Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Degree in Electromechanical Engineering

Basic Physics Laboratory II

Electric Equivalent

Executive Sheet
Electrical Equivalent
Objectives of the Practice
General Objective
Study the relationship that exists between two forms of energy: electrical energy and energy
calorific.
Specific Objectives
Quantify the electrical equivalent of heat.
Learn to use a method to correct experimental data of heat losses
that occur due to the poor insulation of the calorimeter.
Justification
Energy is always transformed, and electrical energy, which is the most present in our lives
lives, it can be transformed into heat and can be given countless applications in engineering. For
It is just as necessary to know and study how this transformation occurs.
Hypothesis
We know that energy is neither created nor lost, it only transforms. And electrical energy and energy
caloric ones are no exception. That is why electrical energy should be measurable in units.
of thermal energy. And therefore there should be an equivalent between both forms of energy.
Limits and Scope
This experiment is limited to the study of thermodynamics and the study of the Joule effect.
Theoretical Framework
Electrical equivalent 'J'
If we call J the electric equivalent, we have: J = E/Q becomes:
V2 t O
J
R  C C m A c A   T f  T i 
in the equation, V is measured with a voltmeter, R with a multimeter, mA indirectly with a scale,
The cA can be adopted from tables, all the time measured to raise the temperature from Ti to Tf to
registering with a thermometer or another temperature measuring instrument. Then it is missing the
determination of the value of CC, and finally correct the value of Tf due to heat losses.
Determination of Cc
The mixture method will be used to determine the heat capacity "CC" of the calorimeter.
its set. It consists of pouring water at temperature T2 into the calorimeter also containing
a certain amount of water, but at T1, so that T2 > T1.
Consequently:
Heat gained by the calorimeter and the water contained in it:
Q1  CC m1 cA   Tf  T I 
Heat given offor the water at a higher temperature:
Q2 m2 c A  Teq T2 
The equilibrium temperature 'Teq' is achieved after the two portions of water are mixed.
environments exchange heat until thermal equilibrium is reached Q1 = -Q2
Q1 with a positive sign because that system gains heat.
Q2 with a negative sign because that system loses heat.
m 2 c A  T 2 Teq 
CC  m1 c A
T  T1
eq 
Heat losses
Although the calorimeter to be used in the laboratory is thermally insulated, it will still present
heat losses due to its temperature being higher than that of the environment "TO". This process
It involves radiation, conduction, convection. The estimation of this heat flow is quite difficult.

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Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Degree
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electric Equivalent

due to the number of variables involved and especially because the temperature of the calorimeter is
variable in the process that is heated with the electric resistance.
The figure shows the evolution of the processes:
Ideal: no heat loss
Experimental: with heat losses
So the maximum temperature obtained in the experiment 'Tmax' is not the same as the
the temperature that would ideally be obtained 'Tf', which is the value used in calculations.
Data Analysis and Treatment
Determination of Cc
m 2·cA(T2 Teq)
Cc  m1*cA
(Teq replacing data
10.35·1·(65 37)
Cc  11.19*1
(37 25)
12.96 cal/ºC

Linear regression in the form: y = a + bx or T = Ti + bti with n measurements

N T t T*t T^2 t squared ln T ln t T*t T squared t squared

1 27 60 1620 729 3600 4.09 1.43 1620 729 3600
2 28 120 3360 784 14400 4.79 1.45 3360 784 14400
3 32 180 5760 1024 32400 2.25 1.50 5760 1024 32400
4 34 240 8160 1156 57600 2.38 1.53 8160 1156 57600
5 35 300 10500 1225 90000 2.48 1.54 10500 1225 90000
6 36 360 12960 1296 129600 2.56 1.56 12960 1296 129600
7 37 420 15540 1369 176400 2.62 1.57 15540 1369 176400
8 39 480 18720 1521 230400 2.68 1.59 18720 1521 230400
9 41 540 22140 1681 291600 2.73 1.61 22140 1681 291600
10 42 600 25200 1764 360000 2.78 1.62 25200 1764 360000
11 43 660 28380 1849 435600 2.82 1.63 28380 1849 435600
∑ 35.82 360 13849.09 1308.91 32,18 17.04 49.53 100.31 26.45

