RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
704 Boni Ave. Cor Sacrapante, Mandaluyong,
1550 Metro Manila
COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN REPORT
“Introduction to the study of Globalization”
Prepared by:
Group 1
Enaje, Jared Merwin C.
Fabra, Abegail H.
Ramirez, Gian Joshua M.
Lestajo, Fritz C.
CED-16-201A
Presented to:
DR. LEONARDO G. ADAP
INTRODUCTION
GLOBALIZATION: The process of globalization includes a wide range of events that assists the link
of the world by giving countries, businesses, and individuals much more to interact with one another.
It concerns the movement of goods, services, ideas, cultures, and information across borders. Truly,
there have been many advances in technology, transportation, and communication that now facilitate
the practice of international trade for businesses, the travel and work of people in different countries,
and the export of their traditions, languages, and values by cultures worldwide.
NAYELI RIANO
According to Nayeli Riano (2019) argues that globalization and liberalism are deeply intertwined, with
liberalism serving as the foundation that made globalization possible. She suggests that while
liberalism originally had noble intentions in social, political, and economic aspects, it has changed
over time, just as globalization has evolved. The key issue she raises is whether the way globalization
and liberalism have developed is beneficial (salutary) or harmful (inimical) to society. Essentially, she
is prompting an analysis of whether globalization, as shaped by liberalism, has had positive or
negative effects on the world.
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
- Boosts Economic Growth. Globalization facilitates open markets and free trade, leading to
increased economic activities and higher national income.
- Enhances Technological Access. It allows countries to adopt and utilize advanced
technology, leading to industrial growth and improved daily living.
- Encourages Cultural Exchange. The sharing of traditions, values, and ideas between nations
promotes cultural understanding and diversity.
- Creates Job Opportunities. Multinational corporations expand into developing countries,
generating employment and skill development.
- Improves Living Standards. People gain access to a wider variety of products, better
healthcare, and higher-quality education, enhancing their overall quality of life.
- Drives Innovation and Competition. The presence of global competitors motivates
businesses to develop new ideas and enhance their products and services.
- Reduces Consumer Costs. Increased global trade and efficient production processes help
lower the prices of goods and services.
- Strengthens International Relations. Economic interdependence between nations fosters
diplomatic cooperation and reduces the likelihood of conflicts.
- Attracts Foreign Investment. Developing countries benefit from international investments,
which contribute to infrastructure improvements and economic development.
- Promotes Environmental Awareness Global. collaboration helps address environmental
issues such as climate change and sustainability through shared initiatives and policies.
EXAMPLE
Globalization offers many advantages, including promoting economic growth by opening markets and
increasing trade, which boosts national income and business opportunities; advancing technology by
enabling countries to access and adopt modern innovations that drive industrial progress and improve
daily life; fostering cultural exchange by encouraging the sharing of traditions, values, and ideas,
which enhances diversity and mutual understanding among nations; creating job opportunities as
multinational companies expand into developing countries, providing employment and improving
workforce skills; enhancing living standards by giving people access to a wider range of products,
better healthcare, and higher-quality education, ultimately improving their quality of life; encouraging
innovation and competition by pushing businesses to develop new ideas, improve products, and
enhance services to meet global demands; lowering consumer costs by increasing trade and
improving production efficiency, making goods and services more affordable; strengthening
international relations by fostering economic interdependence, which encourages diplomatic
cooperation and reduces the risk of conflicts; attracting foreign investments that help developing
countries improve infrastructure and achieve economic stability; and raising environmental awareness
by promoting global cooperation in addressing key issues like climate change and sustainability
through shared policies and initiatives.
WHY IS GLOBALIZATION IMPORTANT?
Globalization is important because it promotes economic growth, advances technology, and facilitates
cultural exchange, leading to stronger international cooperation and better living conditions. It enables
countries to engage in free trade, creating more job opportunities and increasing national income. By
providing access to global markets, it encourages businesses to innovate and enhance their products,
allowing consumers to benefit from improved and more affordable goods and services. Furthermore,
globalization strengthens diplomatic relations by fostering economic interdependence, which helps
reduce the risk of conflicts. It also plays a crucial role in addressing global issues such as climate
change, poverty, and healthcare by promoting international collaboration and shared solutions. More
importantly, globalization contributes to a more interconnected, efficient, and civilized society.
FACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION
● Technology – Makes communication faster (like the internet) and travel easier (like airplanes
and ships).
● Trade and Investment – Countries buy, sell, and invest in each other's businesses without
many restrictions.
● Transportation – Better ways to move goods and people around the world quickly (like ships
and trucks).
● Cultural Exchange – Sharing ideas, languages, and traditions between different countries.
● Labor Mobility – People moving to other countries to work or study.
● Multinational Companies – Big companies that have stores, offices, or factories in many
countries (like Google and Coca-Cola).
EXAMPLES
- Technology: it allows people globally to connect on the internet such as connecting to our
favorite social media platforms or allowing us to make day to day tasks conviniently online.
- Trade and Investment: exporting products like bananas, coconuts, and textiles to other
countries. Additionally, foreign companies often invest in local businesses, such as when
Japanese firms invest in BPO companies in Manila, creating job opportunities for Filipinos.
- Transportation: Cargo ships transport large quantities of goods like electronics, clothing, and
food from countries like China to the Philippines. This allows products to be available in local
markets at affordable prices.
- Cultural Exchange: Holidays like Chinese New Year and Valentine’s Day are now widely
celebrated in the Philippines, even though they originated in different cultures.
- Labor Mobility: Filipino Workers (OFWs) move to countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, or Hong
Kong to work as nurses, engineers, or domestic helpers.
- Multinational Commpanies: McDonald’s operates in over 100 countries, including the
Philippines, where it adapts its menu to local tastes by offering items like McSpaghetti.
THEORIES
This course takes on the key issues linked to globalization, delves into pertinent terms for
comprehending what it means, and investigates its roots and evolution over time, along with some of
the most recent integrated theories about globalization.
Theory of Liberalism (Founded by )
- Liberalism is a political and moral belief that values individual freedom, democracy, and
equality. It supports limiting government control over personal choices and economic activities
while protecting civil rights, free markets, and the rule of law. Based on Enlightenment ideas,
liberalism encourages tolerance, reason, and progress, promoting institutions that safeguard
human rights and social justice.
Theory of Political Realism (Founded by Thucydides)
- Political Realism is an approach to globalization theory that argues that sovereign nations are
the primary actors in the entire world, and therefore we reside in anarchy. It also focuses on
human nature as selfish, making power and self-interest the main objectives of all states. It is
also founded on ideas of egoism.
Theory of Marxism (Founded by Karl Marx)
- Marxism is mainly focused on modes of production, social exclusion by means of inequality of
distribution, and equality for all with the transcendence of capitalism. According to Marxists, the
rise of globalization occurs when trans-world connectivity elevates chances for lucrative and
excess formation.
Theory of Constructivism (Founded by Vladimir Tatlin)
- Constructivism is centered on the ways shared ideas form our view of globalization, altering
identities and interactions. Even so, its emphasis on cognitive ideas may eclipse the relevance
of tangible disparities and power, which could give rise to an unbiased viewpoint.
Theory of Postmodernism (Founded by Jean-François Lyotard)
- Postmodernism, like Marxism, plays a role in moving beyond the somewhat broad
explanations of liberal and political realism theories by exposing socioeconomic conditions that
have encouraged globalization. Evidently, postmodernism suffers from its own methodological
idealism. Even if ideas have an impact on things, they cannot be reduced to forms of
consciousness. For a good explanation, the relation between ideational and material forces is
inadequate.
Theory of Feminism (Founded by Mary Wollstonecraft)
- Feminist globalization theories point out the social construction of gender as well as the
influence of structural sexism, namely women's marginalization in global communication and
power dynamics. Contrary to other theories that focus on technology or economics, feminist
viewpoints underscore the vital role that gender plays in relating to global processes.
