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APRIL-JUNE 2025

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CLASS NOTES
TOPICS COVERED
1. Operation Sindoor ......................................................................................... 4
Harop Drones ............................................................................................................................. 4
SONGAR Drone .......................................................................................................................... 5
Bhargavastra .............................................................................................................................. 6
Rafale Fighter Jet vs. F-16 Fighter Jet ........................................................................................ 7
Rafale Marine Fighter Jet ........................................................................................................... 7
BrahMos Missile ........................................................................................................................ 8
Operation Keller ......................................................................................................................... 9
Red Teaming in Operation Sindoor ............................................................................................ 9
2. NIA Investigates Pahalgam Terror Attack ..................................................... 10
3. Civil Defence Mock Drill ............................................................................... 11
Territorial Army ........................................................................................................................ 11
Blackout Measures in India ...................................................................................................... 12
Operation Shield ...................................................................................................................... 12
4. Baglihar and Kishanganga Dams .................................................................. 13
Hydroelectric Projects on Chenab River .................................................................................. 14
Indus Water Treaty................................................................................................................... 15
5. Siliguri Corridor ............................................................................................ 16
6. Exercise Teesta Prahar ................................................................................. 17
7. India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise Nomadic Elephant ........................ 18
8. India’s Air Defence Architecture .................................................................. 18
Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) ............................................................ 19
9. India-U.S. HADR Exercise Tiger Triumph ...................................................... 20
10. 9K33 Osa-AK Missile System ....................................................................... 20
11. Naval Base INS Varsha ................................................................................. 21
12. Long-Range Glide Bomb ‘Gaurav’ ................................................................ 22
13. Mk-II(A) DEW System .................................................................................. 22
14. Military Exercise Balikatan 2025 .................................................................. 23
Tiexian Reef.............................................................................................................................. 24
15. Exercise Desert Flag-10 ............................................................................... 25
16. Bayraktar Drones ......................................................................................... 26
17. Indian Navy and EUNAVFOR Joint Naval Exercise ........................................ 26
18. India-Norway Maritime Cooperation in 2025 ............................................. 27
19. Indian Navy’s First Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Arnala ............................ 28
20. Exercise DUSTLIK-VI ..................................................................................... 29
21. IAF’s Indigenous I-STAR Aircraft .............................................................................. 30

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CLASS NOTES
22. Khaan Quest 2025 ....................................................................................... 30
23. Extended Trajectory-Long Duration Hypersonic Cruise Missile ................... 31
24. Operation Secure ......................................................................................... 32
25. INS Tabar Joins UK Carrier Strike Group Exercise ........................................ 33
26. Air India Flight AI171 Crash Near Ahmedabad ............................................ 34
What is Black Box? ................................................................................................................... 35
India’s Aviation Safety Standards ............................................................................................. 36
DGCA’s Comprehensive Special Audit Framework for Aviation ............................................... 37
27. Cyber Suraksha Exercise .............................................................................. 38
28. Helicopter Safety Issues in Uttarakhand’s Char Dham ................................ 38
29. US Attacks Iran’s Nuclear Facilities .............................................................. 39
Iran’s Operation Bashayer Al-Fath ........................................................................................... 40
30. Global Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercise ConvEx-3 (2025) .......... 41
31. Women Cadets Graduate from National Defence Academy .................................. 42
32. Ukraine’s Operation Spider’s Web .......................................................................... 43
33. China’s Silent Radar Technology ............................................................................. 44
34. Rudrastra Advanced Hybrid VTOL Drone ................................................................ 44
35. Quantum Secure Communication .......................................................................... 45
36. Nuclear Weapons Landscape in 2025 ..................................................................... 46
