Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants.

Human beings like other

multicellular organism need a regular supply of foods, oxygen etc. This function is performed
by a circulatory system or transport system.

Transportation in Human Beings: The circulatory system is responsible for transport of

various substances in human beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and blood
capillaries. Blood plays the role of the carrier of substances.

1. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac muscles.

 It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The heart is a pumping organ which
pumps the blood.

 The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. right atrium, right ventricle, left
ventricle and left atrium.

 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.

 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.

2. Arteries:

 These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to
different organs.

 Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from the
heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place.

3. Veins:

 These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different
organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated
blood from lungs to the heart.

 Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood.

4. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled
walls.

Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for various substances
in the body. Blood is composed of 1. Plasma 2. Blood cells 3. Platelets.

 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is mostly composed of
water. Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood.

 Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and
White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red colour because of the presence of
haemoglobin which is a pigment. Haemoglobin readily combines with oxygen and
carbon dioxide. The transport of oxygen happens through haemoglobin. Some part
of carbon dioxide is also transported through haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white colour. They play
important role in the immunity.

 Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a

defense mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood, in case of an injury.

Lymph:

 Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.

  Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the
intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph vessels and
finally return to the blood capillaries.

 Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system.

 Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the blood capillaries into the intercellular
spaces contain less proteins than blood.

 Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying
germs.

Double circulation: In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in one cardiac
cycle. This type of circulation is called double circulation. One complete heartbeat in which
all the chambers of the heart contract and relax once is called cardiac cycle. The heart beats
about 72 times per minute in a normal adult. In one cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70
mL blood and thus, about 4900 mL blood in a minute. Double circulation ensures complete
segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum energy
production in warm-blooded animals.

Excretion in human beings:

 Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion.

 Many wastes are produced during various metabolic activities.

 These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in the body can be
harmful and even lethal for an organisms.

Human Excretory System:

 The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys.

 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary bladder.
  Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is expelled out through
urethra as and when required.

Excretory system of human beings includes :

 A pair of kidneys.

 A urinary bladder.

 A pair of the ureter.

 A urethra.

Kidney:

 Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in the abdominal
cavity.

 The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called nephrons.

 Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney.

Nephron

 It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called glomerulus.

 The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery is attached.

 The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called afferent arteriole and the
one receiving blood from the glomerulus is called efferent arteriole.

 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s capsule. The
bowman’s capsule extends into a fine tube which is highly coiled.

 Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which finally goes to the
ureter.
Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three steps:

 Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid filter from the
blood into bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back
by capillaries surrounding the nephron.

 Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the
collecting duct and then into the ureter.

Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it
is stored until it is released through the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is
produced in the liver.

Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for kidney
failure patient.

Excretion in Plants

 Other wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.

 Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.

 Gums, resin → In old xylem

 Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of calcium oxalates in the leaves of
colocasia and stem of Zamikand.
Question 1
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like
humans?
Answer:
In multicellular organisms like humans, all the body cells are not in direct contact with the
surrounding environment. Therefore, every cell of the body will not get oxygen as per need
by the process of diffusion from the environment. Therefore, diffusion is insufficient to meet
the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms.

Question 2
What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive ?
Answer:
The main criteria used to decide whether something is alive are breathing and respiration.
However, living beings also show growth and movement.

Question 3
What are outside raw materials used by an organism ?
Answer:
Any organism uses organic molecules as raw material. Heteroptrophs use food and
autotrophs use carbon dioxide, minerals, water and all organisms use oxygen (for
respiration) as raw materials

Question 4
What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life ?
Answer:
Processes essential for maintaining life are :
(i) Nutrition
(ii) Respiration
(iii) Transportation
(iv) Excretion

Question 5
What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition ?
Answer:

Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition

(i) In this mode of nutrition an organism makes or (i) In this mode of nutrition an organism canno
synthesizes its own food. or synthesize its own food

Organisms use simple inorganic materials like carbon (ii) Organisms cannot make their own food from
dioxide and water and synthesise their food in presence simple inorganic matter and depend on other
 of sunlight. organisms for their food.

(iii) All green plants and some algae undergo this mode (iii) All the animals, most bacteria and fungi un
of nutrition. this mode of nutrition.

Question
Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis ?
Answer:
(i) Carbon dioxide : Plants get carbon dioxide from the environment/atmosphere through
stomata.
(ii) Water : Plants absorb water from the soil through roots and transport to leaves.
(iii) Sunlight : Plants get sunlight from the sun.
(iv) Chlorophyll : It is present in chloroplast found in green leaves and green parts of plants.

Question 7
What is the role of the acid in our stomach ?
Answer:
Role of acid in our stomach is :
(i) To make acidic medium which is necessary for the activation of the enzyme pepsin.
(ii) To kill bacteria which the food may contain.

