Reg. No.
9 5 1 7
Question Paper Code : 21488
B.E. / [Link]. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2024
Fifth Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
19EC591 – ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(Regulations: Mepco – R2019)
Duration: 3 Hours Max. : 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A – (10 2 = 20 Marks)
BTL, CO
R, CO1 1. State True or False: The relation between directivity and aperture area of an antenna
is . Justify your answer.
A, CO1 2. Find the half power beamwidth (HPBW) and first null beamwidth (FNBW) for the
following normalized radiation intensities:
(0<= θ <=90, (0<= φ <=360)
U(θ)= cos2(θ)
U(θ)= cos2(2θ)
A, CO2 3. Draw the radiation pattern of two element uniform linear array with equal amplitude
and λ/2 spacing when (i) α = 0, (ii) α = -180
U, CO2 4. An array consisting of a number of dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line, with all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source is
called_____. Justify your answer.
A) End-fire array B) Back fire array C) Broadside array D) Binomial array
A, CO3 5. The power gain of an optimum horn antenna approximately with a square aperture
of 9λ on a side and aperture efficiency of 0.81 is ___________. Justify your answer.
U, CO3 6. In which of the following cases, a parabolic reflector primary radiator is said to be
ideal feed? Justify your answer.
A) The entire reflector is illuminated with no radiation in unwanted direction when
feed radiated entire energy towards it
B) Some part of reflector is illuminated with no radiation in unwanted direction
when feed radiated entire energy towards it
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C) Some part of reflector is illuminated with radiation in unwanted direction when
feed radiated entire energy towards it
D) The entire reflector is illuminated with small radiation in unwanted direction
when feed radiated entire energy towards it.
R, CO4 7. What is fringing effect in microstrip antennas?
R, CO4 8. Define pitch angle of a helical antenna.
R, CO5 9. List four factors that affect the propagation of radio waves.
A, CO5 10. If the maximum electron density for F-layer in ionosphere is 4.5 x 106 electrons /
cm3, then what will be the critical frequency of EM wave for F-layers? Justify your
answer.
A) 19 MHz B) 4 MHz C) 18 MHz D) 25 MHz
PART B – (5 16 = 80 Marks)
A,CO1 11. a) Apply a heuristic approach in alternating current elements to derive
an expression to measure the magnetic field strength, from the
retarded magnetic potential, in the far field region along the azimuthal
plane. Also, infer the magnetic field components along radial
directions and elevation plane. (16 Marks)
OR
A,CO1 11. b) A) A transmitting antenna having an effective height of 100 m has
current at the base 100 A (rms) with the frequency of 300 kHz.
The total resistance of the antenna is 30 Ω. Calculate
i) The field strength at a distance of 100 Kms
ii) Radiation resistance
iii) Power radiated
iv) Efficiency
B) Calculate the power radiated by λ/16 dipole in free space if it
carries a uniform current of I = 100Cosωt Amps. Also find its
radiation resistance. (16 Marks)
A,CO2 12. a) i. Two identical antennas are positioned symmetrically along the z-axis
and the separation between the elements are ‘d= λ/2’. Assume that
both the point sources are supplied with currents which are equal in
magnitude and phase as shown in Figure.1.
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Figure.1
Solve the following:
A) Total field at point P away from the radiating source
B) Direction of maximum radiation
C) Direction of minima (10 Marks)
D) Half power direction
A,CO2 12. a) ii. Five isotropic sources of binomial array are placed symmetrically
along the z-axis, each separated from its neighbour by an electrical
distance βd=5π/4. Calculate the
A) Excitation coefficients
B) Array factor
C) Angle (in degree where the nulls (if any) occur) (6 Marks)
OR
U,CO2 12. b) i. Derive an expression for far field of a half wave dipole antenna and
evaluate radiation resistance from the far field. (10 Marks)
A,CO2 12. b) ii. A loop antenna, such as is used on a television to pick up UHF
broadcasts, is 25 cm in diameter. The plane of the loop is
perpendicular to the oscillating magnetic field of a 150 MHz
electromagnetic wave. The magnetic field through the loop is
B=(20nT) sin ωT.
A) What is the maximum emf induced in the antenna?
B) What is the maximum emf if the loop is turned 90o to be
perpendicular to the oscillating electric field? (6 Marks)
U,CO3 13. a) i. State Babinet’s principle and explain how it gives rise to the concept
of complementary antenna. (8 Marks)
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A,CO3 13. a) ii. Determine the length L, aperture aH and half angles in E and H planes
for a pyramidal electromagnetic horn for which the aperture aE =8 λ.
The horn is fed with a rectangular waveguide with TE10 mode.
Consider δ = λ /10 in the E plane and δ= λ/4 in the H plane. Calculate
the HPBW in both E and H planes, directivity and aperture efficiency. (8 Marks)
OR
U,CO3 13. b) i. Illustrate the principle of beam formation in a parabolic reflector and
also infer the variation in the illumination of the beam due to changes
in the focal length of a parabolic reflector. (8 Marks)
A,CO3 13. b) ii. Show that the aperture number of a parabolic reflector antenna is
0.25cot 𝜃/2. (8 Marks)
U,CO4 14. a) i. Explain the design of rectangular patch antenna using transmission
line model with respect to the fringing effects and effective length
and width. (10 Marks)
U,CO4 14. a) ii. Explain the working principle of the Yagi-uda antenna with neat
sketches. (6 Marks)
OR
U,CO4 14. b) i. With a suitable diagram, explain how the radiation pattern of a given
antenna can be measured experimentally. (10 Marks)
U,CO4 14. b) ii. Explain the log periodic principle using log periodic dipole array and
derive the expression for apex angle (α) of LPDA. (6 Marks)
U,CO5 15. a) i. Draw the structure of the ionosphere and explain the phenomenon of
wave bending introduced by these layers. (10 Marks)
A,CO5 15. a) ii. For line of sight propagation, solve the following
A) Maximum distance that can be covered by a space wave when the
transmitting and receiving antenna heights are 50 m and 30 m
respectively.
B) Field strength at 80 km from the transmitter that radiates 30 W at
a wavelength of 5 cm. (6 Marks)
OR
U,CO5 15. b) i. Develop the expression for LOS distance in space wave propagation
with radio horizon. (10 Marks)
A,CO5 15. b) ii. A high frequency Radio link has to be established between two points
at a distance of 2500 km on earth surface. Assume maximum electron
density of ionosphere to be 0.309×106 cm-3 and its height 200 km.
Calculate critical frequency and Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF). (6 Marks)
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