37. Operation Shiva ...................................................................................................... 47
38. INS Tamal ................................................................................................................ 47
39. Ganga Expressway Night Landing .......................................................................... 48
40. Ceasefire Agreements ............................................................................................ 49
Director General of Military Operations .................................................................................. 50
India-Pakistan Military Hotline ................................................................................................ 51
41. The Resistance Front .............................................................................................. 51
42. Operation Gideon’s Chariots .................................................................................. 52
43. Golden Dome Missile Defence System ................................................................... 52
44. Integrated Theatre Commands .............................................................................. 53
Inter-Services Organisations Command Control Act 2023 ...................................................... 54
45. Aircraft Carriers ...................................................................................................... 54
46. GP-DRASTI Initiative ................................................................................................ 55
47. INS Sunayna ............................................................................................................ 56
48. BM-04 Short-Range Ballistic Missile ....................................................................... 56
49. EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA ........................................................................... 57
50. Hydrogen-Based Explosive Device .......................................................................... 58
51. MAHASAGAR Initiative ........................................................................................... 58

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CLASS NOTES
52. M4 Carbine Assault Rifles ....................................................................................... 59
53. DRDO Offers 28 Weapon Systems for Emergency Procurement ....................................... 60
54. US’ Military Parade ............................................................................................................ 61
55. France’s Nuclear Sharing Proposal and European Defence ............................................... 61
56. Indian Army’s Capacity Development Demonstrations ..................................................... 62
57. Pakistan’s AWACS Aircraft .................................................................................................. 63
58. Multi Influence Ground Mine (MIGM) .............................................................................. 63
59. Abdali Weapon System ...................................................................................................... 63
60. Igla-S Missiles .................................................................................................................... 64
61. INS Arnala .......................................................................................................................... 64
62. Regulating Autonomous Weapons Systems ...................................................................... 65
63. India’s New Counter-Terrorism Doctrine ........................................................................... 65
64. Revamped Multi Agency Centre ........................................................................................ 66
65. Maoist Insurgency ............................................................................................................. 66
66. Critical Minerals and Indian Defence ................................................................................ 67
67. Russia’s Sukhoi Su-57E Fighter Jet Challenges .................................................................. 68
68. AMCA Project .................................................................................................................... 68
69. Israel Captures Morag Axis ................................................................................................ 70
70. Challenges Facing Advanced Light Helicopter Operations ................................................ 70
71. 4G and 5G Connections in High-Altitude Army Posts ........................................................ 70

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CLASS NOTES
1. Operation Sindoor
■ Overview of Operation Sindoor
• Operation Sindoor was a major counterterror operation conducted by the Indian
Armed Forces in 6-7 May, 2025, from 01:05 to 01:30 AM.
• Nine terrorist facilities inside Pakistan were targeted through high-precision
airstrikes aiming to neutralise the operational capabilities of groups responsible for
cross-border terrorism on Indian soil.
• Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) were the main groups whose
infrastructure was hit.
• It was one of the most extensive cross-border operations since the Balakot airstrikes
in 2019.
■ Context and Justification
• Objective was to “pre-empt” and “deter” cross-border terrorism, specifically the
Pahalgam attack of 22 April, 2025, that killed 26 civilians (25 Indians and one
Nepali) at Baisaran Valley in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Target locations four in Pakistan, including known extremist hubs like Bahawalpur,
Sialkot, Narowal and Muridke, and five in PoJK—to disrupt key centers of extremist
activity.
• Pakistan’s acknowledgment confirmed that these locations were hit in the strikes.
■ Key Terror Targets (9 Facilities)
• Markaz Subhan Allah
(Bahawalpur)
• Markaz Taiba (Muridke)
• Sarjal/Tehra Kalan (Narowal)
• Mehmoona Joya Facility
(Sialkot)
• Markaz Ahle Hadith Barnala
(Bhimber, PoJK)
• Markaz Abbas (Kotli, PoJK)
• Maskar Raheel Shahid (Kotli,
PoJK)
• Shawai Nallah Camp
(Muzaffarabad, PoJK)
• Markaz Syedna Bilal
(Muzaffarabad, PoJK)
■ Weapons Used in the Operation
• SCALP Missile (Storm Shadow) – Long-range, air-launched cruise missile with a range
over 250 km; used for precise, deep strikes jointly developed by the United
Kingdom and France.
• HAMMER Bombs – Modular munitions with a range of 50–70 km depending on
launch height; effective against bunkers and fortified sites.