Question 8
What is the function of digestive enzymes ?
Answer:
The food we eat is complex in nature, i.e., it contains complex molecules. Digestive enzymes
break down these complex molecules into smaller simpler molecules so that they can be
absorbed by the walls of the intestine.

Question 9
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food ?
Answer:
The small intestine is designed to provide maximum area for absorption of digested food
and its transfer into the blood for its circulation into the body. For this the inner lining of the
small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi. The villi are richly supplied
with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.

Question 10
What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to
obtaining oxygen for respiration ?
Answer:
Aquatic organisms use oxygen dissolved in surrounding water. Since air dissolved in water
has fairly low concentration of oxygen, the aquatic organisms have much faster rate of
breathing.
Terrestrial organisms take oxygen from the oxygen-rich atmosphere through respiratory
organs. Hence, they have much less breathing rate than aquatic organisms.

Question 11
What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various
organisms ?
Answer:
First step of breakdown of glucose (6 carbon molecules) takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
of all organisms. This process yields a three carbon molecule compound called pyruvate.
Further break down of pyruvate takes place in different ways in different organisms.

(i) Anaerobic respiration : The anaerobic respiration in plants (like yeast) produces ethanol
and carbon dioxide as end products.
(ii) Aerobic respiration : In aerobic respiration break down of pyruvate takes place in
presence of oxygen to give rise three molecules of carbon dioxide and water. The release of
energy in aerobic respiration is much more than in anaerobic respiration.
(iii) Lack of oxygen : Sometimes, when there is lack of oxygen especially during physical
exercise, in our muscles, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (3 carbon molecule
compound). Formation of lactic acid in muscles causes cramp.

Question 12
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings ?
Answer:
(i) Transport of oxygen : Haemoglobin present in the blood takes up the oxygen from the air
in the lungs. It carries the oxygen to tissues which are deficient in oxygen before releasing it.
(ii) Transport of carbon dioxide : Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water. Therefore, it is
mostly transported from body tissues in the dissolved form in our blood plasma to lungs.
Here it diffuses from blood to air in the lungs.

Question 13
How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases ?
Answer:
Within the lungs, the air passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, called bronchi
which in turn form bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structures, called
alveoli. The alveoli present in the lungs provide maximum surface for exchange of gases. The
alveoli have vary thin walls and contain an extensive network of blood vessels to facilitate
exchange of gases.

Question 1
What are the components of the transport system in human beings ? What are the functions
of these components ?
Answer:
The transport system (circulatory system) in human beings mainly consists of heart, blood
and blood vessels.

(i) Function of heart : The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body parts and
pumps it to lungs for enriching with oxygen. It receives purified blood from lungs and pumps
it around the body.
(ii) Function of blood : Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones
and nitrogeneous waste like urea. It also protects the body from diseases and regulates the
body temperature.
(iii) Function of blood vessels : The blood pushed by the heart flows through the blood
vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and also comes back to the heart through them.

Question 2
Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds ?
Answer:
Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows good supply of oxygen to the
body. This system is useful in animals that have high energy requirement. Mammals and
birds constantly need oxygen to get energy to maintain their body temperature constant.

Question 3
What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Answer:
In highly organised plants there are two conducting tissues xylem and phloem.
Xylem consists of vessels, tracheids and other xylem tissues. The interconnected vessels and
tracheids form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the
plant. Xylem carries water and minerals.
Phloem conducts soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves to different parts of the
plant body.

Question 4
How are water and minerals transport in plants ? [AICBSE 2015]
Answer:
The roots of a plant have hair called root hair.
The root hair are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles.
Water and dissolved minerals get into the root hair by the process of diffusion. The water
and minerals absorbed by the root hair from the soil pass from cell to cell by osmosis
through the epidermis, root cortex, endodermis and reach the root xylem.

The xylem vessels of the root of the plant are connected to the xylem vessels of its stem.
Therefore the water containing dissolved minerals enters the root xylem vessels into stem
xylem vessels. The xylem vessels of the stem branch into the leaves of the plants. So, the
water and minerals carried by the xylem vessels in the stem reach the leaves through the
branched xylem vessels which enter from the petiole (stalk of the leaf) into each and every
part of the leaf. Thus the water and minerals from the soil reach through the root and stem
to the leaves of the plants. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a
suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. The loss of water in the form of
vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.

Question 5
How is food transported in plants ?
Answer:
The movement of food in phloem (or translocation) takes place by utilizing energy. The sugar
(food) made in leaves is loaded into the sieve tubes of phloem tissue by using energy from
ATR Water now enters the sieve tubes containing sugar by the process of osmosis due to
which the pressure in the phloem tissue rises. This high pressure produced in the phloem
tissue moves the food to all parts of the plant having less pressure in their tissues. This
allows the phloem to transport food according to the needs of the plant.

