PERIODIC TABLE
SHORT NOTES FOR IIT JEE)
Earlier Attempt of Periodic Table
Earlier Attempt Periodic Table Li. Be, B C. N O, F
Periodic table is the systematic arrangement of Na, Mg, Al Si, P S, CI
elements in tabular form to make the study of Limitation :
elements easier.
1. Lavoisier
a) He could not arrange the elements after
calcium.
He classified the elements intometals of non-metal
Metal - losses e
b) After the discovery of noble gases, the law of
octave gets failed.
Non-metal -gains e 4 Lother - Mayer Curve
After the discovery of metalloids, this Peaks: Alkali Metals.
classification get discarded.
2. Dobereiner's Traid
Ascending : Halogens
All triad consists of three elements and follows
Descending : Alkaline Earth Metals.
two rules Similar elements occupy similar position in the
curve.
a) All three element of triad have similar
properties. On the basis of above graph he concluded that
b) At wt of middle element are average of At. physical properties of elements are periodic
function of atomic mass.
wt of first and last element.
Limitation:Could not arrange all elements into triad.
Limitation :
3. Newland's Law of Octave a) He was unable to include all elements into
He arrange the elements into increasing atomic
his graph.
mass and found that property ofevery 8element b) Graphical representation does not make study
is similar to 1* element just like 8th note of musical of elements easier.
octave.
Mendleev's Periodic Table
He arranged elements in increasing order of these ii. He corrected atomic mass of following elements.
atomic mass. Element U Be In Au Pt
All 63 elements known at his time, were included
in his PT. Trick You beiman insan aur pito
There are 7 periods and 8 groups Demerits.
Gr-1 to 7 are further devided into 2 subgroup (A He could not justify
& B) while gr-8 has 3 subgroup and each " Position of hydrogen.
subgroup has 3 elements like (Fe, Co, Ni), (Ru,
Rh, Pd) and (Os, Ir, Pt) " Position of Isotopes
Merits Anomalous pair of elements.
Heleft some vacant space for undiscovered element. 1 K391 Amir Khan
Trick
52 Tel28 Teri Iccha
Eka 'Al' ’Gallium (Ga) Aliya - Galiya
8, Th232 mPa31
Eka 'B' Scandium (Sc) B.Sc. Thanda Pepsi
Eka 'Si' Germenium (Ge) Sita-Geeta 2Cos89 xNi587 Cola Nahi
Eka 'Mn' ’ Technitium (Tc) M.Tech
Modern Periodic Table
Itis based on mosley's x-rayexperiment. vcz There are 7 periods & 18 groups in modern PT.
P-1 2 element (H- He) Very short
P-2 8 element (Li- Ne) Short
Nv=az- b P-3 8 element Short
(Na - Ar)
V’ frequency of emitted P-4 18 element (K- Kr) Long
X-ray 18 element
P-5 (Rb- Xe) Long
z ’ Atomic number 32 element (Cs- Rn)
P-6 Very long
a, b ’ constant P-7 Incomplete (Fr..) Incomplete
Magic Number
G-1 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
Modern Periodic Law G-2 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
G-3 18, 18, 32
Physical and chemical properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic number. G-4 to G-12 18, 32, 32
G-13 to G-17 8, 18, 18, 32, 32
G-18 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32
Blockwise Clsassification of Modern Periodic Table
1 s-block 5th period - 4d - seriesY -Cd
Contains two group ie. gr-1 (Alkali Metals) & 6th period - 5d - series La - Hg
gr-2 (Alkaline earth metal) f-block
GEC: ns! to2
Outermost, penultimate as well as Anti
All metals
penultimate shells are incompletley filled and last
Fixed valancy-G-I, V=1 and G-IL, V=2 e enters into (n-2) f.
2 p-block GEC:((G) ns² (n-1)d. (n-2)f-14
Contains 6 group (from gr-13 to gr-18) Also known as inner transition elements.
GEC : ns² np to6 Contains two sereis of elements
G - 18 Inert gas/Noble gas 4f - series Lanthanides Ce- Lu)
G - 17 Halogens (Salt producing) (Rare earth metal)
G- 16 Chalcogens (Ores producing) 4f - series Actinides G,Th -03Lr)
Elements can be metals, non-metals as well as
metalloids.