• Loitering Munitions (Kamikaze Drones) – Capable of hovering; used for surveillance
and final target engagement.
■ Nature of the Strikes
• Precision strikes were used to ensure accuracy and avoid escalation.
• Military targets were deliberately avoided, focusing only on terror infrastructure.
• India issued a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) indicating military drills near the border.
Harop Drones
■ Overview of Harop Drones
• Origin – Israeli-made loitering munitions inducted by India
• Deployment – Used in Operation Sindoor, May 2025

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CLASS NOTES
• Type – Classified as loitering munitions with autonomous strike ability operation with
human oversight.
• Capability – Enables precision strikes with minimal collateral damage and with abort
capability.
• Impact – Marks advancement in India’s unmanned combat strategy.
■ Operational Role of Harop Drones
• Technology – Blends UAV endurance with missile-like destructive power.
• Function – Designed to loiter and autonomously strike high-value targets.
• Targets – Effective against radar systems and air defence platforms.
• Mode – Executes suicide-style direct collisions for target neutralisation.
■ Working Mechanism and Capabilities
• Loiter Time – Can stay airborne for up to 9 hours.
• Seeker Technology: Electro-optical (EO) or infrared (IR) seeker sensors for detecting
and engaging varied threats.
• Dimensions – 3 m wingspan; 2.5 m length.
• Speed – Up to 417 km/h.
• Range – 200 km operational radius.
• Service Ceiling – Operates up to 15,000 ft.
• Warhead – 16 kg high-explosive.
• Accuracy – Circular Error Probable (CEP) under 1 meter.
• Strike – Attacks from any angle, steep or shallow dives.
• Jamming Resistance – GNSS immune; functions in GPS-denied areas.
• Flexibility – Capable of loitering and dynamic target engagement.
■ Evolution and Background
• Predecessor – Derived from Israel’s HARPY drone developed in 1980s
• Early Design – Originally known as kamikaze drone for radar suppression
• Upgrade – HAROP is a next-generation version with better sensors and control
• Innovation – Enabled strikes without pre-defined target locations
■ Strategic Advantages
• Precision – Enhances India’s deep-strike capability across borders
• Mobility – Launched from canisters, adaptable to multiple terrains
• SEAD Role – Suitable for Suppression of Enemy Air Defence operations
SONGAR Drone
■ Overview of SONGAR Drones
• Date of Use – May 2025, used by Pakistan in cross-border drone-missile offensive
• Trigger Event – Followed terror attack in Pahalgam with civilian casualties.
• First Use – First known combat deployment of SONGAR drones against India.
• Manufacturer – Developed by Turkish defence firm ASİSGUARD & Introduced in 2020.
■ Technical Specifications and Capabilities
• Weapon Load – Fitted with automatic machine gun (200 rounds, NATO-standard)
• Range – Operational radius up to 3 km
• Altitude – Flight ceiling around 2,800 meters
• Surveillance – Equipped with real-time video transmission capability
• Control System – Operates via manual GPS and autonomous modes
■ Turkey’s Diplomatic Position Post-Offensive
• Official Stand – President Erdogan expressed strong diplomatic support to Pakistan
• De-escalation Call – Urged international probe and peace efforts
• Strategic Alignment – Reflects growing Turkey-Pakistan defence ties
■ Comparison Table: HAROP vs SONGAR Drones
Feature HAROP (Israel) SONGAR (Turkey)
Developer Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) ASİSGUARD (Turkey)

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CLASS NOTES
Feature HAROP (Israel) SONGAR (Turkey)
First Use HARPY in 1980s, HAROP in 2000s Introduced in 2020
Type Loitering munition (kamikaze drone) Armed tactical UAV
Self-destruct attack on radar or high- 200-round machine gun,
Primary Weapon
value targets grenade launcher
3 km operational radius, 2,800
Range/Endurance Up to 9 hours loiter time
m altitude
GPS-based manual and
Control System Fully autonomous or remote
autonomous
By Pakistan in May 2025
Recent Use By India in Operation Sindoor
offensive
Bhargavastra
■ Overview of Bhargavastra System
• Developer – Developed by Solar
Defence and Aerospace Ltd (SDAL),
India.