A = 0.027 ; B = 26.27 ; r = 0.99 r2 = 0.97

Determination of the cooling curve and constant k of the logarithmic linear regression form
y = a - bx or T = Tmax e^-kt = lnT = ln Tmax - kt : b=k
A = -0.055 ; B = 1.71 ; r = -0.64 r2 = 0.41
Determination of Tf

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Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Degree in Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electric Equivalent

Tf = Ta + b t0 e-kt Replacing previously obtained data

Tf = 22 ºC + 26.27 * 701 s e - 1.71 * 701
Tf = 22ºC + 5.67ºC = 27.67 ºC
Determination of the Electric Equivalent
J = (V2 t0 ) / R(CC+mA*CA)(Tf-To) Replacing previously obtained data
J = (10.52 * 701 SEG) / 0.9 Ω (505 Cal/C g + 19.18 g * 1 Cal/C g)(27.67ºC - 22ºC)
J = 77285.25 / 2674.89 = 28.8928.

Conclusions
In conclusion, it was proven that the work done by electrical conductivity generates heat.
what was obtained in this experiment was the electrical equivalent that generated heat in a calorimeter in
which heated the water in a given time. Thanks to this laboratory, we also asked to put
In practice, we applied all the theory we obtained in class about electrical equivalents.
the formulas obtained by Joule about the electrical equivalent and the loss and gain of heat in a
system.

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Program
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electrical Equivalent

Index
Index............................................................................................................................................4
Electrical Equivalent..................................................................................................................5
Objectives from the Practice........................................................................................................5
1.1. Objective General
1.2. Objectives Specifics.......................................................................................................5
2. Justification..........................................................................................................................5
3. Hypothesis...............................................................................................................................5
4. Variables...............................................................................................................................5
5. Limits and Scope...............................................................................................................5
6. Marco Theoretical.......................................................................................................................6
6.1. EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC 'J'.................................................................6
6.2. DETERMINATION OF CC6
6.3. LAS HEAT LOSS.........................................................................................6
6.4Dielectric.................................................7
6.4. Permittivity......................................................................................................................8
7. Material and Team.................................................................................................................9
8. Procedure Experimental
8.1. Process of warming (determination of J)..............................................................10
9. Analysis Data Processing.........................................................................................10
9.1 Application of the equation for the determination of Cc..................................................11
9.2 Graph of T vs t of the heating process.................................................................11
10. Questionnaire....................................................................................................................13
11. Conclusions
12. Bibliography.....................................................................................................................16

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Career in Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Topic: Electric Equivalent

Electrical Equivalent
1. Objectives of the Practice
1.1. General Objective
Study the relationship between two forms of energy: electrical energy and the
thermal energy.
1.2. Specific Objectives
Quantify the electrical equivalent of heat.
Learn to use a method to correct experimental data of
the heat losses that occur due to poor insulation of the calorimeter.

2. Justification
Energy is always transformed, and electrical energy, which is the one that is more
present in our lives, it can be transformed into heat and can be given
countless applications in engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to know and study
how this transformation occurs.

3. Hypothesis
We know that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is only transformed. And energy
Electric energy and thermal energy are no exception. That is why energy
electric, it should be measurable in units of thermal energy. And therefore
there should be an equivalent between both forms of energy.

4. Variables
The variables that were measured in this experiment are:
Independent variable time (t)
Dependent variable temperature (T)

5. Limits and Scope

This experiment is limited to the study of thermodynamics and in the
study of the Joule effect.