All -block elements belongs to gr-3 or IIB.
All are metals, shows variable valancy.
Elements can be solid, liqide or gas.
Elements after uranium (U) are called transuranic
Shows variable valancy. or artificial or synthetic or manmade elements.
3 d-block
Determination of Block, Period and Group
Outermost as well as penultimate shells are Step-I : Block- The subshellin which laste enters.
incompletly filled
Step-II : Period -Maxm value of principle ON (n)
Differentiating e (last e) enters into d-subshell Step-III : Group -
of penultimate shell ie., (n-1)d.
a) If element is of s-block
Total 10 groups (gr-3 to gr-12) gr no = no. of e in ns
GEC :- (IG) nsº. 1o«2 (n-1)d! to 10
b) If element is of d-block
All metals, shows variable valancy, Paramagnetic,
Colourful, used in making catalysts and complex gr no = no. of e in ns + (n-1) d
compounds. c) If element is of p-block
Contains 3-series gr no =no. of e in np + 12
4h period - 3d-series Sc -Zn d) If element is of f-block - gr no = 3
Gr.No. in IUPAC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IUPAC Nomenclature of Elements having Z > 100
Gr.No. in CAS I, I, I, IV, V, VI, VII, NumberName |Symbol Number Name Symbol
0 Nil 5 Pent P
Gr.No. in IUPAC 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Un 6 Hex H
Gr.No. in CAS VIIVIII VII I, I, M, VA 2 Bi B 7 Sept
Gr.No. in IUPAC 15 16 17 18 3 Tri T 8 Oct
Quad 9 Enn E
Gr.No. in CAS V, VI, VII, VIII,
Periodic Properties Part-I (Effective Nuclear Charge Z. and Atomic Radius)
1. Effective Nuclear Charge (Z) Ionic Radius
+ve charge T; r
-ve charge T; r‘
G’ Slatter's constant Radius of isoelectronic species
Z ’ Atomic Number
2. Screening / Shielding Effect of e in +ve charge T; r
S>P> d >f -ve charge 1; rT
3. Atomic Radius Size of hydrated ion
Distance between nucleous and outermost shell
Gi: Lipo) >Nafen> Ken> Rbo>Cse)
containing e.
G2: Bej >MBj)>Caony >Sun,> Baim)
M8)<Al)
Covalent Radius Metallic Radius
Conductivity in solution lonic Mobility
1
lonic Mobility size of ion
Exceptions of Atomic or loic Radius
1 Inert gas has largest radius its period due to
Vanderwaal Radius Vanderwaal Radius.
ii. d-block
Note : In case of inert gases Vanderwaal radius
is considered. Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
r’ Cov. radius <Metallic Radius <Vanderwall Radius r r = same
Covalant Radius iii. Boron family : r’B<Ga<Al <In =Tl In <Tl
a) Same atom
iv. Carbon family :r’ C<Si<Ge<Sn =Pb Sn <Pb
d V. Lanthanide Contraction
b) Different atom
Radius of lanthanides decreases on moving from
left to right due to poor screening effect.
da-Ia+I-0.9 (AEN) Due to Lanthanides contraction
AEN ’ difference of EN; r=da/2; a) In d-block
Gr no- 3- SC<Y <La
P-1 r’H< He V.wall radius Gr no- 4 to 12
P-2 r’ Ne > Li> Be >B>C> N>0>F. Size of 4d series = 5d series
P-3 r’ Ar> Na >Mg > Al>Si >P> ... b) Stability of Tl'> TI" (inert pair effect)
c) Stability of Pb?> Pb (inert pair effect)
Periodic Properties Part-II (lonisation Energy)
Ionisation Energy (AH/ .E.) P-2 ILE ’ Li <B< Be<C< 0<N<F< Ne
Minimum amount of energy required to remove
an electron from gaseous isolated atom is called P-3 L.E’ Na<Ag< Mg<Si<S<P<CI<Ar
ionisation energy.
Ionisation process is endothermic. i.e. AH=+ve.