• Purpose – India’s first micro missile-
based system, designed to
neutralise drone swarms and small
aerial threats.
• Test Location – Successfully tested at
Seaward Firing Range, Gopalpur
(Odisha) in May 2025.
• Strategic Role – It is counter drone system which enhances India’s low-cost aerial
defence preparedness.
■ Design and Capabilities
• Detection Range – Exceeds 6 km for identifying hostile drones.
• Neutralisation Method – Uses over 64 guided micro-missiles for simultaneous
interception.
• Functionality – Designed for mass interception of multiple UAVs with layered
defence.
• C4I-Control Centre -- It has state of the art systems which come with the advantage
of C4I-Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence offering real
time situational awareness making it viable for network centric warfare.
■ Technical Composition and Features
• Layer Structure – Two layers to improve accuracy and adaptability.
• First Layer – Fires unguided micro-rockets in a 20-metre kill zone for swarms.
• Second Layer – Employs guided micro-missiles for targeted drone elimination.
• Support Systems – Includes jammers and spoofers for electronic warfare support.
■ Deployment Scope and Use Cases
• Terrain Compatibility – Effective even in high-altitude areas above 5,000 meters.
• User Base – Configured for use by Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Doctrinal Shift – Promotes use of smart micro-munitions in asymmetric warfare.
■ Global Significance and Indigenous Focus
• Innovation – One of the few globally available counter-swarm micro-missile systems
• Domestic Push – Aligned with ‘Make in India’ defence production goals.
• Tech Breakthrough – Signifies growth in India’s indigenous defence capabilities.

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CLASS NOTES
Rafale Fighter Jet vs. F-16 Fighter Jet
■ Aerial Superiority Post-Operation
Sindoor
• Operation Objective – India targeted
nine terror-linked sites in Pakistan
and PoK
• Air Superiority – Rafale performance
showed superiority in range and
strike accuracy
■ Rafale vs F-16 Fighter Jet
Comparison Table
Basis Rafale F-16
Generation 4.5-generation multirole fighter Fourth-generation fighter
Origin & USA – General Dynamics (now
France – Dassault Aviation
Manufacturer Lockheed Martin)
Inducted in the Indian Air Force in Operated by Pakistan (Block 52+
Induction in IAF
September 2020 variant)
Air superiority, deep strikes, Multirole with limited electronic
Combat Roles
electronic warfare warfare capabilities
Meteor BVR (150+ km range, 60 km AIM-120C5 AMRAAM (~100 km
Missile System
no-escape zone) range)
Electronic SPECTRA EW suite with jamming AN/ALQ pods with limited
Warfare Suite and deception jamming capabilities
SCALP cruise missile, HAMMER Lacks similar deep-precision
Strike Precision
bombs (used in Operation Sindoor) strike capability
RBE2 AESA radar (200+ km range, Older radar, reduced range and
Radar System
multi-target tracking) tracking in contested zones
Around 1,390 km, fewer
Combat Radius Over 1,850 km, 5 sorties/day
sorties/day
Operational High – supports sustained Lower – less efficient for deep,
Stamina operations repetitive strikes
Low – limited by Cold War-era
Upgrade Potential High – future-ready and scalable
design
■ Rafale Variants
• Rafale C – Single-seat Air Force variant.
• Rafale B – Twin-seat version for training and full combat missions.
• Rafale M – Naval carrier-based model Rafale Marine, featuring reinforced landing
gear and tailhook for deck landings.
• Rafale N – Variant configured for nuclear strike capability.
• Rafale R – Research and development version.
■ Strategic and Doctrinal Implications
• Indian Doctrine – Integrates Rafale with layered air strike platforms.
• Pakistani Limitation – F-16 deployment restricted by U.S. end-user monitoring
clause.
Rafale Marine Fighter Jet
■ India's Defence Deal with France

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CLASS NOTES
• Deal Overview – India finalizes a ₹63,000 crore deal with France for 26 Rafale-Marine
fighter jets for its Navy.