Theory of Transformationalism (Founded by Noam Chomsky)
- Transformationalism theory is defined as globalization as the set of processes that entail
changes in the spatial structure of social interactions and transactions, as manifested in
transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and power. This
viewpoint pointed out that all of the changes are caused by globalization.
Theory of Eclecticism (Founded by Victor Cousin)
- Eclecticism in globalization refers to a theory that sets forth a synthesis of several theories,
concepts, or initiatives from many cultural, economic, and political systems globally. This
premise is founded on the belief that no single theory or technique can explain the nuanced
reality of the rise of globalization.
PEACE AND EDUCATION
What is Peace Education?
- Peace education, a contested concept, faces analytical and additional challenges due to its
openness to various political interpretations. To reach consensus on a definition for
international community and school curriculum guidelines, the term is intentionally made open
to interpretations.
From Micro to Macro or: Are Women's Rights Humans Rights?
- Norwegian researcher Tone Skinningarud (1982) posits that achieving educational equality
necessitates an understanding of power dynamics at both micro and macro levels. Educational
reforms that neglect the interplay between classroom environments and broader national or
global policies risk failure. The mere act of grouping students in a classroom does not
guarantee equitable access to resources or mutual comprehension. In a globalized context, it
is essential to address both levels to ensure that global movements for equality effectively
impact local education systems and vice versa.
Education About Peace and Education for Peace
- The term "education about peace" refers to a more cognitive, fact-oriented approach to peace
education, while "education for peace" encompasses a broader, informal learning of attitudes,
values, and behavior. Both terms involve a normative type of education, focusing on the best
subject matter or learning environment for fostering peace.
Educating about peace in a globalized world
- In the context of peace education, It is essential to examine both the opportunities for global
communication that are connecting individuals across the world and the implications of a
globalized economy.
What type of violence does the globalized market-economy lead to? What challenges does it
pose for peace educators?
- The globalized market-economy is transforming social structures, causing a shift towards
peace. Peace is defined as the absence of structural or indirect violence, with growing
disparities leading to a more violent and less peaceful society.
- In a globalized world, peace education must focus on understanding the effects of market
economic policies and the growth of inequities between countries, particularly developing ones.
Students should gather statistics from international sources, study their own society, and
understand the reasons behind these disparities, including poverty, unemployment, and
inadequate food access.
Education for Peace in a Globalized World.
- The educator's task would be simplified if a clear link existed between knowledge exposure
and the development of attitudes; however, this correlation is elusive. Research conducted by
the UNESCO Institute of Education in Hamburg has revealed that knowledge often does not
equate to changes in attitudes among elementary and secondary students across various
member states. A Swedish report from this study concluded that no significant correlation was
found between students' knowledge levels and their attitudes. Therefore, merely increasing
knowledge without altering classroom dynamics does not effectively influence the social
attitudes and values of students.
The Goals of Educating for Peace
- Peace education aims to cultivate critical thinking and analytical skills while fostering a
cooperative approach to problem-solving. To tackle life-threatening and global issues
effectively, individuals must enhance their ability to work collaboratively. Traditional formal
education plays a significant role in nurturing this cooperation. Moreover, an essential
foundation for constructive problem-solving is a strong sense of self-confidence, security, and
self-worth.
EXAMPLES
-Conflict Resolution: Students become peer mediators who help resolve conflicts peacefully.
Students can develop strategies to de-escalate tension in their schools and communities.
-Peace Journalism Project: Students learn to challenge stereotypes and misinformation in
global conflicts.
-Intercultural Exchange: Students develop empathy and cross-cultural understanding. They
can recognize the similarities between people despite cultural differences.
(Next topic related to peace and education)
References:
Peterson Institute for International Economics. (n.d.). What is globalization? Retrieved from
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
Birgit Brock-Utne. (2000). Peace Education in an Era of Globalization.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249004195_Peace_Education_in_an_Era_of_Globaliz
ation
8 Theories of Globalization
https://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/8-theories-of-globalization-explained/642
Voegelin View, September 16, 2019, Nayeli Riano, Articles, Philosophy Articles. .
https://voegelinview.com/globalizations-liberalism/
