Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
"When you have a dream, you've got
to grab it and never let go.“
Carol Burnett
Basic Concepts of
L1 Development, Fate map
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
This is Your
One of
The
IFAS Student
Unit
i LOVE Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map
Welcome in to Beautiful world Developmental
of Knowledge Biology
Developmental
Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Topics covered in Today’s session
•Basic Concepts of Development
• Animal & Plant Development
Morphogenesis, Fate map
Fate Map Techniques
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Development
Development : Development is life long process
Series of progressive changes occur in organisms life that
characterize the life of an organism is called as development
Development is start from zygote & occur up to Death of an
organism
Death
Basic ConceptsKey
& Steps
Fate in
Map
Development Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Key Steps in Development
Key Steps: Development
Growth
Animal Plant
Commitment Development Development
C elegans Arabidopsis
Differentiation
Sea urchin
Morphogenesis Frog
Reptiles, Birds
Mammals
Basic Concepts & Fate Map
Animal Development Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Development
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Growth
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Early Development
Growth: Increase in size, Mass
Cell Division
Growth
Cell Elongation/ Enlargement
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Early Development
• Rapid Cell Division occur
• Repeated mitotic divisions occur
• Gap phases absent (G1 & G2 phase Absent)
• In cell cycle only S & M phase present
• Cell cycle duration is short
• Yolk supports early development
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Early Development
Cell Elongation absent :
• Growth occur only by cell divisions
Cell Size Decreases:
• In each cell division cell size decreases
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Early Development
• Nucleo - cytoplasmic Ratio : Increases
• Nucleus/Cytoplasm = Ratio Increases
Basic Concepts & Fate
Animal Map
Early DevelopmentDevelopmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Animal Early Development
Rapid cell divisions n animals occur up to mid blastula stage
• Gap phases are absent (G1 & G2 Phase)
• Cell elongation absent
• Cell size decreases
• nucleocytoplasmic ratio increases
Yolk
Mid Blastula Stage
Exhausted
• Zygotic gene expression started
• Normal cell cycle : all phases present (G1-S-G2-M)
• Cell elongation arises
• Normal cell cycle duration
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
45. When compared, both tumor cells and embryo cells
exhibit___________.
(1) rapid cell division
(2) attachment to a basement membrane
(3) short cellular lifespan
(4) inability to recruit blood supply
Basic Concepts
Plant&Early
FateDevelopment
Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Plant Early Development
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Plant Early Development
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Plant Early Development
• Plant Growth : Slower growth
• Normal cell cycle: (G1-S-G2-M)
• From 1st cell stage zygotic genes express
• Normal cell cycle duration
Cell Division
Growth
In plants both process
occur in Growth Cell Elongation/ Enlargement
Basic Concepts
Plant&Early
FateDevelopment
Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Plant Early Development
Cell Cell
Division elongation
Morphogenesis in Plants:
Organized cell Division & Cell elongation play major role
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Growth : Isometric Growth
• Isometric Growth : Synchronise growth
• All Cells equally grow, All cells equal Size
• Radial Symmetry Observed
• If mass doubles 1.26 folds expansion in length
• e.g. Observed in animals early development Radial
Symmetry
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Growth : Allometric Growth
• Allometric Growth : Unsynchronised growth
• Unequal cell size formation
• Different cell size, shapes & organ structure
formation
e.g. Plant Development
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Growth : Determinate Growth
• Determinate Growth : Fix period of time growth
• Some cells divide for fix period of time
• At one stage reach no growth
e.g. Animals, Vertebrates
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Growth : Indeterminate Growth
Indeterminate Growth : Throughout life growth occur
• Continuous growth
• As increasing age plant size increases
e.g. Plants
Meristematic stem cells supports plants growth
Regeneration of damaged tissues:
Amphibia (limb, Lens)
Lizard tail
Hydra,
mammalian liver
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Commitment