Exceptions in ionisation energy
Boron Family :
Ae’ Ae te ; AH,, =+ve I.E ’ B > TI > Ga > Al > In
band karke tala gaya ali India
Successive I.E.
i Carbon Family :
Atx KJ ’Ate; L.E, =x C> Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
Aqgty KJ ’Ag tei LE, =y iii. d-block:
g-3 Sc<Y> La
A+zKJ’Ate; l.E, =z gr-4, 5, 6, 10 5d > 4d> 3d
L.E, <LE, <l.E,. gr-7,8, 9, 11, 12 5d> 3d > 4d
Factors effecting I.E Application
Basic strength of metal oxide oc 1/1.E
1. I.E « e relasing tendency 1/|.E
2. I.E. c Z Metallic characteristics < 1/.E
3. I.E c penetrating effect of valance e Electropositive characteristics oc 1/1.E
4. I.E. c +ve charge Tendency to oxidise itself < 1/ILE
1 Reducing power « 1/L.E
5. I.E. c charge ii. Types of oxide
-ve
6. I.E. < Stable Electronic configuration Baisc : Metal oxides
Variation in PT Acidic: Non-metal oxides
G-1 I.E ’ Li> Na > K> Rb> Cs Amphoteric : BeO, Al,0, ZnO, SnO, SnO, PbO,
G-2 I.E ’ Be > Mg > Ca> Sr> Ba PbO, TiO, V,0, Cr,0, CrO,
P-1 I.E ’ H< He Neutral: CO, N,0, NO.
iii. Highest I.E He, Lowest I.E. > Cs
Periodic Properties Part-III (Electron Gain Enthalpy)
Electron Gain Enthalpy(AH) /Electron Factors effective electron affinity
Afinity (EA)
Energy change when an e is added to gasious i 1_
size
isolated atom is called electron gain enthalpy.
Aete ’ A+xkJ, AH=-X ii. EA Z
ii. Electronic configuration -Half filled and full filled
A +e ’ Aity KJ, AH= -y orbitals are stable, So they show less interest
towards incominge.
A te Agitz KJ, AH =-Z
Variation in PT
AH of most of atoms are negative (Except P-1:- EA: H> He
Atoms having stable configuration), but
P-2: gr-18 <gr-15 <gr-2<G-13<G-1<
AHAHg, ,AH ...are always positive.
<G14 <G16 <G-17
EA =-AH
P-3: gr-18<gr-15<gr -2<G-13<G-1< G-16 S> Se > Te > PO> o
<G-14 <G-16 <G-17 G-15 P> As >Sb > Bi > N
Ne <N < Be < B< Li <<O<F Highest EA ’ Cl(Most -ve AH)
Ar<P< Mg < Al < Na < Si <S<Cl Lowest EA Ne (Most +ve AH)
G-17 CI> F|> Br >1>At
Periodic Properties Part-IV (Electronegativity)
Electronegativity (EN) ii. Mulliken's Scale
Tendency of bonded atom to pull shared pair EN = LE+ EA|
electron towards itself. 2
Factors : I.E. Ionisation energy (ev/atom)
i. EN c
1 E.A. Electron Affinity (ev/atom)
size
ii. EN Zf (EN)Mken Scake
iii. EN c % s-character
(ENPau's Scale
iii. Allred & Rochow's Scale
EN:sp> sp >sp
iv. EN +ve charge EN =0.359 0:74
r= radius in Å
V. EN c Application of electronegativety
-ve charge
1.
a) Non- Metallic character oc EN
Pauli's Scale
b) Bond polarity « AEN
c) % Ionic character = 16 x AEN + 3.5 (AEN
XA -X, =0.208 E, -VEAXE-8 Some Important Definitions
Reference Element (x) = 'H a) Typical element :
’ EN of A
3rd period element except inert gas. e.g. Na,
’ EN of B Mg, Al, Si, P, S and CI.
’ Bond enegy of A-B bond b) Representative element :
EA ’ Bond enegy of A -A bond 's and 'p' block element (except inert gas)
’ Bond enegy of B - B bond c) Transition element:
Note i- B.E most be in k.cal/ml d-block elements except e.g. Zn, Cd & Hg.
All transition elements are d-block element
but all d-block elements are not transition
i Be B. N element.