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Program
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Topic: Electric Equivalent

6. Theoretical Framework

6.1. ELECTRIC EQUIVALENT 'J'

If we call J the electric equivalent, we have: J = E/Q becomes:

V2 t O
J
R  CC m A c A   Tf TI 
In the equation, V is measured with a voltmeter, R with a multimeter, mAindirectly
with a scale, the cAcan be adopted from tables, tThethe timed period for
raise the temperature of Tia Tfto register with a thermometer or another instrument of
temperature measurement. So the determination of the value of C is missing.C, and finally
correct the value of Tfdue to heat losses.
6.2. DETERMINATION OF CC

The mixing method will be used to determine the heat capacity 'CC”
of the calorimeter as a whole. It consists of pouring water at temperature T2to the
calorimeter containing also a certain amount of water, but at T1such that T2>1.
Consequently:
Heat gained by the calorimeter and the water contained in it:
Q1  CC m1 cA   Tf  T I 
Heat transferred from the water at a higher temperature:

Q2 m2 c A  Teq  T2 
The equilibrium temperature 'Teqit is obtained after the two portions of water
the environment mixes exchanging heat until reaching thermal equilibrium Q1= -Q2
Q1with a positive sign because that system gains heat.
Q2with a negative sign because that system loses heat.
m 2 c A  T 2 Teq 
CC  m1 c A
T  T1
eq 
6.3. HEAT LOSSES

Although the calorimeter to be used in the laboratory is thermally insulated, the

it will present heat losses because its temperature is higher than the
of the environment 'TOThis process involves radiation, conduction, convection. The
estimation of this heat flow is quite difficult due to the number of variables that
They intervene and above all, because the temperature of the calorimeter is variable in the
process that is heated with electric resistance.
The figure shows the evolution of the processes:

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Program
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Topic: Electric Equivalent

Ideal: without heat loss

Experimental: with heat loss
So the maximum temperature obtained in the experiment 'Tmax, it's not the same
that the temperature that would ideally be obtained 'Tf, which is the value that is used
in the calculations.
6.4 Dielectric
A Dielectric is a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity and that
will dampen the force of an electric field that passes through it. The substances
conductors lack this cushioning property. Two bodies of charges
opposite charges situated on either side of a piece of glass (a dielectric) will attract each other.

yes, but if a sheet of copper is placed between the two bodies, the charge will be
conducted by the metal.
In most cases, the properties of a dielectric are the result of the
polarization of the substance. When placing a dielectric in an electric field, the
electrons and protons that make up their atoms will reorient themselves, and in
In some cases, the molecules will polarize in the same way. As a result of this
polarization, the dielectric is subjected to a voltage, storing energy that
will be available when the electric field is removed. The polarization of a dielectric is
similar to that which occurs when magnetizing a piece of iron. As in the case of a
magnet, part of the polarization is maintained when the polarizing force is removed. A
dielectric composed of a disk of paraffin hardened by subjecting it to a tension
electric will maintain its polarization for years. These dielectrics are called
electrets.
The effectiveness of dielectrics is measured by their relative ability to store.
energy and is expressed in terms of the dielectric constant (also referred to as
relative permittivity), taking the value of vacuum as the unit. The values of that
constants vary from just over 1 in the atmosphere to 100 or more in certain
ceramics that contain titanium oxide. Glass, mica, porcelain, and oils
Minerals, which are often used as dielectrics, have constants between 2 and 9.
The ability of a dielectric to withstand electric fields without losing its
Insulating properties are referred to as insulation resistance or dielectric strength.
A good dielectric should return a large percentage of the stored energy in

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Mayor University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Program
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Electric Equivalent

he when investing the field. Dielectrics, especially those with constants

high dielectrics are widely used in all branches of engineering
electric to increase the effectiveness of the capacitors.
6.4. Permittivity
Permittivity is the property of a material that determines the intensity of the
electric field produced by a distribution of electric charges. It is defined
through the equation F = q1q2/4πr2where F is the electrostatic force that acts
between two point charges q1and what2separated by a distance r, and ε is the
permittivity of the medium that separates them. In the International System of units, the
permittivity is expressed in farads per meter, or Fm-1In a vacuum, the value of ε
it turns out to be 8.854 × 10-12Fm-1amount denoted by the symbol ε0.