Cells fate fix / Cells lineage determine
Cells are irreversibly committed to particular fate
Zygote
Undifferentiated cells
Having equal potency
Cells
Commitment - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
25. During development, if a cell has committed to a particular
fate, it is said to be
(1) Pluripotent (2) Totipotent
(3) Determined (4) Differentiated
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Wings
Differentiation
Abdomen
Eye
Differential gene expression
• Regulated gene expression Legs
• On basis of commitment specific genes express in cells
• Cells attain certain structure & play specialised role is called
differentiation
• After Differentiation cells look different, Cells biochemical,
physiological, morphological properties change
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
27. A process during which a cell ceases to divide and develops
specialized structural elements and distinct functional properties, the
generation of specialized cell types is called
(1) Committed (2) Specified
(3) Differentiation (4) Morphogenesis
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Morphogenesis
Creation of form – 3D Organization
• Shaping of multicellular body & organs
• Morphogens play major role in morphogenesis
• Morphogenesis is result from pattern formation
In animals:
• Cell movement play major role in morphogenesis
Basic Concepts & Fate Map
Morphogenesis in Plants Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Morphogenesis in Plants
In Plants:
• No Cell movement occur
• Cell wall present (Rigid structure)
Morphogenesis in plants:
Organised cell division & organised cell
elongation play major role in formation of
multicellular body
Basic Concepts & Fate
Fate Map Map Techniques
& Detection Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Fate Map
Fate map: Diagram representing fates of different cells
Diagrammatic representation of early embryo of organisms
Diagram showing fates of different regions of early embryo
Tracing of cell lineage
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Fate Map
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Techniques used in fate map Generation
Fate maps can be generated by several ways
Temporary way:
• Direct observation of living embryos
• Vital dye staining
• Florescent dye staining
Permanent way:
• Mosaic embryos
• Transgenic DNA chimers
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Direct observation of living embryos
Some embryos having Relatively few cells
Small number of cells
In some cells cytoplasm having different coloured pigments
Look through the microscope & trace the lineage
e.g. Tunicates (Sea squirt)
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Direct observation of living embryos
The fates of individual cells. Edwin Conklin mapped the fates of early cells of the
tunicate Styela partita, using the fact that in embryos of this species, many of the
cells can be identified by their different-colored cytoplasms. Yellow cytoplasm
marks the cells that form the trunk muscles. (A) At the 8-cell stage, two of the eight
blastomeres contain this yellow cytoplasm. (B) Early gastrula stage, showing the
yellow cytoplasm in the precursors of the trunk musculature. (C) Early larval stage,
showing the yellow cytoplasm in the newly formed trunk muscles.
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Dye Marking : Vital Dye Staining
Vital dye staining: Applying vital dye to region of interest
Vital dye stain living cells but NOT kill them
Vital dye staining gives limited information
Vital dyes Example : Nile blue
Vital Dye
Staining
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Dye Marking : Vital Dye Staining
Vital dye staining of amphibian embryos.
(A)Vogt’s method for marking specific cells of the embryonic surface
with vital dyes. (B–D) Dorsal surface views of stain on successively
later embryos.
(E) Newt embryo dissected in a medial sagittal section to show the
stained cells in the interior.
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Dye Marking : Vital Dye Staining
Vital dye staining: Applying vital dye to region of interest
Vital dye stain living cells but NOT kill them
Vital dye staining gives limited information
Vital dyes Example : Nile blue
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Dye Marking : Vital Dye Staining
Limitation : Vital dye dilution
After each cell division – Dye is diluted
After some stage – Dye is diluted (very less concentration)
They Become difficult to detect
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
29. Stains used to label living cells without killing them. When applied
to embryos, they have been used to follow cell migration during
development and generate fate maps of specific regions of the embryo.
