anything inside the boxes.
- If the number of atoms of each element is same on LHS &
Fe + H 2 O → Fe 3 O 4 + H 2
RHS, the equation is balanced. If not, it is unbalanced. It
Step II: List the number of atoms of different elements.
is called a skeletal chemical equation.
Balanced Chemical Equations Number of atoms Number of atoms
Element
in reactants (LHS) in products (RHS)
- According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can Fe 1 3
neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. H 2 2
i.e., total mass of the elements present in the products is O 1 4
equal to the total mass of the elements in the reactants. Step III: Select the compound (reactant or product) having
- Number of atoms of each element remains the same maximum number of atoms (Fe3O4). In that, select the
before and after a chemical reaction. So, skeletal element having maximum number of atoms (oxygen).
chemical equation must be balanced. Atoms of oxygen In reactants In products
- E.g. Word-equation of a chemical reaction is given: (i) Initial 1 (in H2O) 4 (in Fe3O4)
Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen (ii) To balance 1x4 4
- It is represented by the following chemical equation:
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 Fe + 4 H 2 O → Fe 3 O 4 + H 2
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