Instead of indicating the different permittivities of all substances by means of

unmanageable numbers like the previous one, it is normal to indicate their permittivities

relative, ε, so
r that the permittivity of any substance is obtained
multiplying the permittivity of free space by its relative permittivity: ε = ε (ε0r. The
relative permittivity is a dimensionless number, formerly known as
dielectric constant. For example, the relative permittivity of polyethylene (a plastic)
is 2.3, which means that the electrostatic attraction force between objects
loads separated by polyethylene is less by a factor of 2.3 than what would exist
in vacuum. The relative permittivity of neoprene, a synthetic rubber, is 6.7,
while that of ordinary glass is 7.0. The relative permittivity of air has a
very low value, 1.0006, while that of water is 81. The exceptionally high value
the high permittivity of water makes it a good solvent for
ionic compounds, since the attraction force between the ions is 81 times weaker
in the water than in the vacuum, which allows them to separate.
The relative permittivity of a substance depends on changes in its atoms and
molecules. The electrons and nuclei of each atom - with negative and positive charge,
respectively — they are displaced in opposite directions a minimum distance,
a fraction of the diameter of an atom. Atoms as a whole also
They move slightly. The effect of these movements is the reduction of the field.
electric field that passes through the material. The value of the permittivity depends on the

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Career of Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electric Equivalent

distance that charges can move. Water has such a high permittivity
because the charges are very separated in their molecules, and these can rotate,
which has a great effect on the electric field.
To separate the plates of the capacitors—devices for storing charge
High relative permittivity materials are used. The presence of the
material reduces the intensity of the electric field and, therefore, the difference in
potential (measured in volts) between the plates, which affects the capacity of the
The capacitor increases proportionally to the value of the relative permittivity.

7. Material and Equipment

Calorimeter with thermal insulation.
Stirrer
Electrical resistance
Thermometer or another instrument for measuring temperature
Water
Power supply (for the heater)
Multimeter
Stopwatch
Stove-container set (heating water for the mixing method)
Balance

8. Experimental Procedure
1. Weigh the calorimeter even without water but including the heater, the stirrer and the
thermometer
2. Pour water until approximately half of the calorimeter's capacity.
3. Weigh the calorimeter in this condition (with the added water) to obtain
indirectly m1.
4. Wait a moment to ensure that the system is in thermal equilibrium.
5. Measure the initial thermal equilibrium temperature t1.
6. Heat water in the stove-container set to a low temperature.
below the boiling point.
7. Measure the temperature of the same T2and pour it into the calorimeter until it is almost full.

Univ. Edgar Martin Guzmán Alarcón 9

Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Degree in Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Topic: Electrical Equivalent

8. Use the stirrer to ensure a good mix that promotes balance.

thermal.
9. Continuously measure the temperature until it stabilizes.
and register it Teq.
10. Weigh the calorimeter again with the water mixture, from the subtraction of this
value with that obtained in step 3, m is obtained2.

8.1. Heating process (determination of J).

1. Pour room temperature water into the calorimeter until it is nearly full and
properly arrange the accessories inside (electric resistance,
stirrer and thermometer.
Weigh the system (calorimeter with water) to calculate mA.
3. Measure the value of the resistance R with the multimeter.1.
4. Plug in the power supply and test the output voltage with a voltmeter.
and its regulation, after becoming familiar with this equipment, consult the teacher the
appropriate voltage to be used.
5. Temporarily turn off the equipment.
6. Connect the resistor to the power supply
7. Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor, seek assistance from the teacher.
8. Verify over a period of time that the temperature has stabilized at Ti.
9. Turn on the equipment to supply electrical power to the resistor R and
Simultaneously start the timer at t=0.
10. Measure the temperature for 30 seconds during the time it takes to heat up.
water approximately 55ºC.
11. Record the voltage V indicated by the voltmeter and verify if it is maintained.
constant in the heating process.
12. Cut off the power supply when it is around 55ºC and
register this value as Tmaxregister the accumulated time as t0, and continue
measuring the temperature every 60 seconds in order to obtain data for the
cooling curve.
13. Measure the value of the resistance R again2, because R=(R1+R2) / 2.