Si P S CI
d) Bridge element : Mg & Ca
Br M8
Na Cu K Ag
(IA) (I B) (IA) (II B)
Same EN:
e) Diagonal Relationship :
Nakli N=Cl (3.0)
Ishk - I=S =C (2.5) Be
Pachano - P= H (2.1)
EN of F>0>N= Cl> Br> I =S=C> P= H Mb/
General Trend of Different Properties in the Period and Groups
Periodic Properties Group Periods
Atomic radius Increases Decreases
lonisation potential Decreases Increases
Electronegativity Decreases Increases
Electron affinity Decreases Increases
Covalent character Decreases Increases
of halides
Metallic nature Increases Decreases
Oxidising nature Decreases Increases
Reducing nature Increases Decreases
Screening effect Increases Increases
Effective nuclear charge (Z) Constant Increases
Valency w.r.t. Oxygen Constant Increases
Basic character (Metals) Decreases
of hydrides Increases
Basic character of oxides (Non metal) Decreases Decreases
(Metals) Increases
Basic character of Increases Decreases
Oxy acids
Strenth of oxy acids Decreases Increases
Thermal stability of sulphate Increases Decreases
Thermal stability of carbonates Increases Decreases
Thermal stability of nitrates Increases Decreases
Thermal stability of hydroxide Increases Decreases
Density Increases First increass then decreases
Electro positivity Increases Decreases
IMPORTANT INCREASING TRENDS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1) Atomic/Ionic Size (Increasing order) p, m, o-dichlorobenzene
" Mg?, Na, F, OP, N (Hint : Isoelectric series) " CHI, CH,Br, CHF, CH,CI
" Ca, Ar, CI, S O, C, S, Se " NH, SO,, H,0, HF
" B, Be, Li, Na E,O, F, O " H,S, H,0
2 Ionic Radii in Water (Increasing order) " HI, HBr, HCI, HF
" Cs*, Rb, K, Na, Li Li, Be? " PH, AH, SbH, NH,
" Na', Mg, Al3 " H0, H,0,
3) Melting Point (Increasing order) 10) Strength of H-bonding (Increasing order)
" Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li " S, Cl, N, 0, F
" NH,, H,0, HF
" Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, Be
11) Abundance of Element (Increasing order)
" Cal, CaBr, CaCi,, Cak, " Element of earth crust - Fe, Al, Si, O
" BeCl, MgCl,, CaCI, SrCl, BaCl, Metals of earth crust -Ca, Fe, Al
" Nal, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
" Non-Metals - Si, O
" CsCl, RbCI, KCI, NaCl
" In atmosphere - O, N
" AICI, MgCl, NaCl In universe - He, Si, H
4) Density (Increasing order) 12) Electric Conductivity (Increasing order)
" Na, AL, Fe, Pb, Au Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs " Cr, Pt, Fe, Al, Au, Cu, Ag
" Ca, Mg, Be, Sr, Ba " Max. density = Os/Ir 13) Molar Conductivity in Water (Increasing order)
" Min. density = H "Metal ofmin.density =Li " LI, Na, K*, Rb', Cs'
5) Boiling Point (Increasing order) 14) Covalent character (Increasing order)
" PH,AsH, NH, SbH " HS, H,Se, H,0 " LiCI, BeCl,, BCI, CCl,
" HCI, HBr, HI, HF " NH, HE, H,0 " SrCl, CaCl,, MgCI,
" He, Ne, Ar, Kr H,0, D,0 " TiCi, TiCI, TiCi, " LiCI, LiBr, Lil
" H, Cl, Br, " Na,0, Na,S "AIF, Al,0, AIN
" HE, HCI, HBr, HI
6) Electronegativity (Increasing order)
As, P, S, Cl I, Br, CI, F 15) Ionic Character (Increasing order)
" C,N, 0, F LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr
" sp< sp² <sp
" LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF
7) Electron Affinity (Increasing order)