• Jet Composition – The deal includes 22 single-seater jets for carrier operations and 4
twin-seater trainer jets.
• Delivery Timeline – Deliveries are
expected to begin in 2028 and
conclude by 2030.
■ About Rafale-Marine
• Fighter Specifications – The Rafale-
Marine is a twin-engine fighter
developed by Dassault Aviation.
• Versatility – Known for its versatility in
air defence, reconnaissance, and
precision strikes, though it is not a
fifth-generation stealth aircraft.
• Radar Visibility – Classified as a 4.5-generation fighter, it reduces radar visibility
through advanced design features.
■ Carrier-Based Design Features
• Tailored for Aircraft Carriers – The Rafale-Marine is designed for carrier operations,
with unique modifications due to the limited space on carrier decks.
• Design Modifications – Features a lighter design, reinforced airframe, and a tailhook
for carrier landings.
• Ski-Jump Take-Off – Its design allows it to take off from ski-jumps, adjusting the angle
of attack for safe ascension from shorter runways.
BrahMos Missile
■ First Operational Use of BrahMos
• Combat Use – BrahMos was used for the
first time in real conflict during Operation
Sindoor (May 2025)
• Mission Role – Demonstrated India’s
readiness to deploy precision-guided
assets
■ Origins and Development History
• Programme – Developed under India’s
Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP) in the 1980s.
• Joint Venture – BrahMos Aerospace formed by India and Russia in 1998.
• Etymology – Name derived from Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia) rivers.
• Key Contributor – Dr APJ Abdul Kalam played a pivotal role in the project.
• First Test – Successfully tested on June 12, 2001.
• Inspiration – Need arose after cruise missile success in 1991 Gulf War.
■ Design and Technical Structure
• Stages – Two-stage missile with solid-propellant booster and liquid ramjet engine.
• Speed – World's fastest cruise missile with a top speed of Mach 3 (about three times
the speed of sound).
• Stealth – Compact body and low radar cross-section improve detectability resistance
• Altitude Range – Capable of flying from 15 km altitude down to 10 metres.
• Guidance – Equipped with inertial navigation and GPS/NavIC integration. It operates
on the "fire and forget" principle.
■ Variants and Platform Flexibility
• Ship-Based – Launched from both static and mobile naval platforms which
targets beyond the radar horizon.
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CLASS NOTES
• Land-Based – Mobile launchers used by Indian Army since 2007.
• Air-Launched – Integrated with Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter aircraft (BrahMos-A).
• Submarine-Launched – Successfully tested from submerged platform in 2013.
• Next Generation – BrahMos-NG in development stage with reduced size and
enhanced stealth.
• BrahMos Mark II: It is hypersonic cruise missile (HCM) with speeds of up to Mach 7.
■ Strategic Significance in Modern Warfare
• Tri-Service Compatibility – Usable by Army, Navy, and Air Force thus strengthen
Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) and Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs).
• Strike Precision – Enhances India’s capability to hit high-value strategic targets.
• Supersonic Advantage – Reduces enemy reaction time and increases mission success
rate.
• Indigenous Push – Supports self-reliance through BrahMos Aerospace production.
Operation Keller
■ Counter-Terror Operation in Shopian
• Location – Operation Keller was conducted in
Shopian district, Jammu & Kashmir.
• Date – The encounter took place on May 13,
2025
• Force deployed – Units from Rashtriya Rifles
carried out the operation.
• Encounter site – Shoekal Keller area identified
as a militant hideout zone.
■ Elimination of Lashkar-e-Taiba Terrorists
• Casualties – Three Lashkar-e-Taiba militants
were neutralised.
• Shahid Kuttay – Top LeT commander killed, active since March 2023.
• Adnan Shafi – Category “C” terrorist involved in the Oct 2024 labourer killing.
■ Lashkar-e-Taiba: Profile of a Persistent Threat
• Origin – Founded in Pakistan in the late 1980s.
• Ideology – Follows Wahhabi extremism with pan-Islamist goals.