Univ. Edgar Martin Guzmán Alarcón 10

Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Career of Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electrical Equivalent

9. Data Analysis and Treatment

Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Variable 24 30 36 54 60 66
independent t 60 120 180 0 420 480 0
variable
dependent T 27 28 32 34 35 36 37 39 41 42 43

Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Variable 66 48 42 36 18 12
independent t 0 600 540 0 0 0 300 240 0 0 60
variable
dependent T 43 41 40 39 38 38 38 37 37 37 37

Temperature °C Masses g Other data

TaEnvironment 22 mcCalorimeter 9.48 CAWater 1 cal/gC
T1Calorimeter with H2The 25 m1Calorimeter with H2O 11.19 R1 0.9 Ω
T2of the water m2 65 m2H mix2O 10.35 R2 1.2 Ω
Teqof the balance 37 mAof water 19.18 t0time 701 seg
Tmaxmaximum reached 43 mrec Container 12.52 V Voltage 10.15 v

9.1 Application of the equation for the determination of Cc

m 2A·(T2 Teq)
Cc  m1*cA replacing data
(Teq
10.35·1·(65 37)
Cc  11.19*1 12.96 cal/°C
(37 25)

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Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
San Andrés University - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Career
Basic Physics Lab II
Topic: Electric Equivalent

9.2 T vs t graph of the heating process

9.3 Linear regression in the form: y = a + bx or T = Ti+btiwith n measures

N xy x y y B x
B A
N x 2  x
2
N

N T t T*t T squaredt^2
1 27 60 1620 729 3600
2 28 120 3360 784 14400
3 32 180 5760 1024 32400
4 34 240 8160 1156 57600
5 35 300 10500 1225 90000
6 36 360 12960 1296 129600
7 37 420 15540 1369 176400
8 39 480 18720 1521 230400
9 41 540 22140 1681 291600
10 42,600 25200 1764 360000
11 43 660 28380 1849 435600
∑ 35.82 360 13849.09 1308.91 165600

A = 0.027 ; B = 26.27 ; r = 0.99 r = 0.97

9.4 Determination of the cooling graph and constant k of the form

of logarithmic linear regression

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Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Degree in Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Subject: Electric Equivalent

y = a - bx or T = Tmaxe-kt= lnT = In Tmaxkt : b=k

N ln T ln tT*t T^2 t squared

1 4.09 1.43 1620 729 3600
2 4.79 1.45 3360 784 14400
3 2.25 1.50 5760 1024 32400
4 2.38 1.53 8160 1156 57600
5 2.48 1.54 10500 1225 90000
6 2.56 1.56 12960 1296 129600
7 2.62 1.57 15540 1369 176400
8 2.68 1.59 18720 1521 230400
9 2.73 1.61 22140 1681 291600
10 2.78 1.62 25200 1764 360000
11 2.82 1.63 28380 1849 435600
Sum 32.18 17.04 49.53 100.31 26.45

A = -0.055 ; B = 1.71 ; r = -0.64 r = 0.41

9.5 Determination of Tf
Tf= Ta+ b t0e-ktReplacing previously obtained data
Tf=22 °C + 26.27 * 701sege-1.71*701
Tf22ºC + 5.67ºC = 27.67ºC
9.6 Determination of the Electrical Equivalent

J = (V2t0C+mA*CAf-ToReplacing previously obtained data

J =(10.52*701SEG) / 0.9Ω(505Cal/C g+19.18g1Cal/C g (27.67ºC-22ºC)

Author: Univ. Edgar Martin Guzmán Alarcón 13

Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Program
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electric Equivalent

J = 77285.25 / 2674.89 = 28.8928

10. Questionnaire
K 1
1. If in the cooling equation
T Ta  Tf  T a  e K t
, we do , the
t
the equation remains as:
T Ta  Tf  Ta 
, where
e
it is known as the constant
What interpretation do you give to this constant?
R.- Since the units of are [s] by comparison, since time already is
employed in the equation we could say that it would be the cooling period
from a temperature Ta to a temperature Tf.

2. If a light bulb is used instead of a resistor, it is recommended to mix the water.

with black ink and use a white container, what is the reason for this?
R.- That instead of electrical energy we will use thermal energy, in order to capture
More about heat energy, we know that black is a color that makes a good
heat receptor to bodies, then the water will be able to receive a large amount of
heat, unlike what will happen with the container, which will not absorb much
heat because white creates that effect on bodies.

