Guillermina Baena Paz

Research methodology, Integral series by competencies

Homeland Editorial

2017

Baena, P. G. M. E. (2017). Research Methodology (3rd ed.). Retrieved from

http://ebookcentral.proquest.comCreated from bibliotecacijsp on 2018-07-30 15:50:55.

Roberto Hernández Sampieri

Research methodology 6th ed. 2014, McGRAW-HILL / INTERAMERICANA EDITORES, S.A. DE C.V.

Mexico City http://www.mhhe.com/he/hmi6e of this edition

1.1 How is research defined? How does it differ from research methodology?

Research can be defined as an orderly, critical, regulated, and empirical process of

successive phases that develop according to a logical order, aiming to provide a solution to a
problem, ensuring the reliability of the answers and the possible alternative solutions. Such a process
the logical-methodological aspect that intervenes in the development of research can be translated into three
main phases:

1. Design or Work Plan.

2. Collection and analysis of the material.

3. Presentation of the results.

Consequently, the research is based on scientific methods and tools of all kinds that
they intervene in this, thus every investigation begins with a question in response to a situation or fact
Given, why? How? When? or Where? To answer the questions, actions must be carried out.
a series of interrelated activities, in such a way that the search for that answer
it constitutes the essence of research activity which can fulfill two fundamental purposes:

1. Produce knowledge and theories (basic or fundamental research)

2. Solve practical problems (applied research).

Research. It can manifest in three forms: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. The latter.
It involves combining the first two. Each one is equally important, valuable, and respectable.

Starting from the fact that the methodology is the operational part of all scientific research and that it is used to
achieve a goal within a set time to refute, modify, or affirm existing theories or
about a question or situation; an objective that is achieved through instruments that allow the
description, analysis, observation, and data collection; then we can define the methodology
define the techniques, procedures that intervene in the development of an investigation which
are provided by the scientific method, which is the set of systematic procedures
to achieve the development of a science or part of it;

Consequently, we can say that the difference between methodology and research exists.

The methodology is the techniques and procedures that are involved in the development and purpose of
an investigation and the investigation is the plan that is outlined in order to provide an answer to a question or
situation.

Characteristics

Quantitative approach

Measure and estimate the dimensions of research phenomena or problems.

2. A specific and concrete study problem is raised.

3. Once the study problem has been established, a review of what has been previously researched takes place. This activity
it is known as the literature review.

a) Based on the literature review, build a theoretical framework (the theory that will guide your
study).
b) The theory derives the hypothesis (thesis that will test whether it is true or not).

c) Test the hypotheses using research designs; If the results

they corroborate the hypotheses or are consistent with them, evidence is provided in their favor. If they are refuted, they
discard

4. Hypotheses are generated before collecting and analyzing the data.

5. The data collection is based on the measurement of variables or concepts contained in the
hypothesis.

6. The data are the result of measurements and must be analyzed with statistical methods.

Greater control over processes, fostering confidence in experimentation or in causal testing.

8. Quantitative analyses are interpreted in light of the initial predictions (hypotheses) and studies.
previous (theory).

9. The research must be as 'objective' as possible.

10. seeks to confirm and predict the investigated phenomena, looking for regularities and causal relationships
among elements.
The quantitative approach (which represents, as we said, a set of processes)
It is sequential and probative

Part of an idea that is becoming more defined

2. Problem Statement
3. Literature review and development of the theoretical framework

4.

once defined, objectives and research questions are derived.

review the literature and build a framework or a theoretical perspective. From the questions -

Hypotheses are established and variables are determined; a plan is drawn up to test them.

(design); variables are measured in a certain context; measurements are analyzed

obtained using statistical methods, and a series of conclusions is drawn

11. It uses logic or deductive reasoning, which begins with the theory, and from this it is derived.
logical expressions called 'hypotheses' that the researcher puts to the test. The sample, the
Collection and analysis are phases that are carried out almost simultaneously.

The researcher raises a problem, but does not follow a clearly defined process.