Page Number: 112

Question 1
Describe the structure and functions of nephrons.
Answer:
Structure of nephron : Each nephron is composed of two parts. First one is a cup-shaped bag
at its upper end which is called Bowman’s capsule.
The Bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called glomerulus. One
end of the glomerulus is attached to the renal artery which brings the impure blood
containing the urea waste into it. These impurities are filtered. The other part of the
nephron is coiled. In this part, the substances like sugar (glucose), amino acid, ions and
excess water which are required by the body, are reabsorbed. The substance remained in
the nephron is mainly urine containing dissolved urea in water which is expelled from the
body through urethra from time to time.

Functions of nephron : Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the
capillaries of glomerulus. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. This filtrate
contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and water.
Reabsorption : As the filtrate flows along the tubule, useful substances such as glucose,
amino acids, salts and water are selectively reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries
surrounding the nephron tubule.
Urine : The filtrate which remained after reabsorption is called urine. Urine contains
dissolved nitrogenous waste like urea and uric acid, excess salts and water. Urine is collected
from nephrons to carry it to the ureter from where it passes into urinary bladder.

Question 2
What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products ?
Answer:
(i) The plants get rid of gaseous products-through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems.
(ii) The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid waste by the shedding off leaves, peeling off
bark and felling off fruits.
(iii) The plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
(iv) Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Question 3
How is the amount of urine produced regulated ?
Answer:
The amount of urine is regulated by kidney. It depends on the quantity of excess water and
wastes dissolved in water.
(i) Quantity of water : When water is abundant in the body tissues, large quantities of dilute
urine is excreted out. When water is less in quantity in the body tissues, a small quantity of
concentrate urine is excreted.
(ii) Quantity of dissolved wastes : Dissolved wastes, especially nitrogenous wastes, like urea
and uric acid and salts are excreted from the body. When there is more quantity of dissolved
wastes in the body, more quantity of water is required to excrete them. Therefore, the
amount of urine produced increases.
(iii) Hormones : The amount of urine produced is also regulated by certain hormones which
control the movement of water and Na+ ions in and out of the nephrons.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(i) nutrition
(ii) respiration
(iii) excretion
(iv) transportation
Answer:
(iii) Excretion

Question 2
The xylem in plants are responsible for
(i) transport of water
(ii) transport of food
(iii) transport of amino acids
(iv) transport of oxygen
Answer:
(i) Transport of water

Question 3
The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(i) carbon dioxide and water
(ii) chlorophyll
(iii) sunlight
(iv) all of the above
Answer:
(iv) All of the above

Question 4
The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(i) cytoplasm
(ii) mitochondria
(iii) chloroplast
(iv) nucleus
Answer:
(ii) Mitochondria

Question 5
How are fats digested in our bodies ? Where does this process take place ?
Answer:
Digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine.
Bile juice secreted by the liver poured in the intestine along with pancreatic juice. The bile
salts present in the bile juice emulsify fhe large globules of fats. Therefore, by enulsification
large globules break down into fine globules to provide larger surface area to act upon by
the enzymes.
Lipase enzyme present in the pancreatic juice causes break down of emulsified fats. Glands
present in the wall of small intestine secrete intestinal juice which contains lipase enzyme
that converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 6
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
Answer:
Saliva contains salivary amylase enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars like maltose.

Saliva keeps the mouth cavity clean and moistens the food that help in chewing and
breaking down the big pieces of food into smaller ones.

Question 7
What are the necessary conditions (or autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products ?
Answer:
Necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition :
(i) Presence of chlorophyll in the living cells.
(if) Provision of supply of water to green plants or cells of the plant.
(iii) Sufficient sunlight.
(iv) Sufficient supply of carbon dioxide.
By-product of auto tropic nutrition is oxygen.

Question 8
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ? Name some
organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer:
 Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. 1. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.

2. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic 2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic
respiration. respiration.

3. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be

3. The end products in aerobic respiration are
ethanol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plants) or lac
carbon dioxide and water.
acid (as in animal muscles).

4. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable

4. Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respira
amount of energy.

Some organisms which use anaerobic respiration are yeast, bacteria etc.

Question 9
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases ?
Answer:
(i) The alveoli are thin walled and richly supplied with a network of blood vessels to facilitate
exchange of gases between blood and the air filled in alveoli.
(ii) Alveoli have balloon-like structure. Hence, provide maximum surface for exchange of
gases.

Question 10
What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer:
Due to the deficiency of haemoglobin in blood, its oxygen carrying capacity decreases. As a
result the production of energy by oxidation will become slower. Therefore, one would fall
sick and would feel fatigue most of the time.

Question 11
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary ?
Answer:
In our heart blood enters twice and also pumped out twice from the heart. The
deoxygenated blood from the body is brought to the right atrium through vena cava from
where it is sent to right ventricle. From right ventricle, the blood is pumped to the lungs for
oxygenation through pulmonary artery. The oxygenated blood from lungs again enters the
left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins. From left atrium it is send to left ventricle,
from where this oxygenated blood is pumped to different parts of body through the arteries.
In this way the blood flows through the heart twice, that’s why it is called ‘double
circulation’.