(1) Fluroscent dyes (2) Staining dye
(3) Green fluroscent protein (4) Vital dyes
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Use of Fluorescent dyes
Fluorescent dyes : Detected in low concentration also
• Many divisions later they can detected in cells
• At low concentration – It emit signal
• e.g. Fluorescein conjugated dextran
Cell
Fluorescein
Lineage
conjugated Detection
dextran
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Use of Fluorescent dyes
Fate mapping using a fluorescent dye. (A) Specific cells of a zebrafish embryo were injected with a
fluorescent dye that will not diffuse from the cells. The dye was then activated by laser in a small
region (about 5 cells) of the late-cleavage-stage embryo. (B) After formation of the central nervous
system had begun, cells that contained the activated dye were visualized by fluorescent light. The
fluorescent dye is seen in particular cells that generate the forebrain and midbrain. (C) Fate map of
the zebrafish central nervous system. Fluorescent dye was injected into cells 6 hours after
fertilization (left), and the results are color-coded onto the hatched fish (right). Overlapping colors
indicate that cells from these regions of the 6-hour embryo contribute to two or more regions.
Basic Concepts Chick
& Fate Map
- Quail chimera Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Permanent way of labelling : genetic labelling
Mosaic embryos/ Chimeric embryos formation:
Mosaic embryos : Made from tissues of
more than one genetic source
Having cells of two distinct species
Having cells of phylogenetically close but immunologically distinct
species.
e.g. Chick - Quail chimera
T. taemitus & T. crystatus
(Newt sps. A & Newt sps. B)
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Chick Quail chimera
Genetic markers as cell
lineage tracers.
(A)Experiment in which cells
from a particular region of a
1-day quail embryo have
been grafted into a similar
region of a 1-day chick
embryo. After several days,
the quail cells can be seen
by using an antibody to
quail-specific proteins
(photograph below). This
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Chick Quail chimera
Chick quail chimera :
Grafting quail cells in chick embryo (Region of interest)
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Chick Quail chimera
Chick quail chimera :
Grafting quail cells in chick embryo
(Region of interest) Quail Cells
Form Chick
organ
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Chick Quail chimera
Chick Quail chimera – Detection of Quail cells in chick embryo
• Quail nucleus has heterochromatin DNA concentrate around
nucleoli
Cell specific antigen expression:
• Quail cells : Express quail specific antigen on surface
• Chick cells : Express chick specific antigen on surface
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Transgenic DNA chimera
Reporter Gene Use – GFP gene Genetically
modified virus
Green Fluorescent Protein Having GFP
Gene
GFP
Use of genetically modified virus: Gene
• Virus having GFP gene in their
genome
• Infect cells of embryo with genetically
modified virus
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Transgenic DNA chimera
infect Genetically
modified virus
GFP Having GFP
Gene Gene
Frog
blastomere GFP Gene
Inserted in frog GFP
Blastomeres DNA
Frog Early GFP Protein GFP
Checking Gene constitutive
Embryo Gene GFP expression
Expression
GFP Gene Inserted
Under General Expose frog
Constitutive Promoter Frog blastomere Blastomere to
Green
Having GFP GeneUV light
Florescence
emission
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Transgenic DNA chimera Tadpole
Frog blastomeres
Inserted into Expose frog
region Blastomere to Green
of interest Florescence
UV light Emission by Skin
Epithelial Cells
Proceed
Frog blastomere For Normal Tadpole
Having GFP Gene Frog Development
Early
Expose frog
Freem & Colleagues – Embryo
Blastomere to
(2012) Green UV light
Use this techniques to Florescence
Study chick embryo Emission by
migration Skin Epithelial
of neural crest cells to gut Cells Adult frog
Basic Concepts & Fate DNA
Transgenic Mapchimera Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Transgenic DNA chimera
Fate mapping with transgenic
DNA shows that the neural
crest is critical in making the
gut neurons
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
74. Which of the following cannot be used for determination of tissue lineage of
a given progenitor cell population in an animal?
(1) Marking progenitor cells with vital dye.
(2) Transplanting equivalent progenitor cells from immunologically distinct but
not related organism.
(3) Marking progenitor cells by genomic recombination coupled with reporter
gene expression.
(4) Marking progenitor cells by reporter gene expression under the control of a
general constitutive promoter.
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
Basic Concepts & Fate Map Developmental Biology