The researcher begins by examining the facts themselves and in the process develops a coherent theory.
to represent what it observes.

In qualitative studies, hypotheses are not tested, but generated during the process and are
they improve as more data is collected.
5. The approach is based on non-standardized and predetermined data collection methods.
completely.

6. The researcher uses techniques to collect data, such as unstructured observation, interviews
open, document review, group discussion, evaluation of personal experiences, record of
life stories, and interaction and introspection with groups or communities.

7. The inquiry process is more flexible and moves between the answers and the development of the theory.

Its purpose is to 'reconstruct' reality as observed by the actors of a system.

social previously defined.

9. The research is based on an interpretative perspective focused on understanding the

meaning of the actions of living beings.

10. The approach can be conceived as a set of interpretative practices that shape the world
"visible," they transform it and turn it into a series of representations in the form of observations,
notes, recordings, and documents.

11. The inquiries do not generalize the probabilities of the outcomes.

12. the center of the research is situated the diversity of ideologies and unique qualities of the
individuals.

A student who learns to research is allowed a greater understanding of the different

issues that educational systems in the country or context face, and that consequently affect it
allow for contrasting these realities in search of generating strategies that enable them to contribute to the
student training processes in any community, allowing the use of innovation, the
inclusion and technological development, as a source of absorption for a better understanding of the
cultural and social processes in individuals and communities, learning to respect, coexist and thus be.
change generator when needed; this is how a researching student has greater
analytical skills and leadership, which leads him to better develop the strategies to be implemented in the
achieving goals and objectives. The future teacher must especially focus on development or
strengthening of social research, in compliance with the arduous teaching task of enhancing the
academic, personal, and cultural training in students and communities, in addition to the teacher as
knowledge manager in the training processes and generator of students who present and
develop quality activities, must contribute and manage new knowledge that contributes to
more effective way to understand educational problems, their intervention and transformation
social of the educational communities themselves, since educational institutions are conducive to
social interaction, as they are composed of scenarios, processes, a diversity of practices, where
there coexist a plurality of perceptions, knowledge, and beliefs.

The importance of future teacher training as a researcher is that it must go beyond the
classrooms and institution, in search of better understanding the sociocultural environment in which it operates, since
not all regions manage the same environments, as Colombia is a diverse multicultural country and
rich in expressions and customs from different origins, adding to this the various
internal political conflicts that it presents, is for this reason that the future teacher as a researcher must
generate knowledge through the use of necessary research tools to understand,
interpret and understand the complex reality of themselves, of the region or the country; since starting from
this knowledge the future teacher has the opportunity to develop a wide range of activities
regarding each contextual situation; where good practices are used, and the advantages are taken
scenarios and through didactic-pedagogical processes, which aim to improve the quality of life of
the learners and communities in an environment or region.

Indeed, the future teacher, through the composition of the interaction scenario and by their work, has the
ease of researching, analyzing, describing, and understanding the different existing factors in the
school communities and at the same time how it can help or guide towards their improvement.