" I, Br, , CI Cu, Ag, Au " BeCl, MgCl, CaCl, SrCl, BaCI,
(EA of Au is very high = 222 kJ mol-") " BCI, AICI, GaCl, " VCI, VCl, VCI,
" 0, S,F. CI " N, P, 0,S
" AlF, MgF, NaF " AIN, AI,O,, AlF,
" HI, HBr, HCI, HF " CuCN, AgCN
8) Ionization Energy (Increasing order) " AgCl, KCI
" Na, Al, Mg, Si
16) Acidic Property (Increasing order)
" Li, B, Be, C, O, N, E, Ne, He (1 ILP)
" Sio, CO, N,0, SO,
" Be, C, B, C, F, O, Ne, Li, He (|nd I.P.) " MgO, Al,0, SiO, P,Oo
9) Dipole Moments (Increasing order) " HCIO, HCIO, HCIO,, HCIO,
" CCI, CHCI, CH,CI, CH,CI " CH,, NH, H0, HF " SiH,, PH, H,S, HCI
" NE, NH, H,0, HF " H,0, HS, H,Se, HTe "HE, HCI, HB, HI
" Cis-chloropropene, Trans-chloropropene " InCl,, GaCl, AlCI, " BE, BCI, BBr, BI,
17) Basic Character (Increasing order) " I, Br, CI, F,
" LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH " Zn, Fe², Pb², Cu, Ag
" Be(OH), Mg(OH), Ca(OH), Ba(OH), 22) Reducing Power (Increasing order)
" BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO " PbCl, SnCl, GeCl, " HF, HCI, HBr, HI
Co,, B,O, BeO, Li,O " Ag, Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn " HNO, H,SO,, H,S
" SiO, Al,0, Mg0, Na,0 " HPO, HPO, H,PO,
" SbH,, AsH, PH, NH, 23) Reactivity with water (Increasing order)
" F, OH, NH,, CH; " Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs " Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
" Nio, Mg0, SrO, K,o, Cs,0 24) Extent of Hydrolysis (Increasing order)
18) Bond Angle (Increasing order) " CCl, MgCl,, AICI, SiCI, PCI,
" CH, CH, C,H, " H,0, NH, CH, Co, " BiCl, SbCl, AsCl,, PCI, NCI,
25) Hydration Energy (Increasing order)
" H0, NH, CH, BH, " NO,,NO,,NO;
" Ba', Sr", Ca'², Mg, Be?
" H,Se, H,S, H,0 AsH, PH, NH,
" Cst, Rb, K, Na, Li
" PF, PCI, PBr, PI, " NE, NH, NCI,
Na', Mg", Al3
" OF, H,0, Cl,o
26) Thermal Stability (Increasing order)
19) Bond Length (Increasing order)
" N, O, F, a, N=N,C= N,C =C " Li,co, Na,CO,, K,co, Rb,CO, Cs,CO,
" BeCO, MgCO, CaCo, BaCO,
NO, NO, NO Be(OH),,
Polarisation
Mg(OH), Ca(OH), Sr(OH, Ba(OH),
" LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CaOH
" O, O, H,0, (0-0 bond length)
" BeSO, MgSO, CaSO, SbH, AstH, PH, NH,
" CO, Co,, CO, N, N,, N,?
" H,Te, H,Se, HS, H,0 " HI, HBr, HCI, HF
" 0,, O,, 0,, 0,* HE, HCI, HBr, HI
27) Solubility (Increasing order)
20) Bond Strength (Increasing order)
" BaCO, Srco, CaCO, MgCO, BeCO,
" HI, HBr, HCI, HF
" Be(OH), Mg(OH), Ca(OH), Ba(OH),
" BaSO, SrSO, CaSO, MgSO, BeSO,
" N-N, N=N,N=N " Li,co, Na,cO, K,Co, Rb,CO, Cs,Co,
" As - H, Sb- H, P- H, N H " LiF, LICI, LiBR, Lil
" LiF, NaF, KE, RbF, CsF
" N, ,N,,N,,N, " 0,0,, O, 0,, 0,
" CaF, CaCl,, CaBr,, Cal,
" Lil, LiBr, LiCl, LiF CsCI, RbCI, KCI, NaCl
Agl, AgBr, AgCi, AgF 1
" BaO, Sr0, CaO, MgO" F,, H, O,, N, PbO,, Cdl, Rbl solubility «Covalentchar.
" NO, NO, NO I, F, Br, Cl,
" O-O, S -S " Nal, NaBr, NaCl, NaF
28) Reactivity with Hydrogen (Increasing order)
" Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li
" F- ,O-0, N- N,C- C, H-H
" Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Be
21) Oxidizing Power (Increasing order)
29) Reactivity Towards Air (Inereasing order)
" Cr,0,2, MnO, " MnO,?, MnO,
" Be, Mg, Cs, Sr, Ba
" Wo, MoO, CrO, " GeCl,, SnCI, PbCI,
