Rr Chapter:-7 Structural organisation
in animals (frog)
R.S.VALA 8980129612
❖ Summary:-
➢ In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells along with Intercellular
substances perform a specific function. Such an Organisation is called
tissue.
➢ The structure of the cells vary according to their function.
➢ Therefore, The tissues are different and are broadly classified into four
types:
1. Epithelial :-
2. Connective:-
3. Muscular:-
4. Neural:-
❖ Organ and Organ System:-
➢ The basic tissues mentioned above, organise to form organs which in Turn
associate to form organ systems in the multicellular organisms.
➢ Such an organisation is essential for more eficient and better
Coordinated activities of millions of cells constituting an organism.
➢ Each organ in our body is made of one or more type of tissues.
➢ For example, our heart consists of all the four types of tissues, i.e.,
Epithelial, connective, muscular and neural.
➢ We also notice, after some careful study that the complexity in organ And
organ systems displays certain Discernible trend. This Discernible trend
is called evolutionary trend.
➢ Morphology refers to study of form or externally visible features. In The
case of plants or microbes, the term morphology precisely Means only
this. In case of animals this refers to the external Appearance of the
organs or parts of the body. The word anatomy Conventionally is used for
the study of morphology of internal organs In the animals.
Copulatory pad
Male frog Female frog
Vocal sac
ANATOMY
➢ The body cavity of frogs accommodate different organ systems.
➢ such as digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory and
reproductive systems with well developed structures and functions.
❖ Digestive system:
➢ The digestive system consists of alimentary canal and digestive
glands.
Alimentary canal :
▪ The alimentary canal is short because
frogs are carnivores and hence the length
of intestine is reduced.
Mouth:
➢ The mouth opens into the buccal
cavity that leads to the oesophagus
through pharynx.
Oesophagus:
➢ Oesophagus is a short tube that
opens into the stomach which in
turn continues as the intestine,
rectum and finally opens outside
by the cloaca.
➢ Food is captured by the bilobed
tongue.
Stomach:
➢ Digestion of food takes place by
the action of HCl and gastric
juices secreted from the walls
of the stomach.
➢ Partially digested food called
chyme is passed from stomach
to small intestine.
Small intestine:
➢ The first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
➢ The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices
from the pancreas through a common bile duct.
➢ Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and
proteins.
➢ Final digestion takes place in the intestine.
➢ Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner
wall of intestine called villi and microvilli.
Rectum and cloaca:
➢ The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum and passes out
through cloaca.
Accessory digestive glands:
(i) Liver: Liver secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder.
(ii) Pancreas: Pancreas, a digestive gland produces pancreatic juice
containing digestive enzymes.
( Note:- Salivary gland is absent in frog )
❖ Respiration In Frog :
➢ Frogs respire on land and in the water by two different methods.
(A) Cutaneous respiration:
➢ In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration).
➢ Dissolved oxygen in the water is exchanged through the skin by
diffusion.
(2) Pulmonary respiration:
➢ The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration.
➢ The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures
present in the upper part of the trunk region (thorax).
➢ Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs.
➢ During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place
through skin.
➢ On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as the respiratory
organs.
❖ Circulatory System Of Frog:
➢ The vascular system of frog is well-developed closed type.
➢ Frogs have a lymphatic system also.
➢ The blood vascular system involves heart, blood vessels and blood.
➢ The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph channels and lymph
nodes.
➢ Heart is a muscular structure situated in the upper part of the body
cavity.
➢ It has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle and is covered by a
membrane called pericardium.
➢ A triangular structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium
➢ It receives blood through the major veins called vena cava. The ventricle
opens into a sac like conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
➢ The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries
(arterial system).
➢ The veins collect blood from different parts of body to the heart and
form the venous system.
➢ Special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the
kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs.
➢ The former is called hepatic portal system and the latter is called renal
portal system.
➢ The blood is composed of plasma and cells.
➢ The blood cells are RBC (red blood cells) or erythrocytes, WBC (white
blood cells) or leucocytes and platelets.
➢ RBC's are nucleated and contain red coloured pigment namely
haemoglobin.
➢ The lymph is different from blood.
➢ It lacks few proteins and RBCs.
➢ The blood carries nutrients, gases and water to the respective sites
during the circulation.
➢ The circulation of blood is achieved by the pumping action of the
muscular heart.
❖ Excretory System Of Frog:
➢ The elimination of nitrogenous wastes is carried out by a well developed
excretory system.
➢ The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and
urinary bladder.
➢ These are compact, dark red and bean like structures situated a little
posteriorly in the body cavity on both sides of vertebral column.
➢ Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units
called uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
➢ Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the male frogs.
➢ The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the cloaca.
➢ In females the ureters and oviduct open seperately in the cloaca.
➢ The thin-walled urinary bladder is present ventral to the rectum which
also opens in the cloaca.
➢ The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal.
➢ Excretory wastes are carried by blood into the kidney where it is
separated and excreted.
❖ Endocrine System Of Frog:
➢ The system for control and coordination is highly evolved in the frog.
➢ It includes both neural system and endocrine glands.
➢ The chemical coordination of various organs of the body is achieved by
hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands.
➢ The prominent endocrine glands found in frog are pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals and
gonads.
❖ Nervous System Of Frog:
➢ The nervous system is organised into a central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord), a peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal
nerves) and an autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and
parasympathetic).
➢ There are ten pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain.
➢ Brain is enclosed in a bony structure called brain box (cranium).
➢ The brain is divided into fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
➢ Forebrain: Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired cerebral
hemispheres and unpaired diencephalon.
➢ Midbrain: The midbrain is characterised by a pair of optic lobes.
➢ Hind-brain: Hind brain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
➢ The medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and
continues into spinal cord, which is enclosed in the vertebral column.
FROG
Sensory