• Footprint – Expanded from J&K to wider attacks across India.
• Global status – Banned by India, UN, USA, EU and other major entities.
■ India’s Evolving Counter-Terrorism Doctrine
• Approach shift – Moved from traditional warfare to precision missions.
• Modern tactics – Based on surveillance, tech, and real-time intel.
• Force structure – Relies on special ops, local coordination, minimal collateral.
• Pre-emptive strategy – Neutralises threats before execution of major attacks.
Red Teaming in Operation Sindoor
■ Strategic Shift in Operation Sindoor
• Operation timeline – Conducted in May
2025 following the Pahalgam terror
attack
• Red teaming introduction – Marked
India’s first use of red teaming in
active military planning
■ Understanding Red Teaming
• Definition – Red teaming is a planning
tool that simulates enemy behaviour to test one’s own plans
• Origin – Derived from military war gaming with “red” as adversary and “blue” as
home force

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CLASS NOTES
• Key function – Identifies strategic blind spots and anticipates adversary moves
• Indian codename – Named ‘Vidur Vakta’, inspired by the advisory role of Vidur in
Mahabharata
■ Implementation in Operation Sindoor
• Team structure – A red team of five senior officers embedded during the planning
phase
• Role – Challenged assumptions and modelled Pakistani military responses
• Significance – First recorded instance of red teaming in Indian military operations
• Impact – Enhanced mission agility, coordination, and situational preparedness
■ Future Expansion of Red Teaming in India
• Institutional plan – Army to roll out Vidur Vakta model across all command theatres
• Timeframe – Full integration roadmap set for two years
■ Global Experience with Red Teaming
• Historical context – Widely used during the Cold War to counter Soviet strategy
• Adoption by alliances – NATO and intelligence agencies use it for threat modeling
• India’s shift – Reflects evolution towards agile, enemy-centric planning \
• Doctrinal relevance – Aims to combine traditional strategy with anticipatory
simulations
2. NIA Investigates Pahalgam Terror Attack
■ Pahalgam Terror Attack
• Incident Overview – The Pahalgam terror
attack on 22 April 2025 resulted in the
deaths of 26 tourists in Jammu and Kashmir
• Investigation Shift – The National
Investigation Agency (NIA) has taken over
the investigation, highlighting the
seriousness of the situation
• Claims of Responsibility – The Resistance
Front, a proxy of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT),
claimed responsibility for the attack.
■ Background of the NIA
• Formation – The NIA was established in 2008
after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, with the mandate to handle terrorism-related
cases involving complex inter-State and international implications.
• Purpose – The agency aims to investigate and prosecute offenses threatening India’s
sovereignty and security.
• Headquarters- New Delhi with 2 Zonal offices at Guwahati & Jammu.
■ Jurisdiction and Powers
• NIA Act – The NIA operates under the NIA Act, which was amended in 2019.
• Scope of Investigations – The agency can investigate offenses under the Indian Penal
Code, Information Technology Act, and the Arms Act.
• Expanded Jurisdiction – The Supreme Court expanded the NIA’s jurisdiction to
include related offenses committed by individuals not directly accused in the main
case, broadening its investigative reach.
■ Legal Framework for Trials
• Special NIA Courts – Cases investigated by the NIA are tried in special NIA courts,
designated by the Central government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the
High Court.
• Efficient Handling – This legal framework ensures that terrorism cases are handled
efficiently and with necessary expertise.

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CLASS NOTES
3. Civil Defence Mock Drill
■ Nationwide Civil Defence Mock Drill
• Date of drill – Conducted nationwide on May 7, 2025
• Scale of operation – Covered 244 districts across India which are distributed over
all states and UTs and are classified into three groups.
o Category I Districts – Require full implementation of civil defence programs.
o Category II Districts – Require partial implementation to a significant degree.
o Category III Districts – Require partial implementation to a limited degree.