3. The method used in this experiment could be useful for finding the
performance of a bulb (ratio of electrical energy converted into light and not into heat),
What calculations could I perform? Why do you think Newton's law of cooling,
Is it only valid for small temperature differences?
We could measure the thermal energy throughout the entire procedure, with that
we could check the temperature changes, and through the difference in
temperatures, we could check the heat dissipated into the environment, with that
we could calculate the performance of the bulb.
The law of cooling is only valid for small temperature differences.
since at high temperatures the dissipation of heat to the environment is very
big.

4. Newton's law of cooling is used in forensic science to determine

the time of death of a corpse that is still in the process of cooling,
Explain what measurements should be taken for that?
R.- The temperature at which the body is at that moment must be measured, and
compare with body temperature (37 ºC), taking into account the temperature
environment.

Univ. Edgar Martin Guzmán Alarcón 14

Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Degree in Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electrical Equivalent

5. Explain, what variables determine the supply voltage

for the resistance?
R.- The voltage can be determined as a function of the current intensity and the
resistance, through: V I R.

6. The quality of regulation of a power supply is

evaluate according to the ability to maintain the potential difference between its
terminals in [V] constant against variations in load. Comment on these
Characteristics of the font used in the laboratory.
R.- We used a voltage of 10 V, but the multimeter showed 10.15 V, so the
the power supply or the multimeter were poorly calibrated, but at all times the power supply
it showed 10 V and the multimeter showed 10.15 V.

7. Explain to what extent the magnitude of specific heat and mass of the
electric resistance used in the experiment.
R.- The resistor, which in our case was a focal point, did not have a negligible mass.
so it had to be considered, also the material of the bulb had a capacity
thermal, which did not allow the total passage of thermal energy, as it absorbed a
minimum heat generated by the resistance. Therefore, these minimum amounts of
mass and heat capacity influence a certain percentage of error within the
found results.

Calculate the time it will take for the temperature of the calorimeter to approximate that of the
environment assuming that the latter remains constant. Is the calorimeter
well thermally insulated?

9. Will the response time of a mercury thermometer be suitable for performing

this experiment. If fast instruments were not available, would it be advisable to apply
low voltage to the resistor to slow down the process?
R.- The response time of a thermometer is too slow, since the mercury
it needs a considerable amount of time to be able to dilate, in that case it would be appropriate
apply a low voltage to the resistor, as the thermometer would take longer
suitable for measuring temperature.

10. Why should the heat capacity of the calorimeter be calculated with all its
accessories? It would be advisable to remove the resistance from the calorimeter at t.The(final of
heating process) to prevent it from continuing to heat the water.
The heat capacity of the calorimeter with all accessories must be calculated.
since absolutely everyone absorbs, even if it's just a small amount of heat,
therefore the heater of the calorimeter should not be removed, as the whole system
dissipates the absorbed heat into the environment.

Univ. Edgar Martin Guzmán Alarcón 15

Teacher: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
Major University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Electromechanical Engineering Career
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Topic: Electric Equivalent

11. Conclusions
In conclusion, it was possible to confirm that the work carried out by conductivity
Electricity generates heat, what was obtained in this experiment was the equivalent.
electric that generated heat in a calorimeter in which the water was heated in a
set time. Thanks to this laboratory we also ask to put in
practice all the theory we obtained in class about electrical equivalent and
we put into practice the formulas obtained by Joule regarding the electric equivalent and
the loss and gain of heat in a system.

12. Bibliography
Encarta Encyclopedia 2004
Barsa Encyclopedia
www.elrincondelvago.com
www.monografias.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com.bo
Physics Volume I
University Physics
Measures and Errors
Error Analysis and Graphs. Author: Eng. René Delgado Salguero
Manual for Data Treatment in Experimental Physics. Author:
Manuel Soria
What Should Be Considered When Preparing an Experiment Report For
Physics Laboratory. Author: Ciro Levy
Manual of Technical Formulas. Author: Kurt Gieck

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Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo
University of San Andrés - Faculty of Engineering - Career of Electromechanical Engineering
Basic Physics Laboratory II
Theme: Electric Equivalent

Physics 4. Don Bosco Editions

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Instructor: Eng. René Vásquez Tambo