Necessity of double circulation: The right side and the left side of the human heart are
useful to keep deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing. This type of separation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
This is useful in case of humans who constantly need energy to maintain their body
temperature.

Question 12
What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem ?
Answer:

Xylem Phloem

1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from 1. Phloem conducts prepared food material from
roots to leaves and other parts. to other parts of plant in dissolved form.

2. In phloem, transport of material takes place th

2. In xylem, the transport of material takes place
sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, whi
through vessels and tracheids which are dead tissues.
living cells.

3. In xylem upward movement of water and dissolved 3. In translocation, material is transferred into ph
minerals is mainly achieved by transpiration pull. It is tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the
caused due to suction created by evaporation of water osmotic pressure that moves the material in the
molecules from the cells of a leaf. phloem to tissues which have less pressure

Question 13
Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to
their structure and functioning.
Answer:

Alveoli Nephron

1. Alveoli are functional unit of lungs. 1. Nephrons are functional unit of kidney.

2. A mature lung has about 30 crore alveoli. 2. A kidney has about 10 lakh nephrons.

3. Alveoli provide a wide surface for gaseous

3. The surface area of a nephron is not much mor
exchange.
 4. The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place through the 4. The Bowman’s capsule in nephron regulates th
network of capillaries in alveoli. concentration of water and salts.

Question 14
How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Solution:
The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose. The food coming from
the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. Bile
juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats. Fats are present in the
intestine in the form of large globules, which make it difficult for enzymes to act on them.
Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting
proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine
contain glands, which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the
proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and
glycerol.

Question 15
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Solution:
When we eat something we like, our mouth ‘waters’. This is actually not only water, but also
a fluid called saliva secreted by the salivary glands. Another aspect of the food we ingest is
its complex nature. If it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into
smaller molecules. This is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes. The
saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch, which is a
complex molecule to give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around
the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue.

Question 1
What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Solution:
Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by
photosynthesis. It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside
and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of carbon
dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll. Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant. The carbohydrates,
which are not used immediately, are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the
internal energy reserve to be used as and when required by the plant.
Question 17
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some
organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Solution:
The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy
for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways – some use oxygen to
breakdown glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways
that do not involve oxygen. In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-
carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in
the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This
process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the
absence of air (oxygen), it is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using
oxygen takes place in the mitochondria. This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate
molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since this
process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is called aerobic respiration. The
release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process.

Question 18
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Solution:
Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate
in balloon-like structures, which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface where the
exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of
blood vessels. As we have seen in earlier years, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and
flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result. Because of this, air is
sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from
the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up
by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During
the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual
volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon
dioxide to be released.

Question 19
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Solution:
The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary
circulation and the systemic circulation.
The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium
and ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into
the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
This part of the circulation is called as systemic circulation. This type of circulation is called
double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be
pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below,
choose the correct combination of condition and product?

Condition Product

(a) Aerobic Alcohol

(b) Aerobic Lactic acid

(c) Anaerobic Alcohol

(d) Anaerobic Lactic acid

Answer:
(c) Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO2.

Question 2.
The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air. Which sample could
have been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise?

Samples Oxygen Carbondioxide Water Vapour

(a) 16 0.3 Saturated

(b) 16 4 Saturated

(c) 21 0.03 Trace

(d) 21 3 Trace

Answer:
(b) This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs – during vigorous exercise in order to
obtain more energy.
Question 3.
Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of
(a) lactic acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) excess of water
(d) ethanol
Answer:
(a) Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in muscles
instead of forming C02 and water. Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes
cramps.

Question 4.
Which of the following plays nose like function in plants?
(a) Flower
(b) Phloem
(c) Stomata
(d) Chlorophyll
Answer:
(c) Stomata are pores which help in the passage of air in the plants.

Question 5.
Which changes occur when a person breathe in deeply?

Diaphragm Muscle External Intercostal Muscles

(a) Contracts Contract

(b) Contracts No change

(c) Relaxes Contract

(d) Relaxes Relax

Answer:
(a) When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib
cage to swing up and out. Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic
cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
Question 6.

The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the
function of X?
(a) Gaseous exchange
(b) Mucus removal
(c) Phagocytosis
(d) Secretion of mucus
Answer:
(b) The cilia (X) of the cells lining the air passages move in a sweeping motion to keep the air
passages clean. The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the
pharynx where they are swallowed.

Question 7.
The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired
air.

%Composition

Inspired Air Expired Air

21.0 16.0

What is the gas?

(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) Water vapour
Answer:
(c) The gas is oxygen as atmospheric air has approximately 21% of oxygen