Differences between the approaches

Definitions Quantitative approach Qualitative approach
(dimensions)
Nature of the Observations and measurements Observations and data collection
reality Actions do not change reality, but data does change reality.
Objectivity Try to be objective. It admits subjectivity.
Goals of the Describir, explicar, comprobar y Describir, comprender e interpretar
research predict the phenomena the phenomena, through the
(causality). perceptions and meanings.
Generate and test theories.
Logic From the general to the particular (from the particular to the general (of the
the laws and theory to the data. data to the generalizations no
statistics.
Relationship between Social sciences can Physical/Natural sciences and the
physical sciences The principles of social sciences are different. They are not applied.
natural and social sciences natural sciences. the same principles.
Personal position The researcher is "impartial", The researcher acknowledges their own
of the researcher tries to ensure procedures, values, and beliefs, even they are
rigorous and 'objective' data sources part of the study.
collection and analysis of the
data.
Role of the The papers are rather passive.
phenomena (even objects can possess)
studied different "meanings".
(objects, beings
living beings, etc.
Relationship basic of independence and neutrality, of interdependence, they influence. No
between They are not affected. They separate. they separate.
investigator and the
phenomenon
studied
Use of theory The theory is used to adjust The theory is a framework.
his postulates to the "world"
empirical.
Generation of The theory is generated from The theory is basically constructed on
theory compare the previous research based on empirical data
with the results of the study. Obtained and analyzed, and of course,
Indeed, these are an extension of compared with the results of
the background research. previous studies.
Role of the review The literature represents a role The role of literature does not matter to
from literature crucial, guide to research. It is the beginning, although it is indeed relevant in the
fundamental for the development of the process. Occasionally,
approach, the definition of the direction provider, but what
theory, the hypotheses, the design and mainly indicates the direction is the
other stages of the process. evolution of events.
The review of the researcher makes a review. The researcher in the review of the.
literature and that of literature mainly literature relies on the process itself
variables or for search research variables to identify them and
concepts significant that can be discovered how they relate.
study measurements.
Hypothesis Hypotheses are tested. These are generated hypotheses during the
they are established to accept them either during the study or at the end of it.
reject them.
Design of the Structured, default Open, flexible, built during
research preceding the collection of fieldwork or execution of the
data). study.
Sample population The goal is to generalize Regularly it is not intended
data from a sample to generalize the obtained results
population. in the sample to a population.
Sample They involve many cases in They involve a few cases
the research because it is because it is not necessarily intended
pretends generalize to generalize the results of the study,
study results. but to analyze them intensively.
Composition of Cases that together are Individual, representative Cases
sample statistically representative. not from a statistical point of view,
but for their "qualities".
The nature of the data is The nature of the data is
data quantitative (numerical data). qualitative (texts, narrations
meanings, etc.
Data type Reliable and solid data. In deep and enriching data. In
hard. soft.
Collection of the Based in instruments is aimed at providing a greater
data standardized. It is uniform for understanding the meanings and
all cases. The data is experiences of people.
they obtain for observation, The researcher is the instrument of
measurement and documentation. data collection is assisted by
 various techniques that are developed
during the study.
Conception of the Participants are sources The participants are internal sources
participants in the external data. of data. The researcher is also
collection of a participant.
data
Purpose of Describe the variables and explain Understanding people, processes,
analysis of the data, its changes and movements. events and their contexts.
Systematic Characteristics and standardized. • Progressive and varies depending on the
analysis of data Intensive use of the way data is collected and
statistics (descriptive and the type of these (textual, symbolic,
inferential) in audio and/or video.
• Basado en variables y casos (una • Fundamentado en la inducción
matrix). analytics.
Impersonal. Moderate use of statistics
• After the collection of (count, some operations
data. arithmetic).
• Based on cases or people and their
manifestations.
The analysis consists of describing
information and develop topics.
Data format The data is represented in data in the form of texts, images,
to analyze form of numbers that are audiovisual pieces, documents and
statistically analyzed. personal belongings.
Analysis Process The analysis starts with ideas The analysis does not start with ideas
of the data preconceived, based on the preconceived about how it
formulated hypotheses. Once they relate the concepts or variables.
Once the numerical data is collected, as the data is gathered
these are transferred to a matrix, verbal, in text and/or audiovisuals,
which is analyzed by being integrated into a database,
statistical procedures. which is analyzed to determine
meanings and describe the phenomenon
studied from the actors.
Perspective External (aside from the data). Internal (from the data). The
The researcher does not involve their investigator in the analysis.
analysis of the data beliefs or trends in their own beliefs, as well as the
analysis. relationship with the participants of the
study.
Main criteria Objectivity, rigor, reliability Credibility, confirmation
of evaluation and validity. valuation, representativeness of
collection y voices and transfer.
data analysis
Presentation of Tables, diagrams, and models The researcher employs a variety of
results statistics. formats to report their results:
The presentation format is narratives, excerpts of texts,
relatively standard. videos, audios, photographs among others.
Report The reports use a personal tone.
results impersonal