• Historical comparison – Largest such exercise since 1971 war with Pakistan
• Initiating authority – Based on directive from Union Home Ministry
■ Definition and Purpose of Civil Defence
• Concept – Civil defence is the organised protection of civilians in emergencies
• Scope – Includes wartime, natural disasters, and chemical/biological threats
• Core components – Prevention, mitigation, response, recovery, and evacuation
• Legal basis – Governed by the Civil Defence Act, 1968
■ Historical Development in India
• Initial evolution – Emerged after 1962 (China) and 1965 (Pakistan) wars
• Legislation – Civil Defence Act enacted in 1968 to institutionalise response
• Scope expansion – Later amendments included disaster risk management
• Integration – Now linked with disaster response and internal security
■ Civil Defence Districts: Criteria and Classification
• Total number – 259 districts designated as Civil Defence Districts
• Risk categories – Districts are divided into three tiers based on threat levels, Category
I (13), Category II (201) & Category III (45).
• Selection criteria – Border proximity, urban density, critical infrastructure
• High-risk states – Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir
■ Objectives and Activities of the Drill
• Training focus – Air raid drills, emergency relocation, blackout procedures
• System tests – Included air raid sirens, IAF radio links, control centres
• Simulated scenarios – Covered blackouts, camouflage, and dummy evacuations
• Response audit – Evaluated rescue, fire, and logistics teams across zones
■ International Trends in Civil Defence
• Historical roots – Originated during World War I for protection from air raids
• Modern function – Now includes peacetime disaster and war readiness
• Global examples – South Korea and Ukraine conducted similar drills recently
• India’s alignment – Drill brings Indian preparedness closer to global best practices
Territorial Army
■ Strategic Activation Amid Current Tensions
• Activation month – Government activated the Territorial Army in May 2025 amid
tensions with Pakistan.
• Deployment scale – 14 out of 32 battalions were mobilised to strategic zones.
• Security objective – Aimed at augmenting regular forces through reserve support.
■ Definition and Purpose of the Territorial Army
• Nature – Volunteer reserve force and India’s second line of defence.
• Composition – Comprises civilian volunteers who can 18 to 42 years and serve part-
time.
• Activation condition – Called during war, insurgencies, or major disasters.
• Support role – Assists the regular army without affecting civilian occupations.
■ Structure, Units, and Training Protocol
• Personnel strength – TA consists of around 50,000 members across 65 units.
• Departmental units – Include services under Railways, ONGC, and general hospitals.

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CLASS NOTES
• Non-departmental units – Consist of infantry battalions and ecological task forces.
• Training duration – Personnel undergo two months of military training annually.
• Pay parity – Embodied officers receive same pay and privileges as regular army.
■ Historical Background and Legal Foundation
• Colonial origin – Evolved from the Indian Territorial Force, created in 1920.
• Legal act – Territorial Army Act was passed in 1948.
• Inauguration – Officially launched on October 9, 1949, by C. Rajagopalachari.
• Legal mandate – Act empowers mobilisation, training, and administrative
functioning.
■ Contributions to Military Operations
• War participation – Took part in 1962, 1965, and 1971 Indo-Pak wars.
• Counter-insurgency – Engaged in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir operations.
• Overseas missions – Involved in Operation Pawan (Sri Lanka).
• Disaster response – Active in flood, earthquake, and civil emergency duties.
■ Territorial Army Day and Recognition
• Commemoration date – October 9 is celebrated as Territorial Army Day.
• Significance – Marks foundation and honours volunteer commitment.
• Dual role – Recognises both civil and military contributions of TA personnel.
Blackout Measures in India
■ Recent Blackout Measures Amid Security Threats
• Implementation month – Blackout protocols enforced in May 2025.
• Coverage – Over 15 Indian cities affected.
• Trigger – Response to Pakistani drone and missile strikes on Indian military zones.
• Purpose – To protect civilian zones and critical defence infrastructure.
■ Definition and Guidelines for Blackout Measures
• Core principle – Eliminate visible light to hinder detection by enemy aircraft.
• Altitude compliance – No visible light should be seen from 5,000 feet as per 2003
rule.
• Legal basis – Governed by Directorate General Civil Defence directives.
■ Phased Implementation of Lighting Restrictions
• Gradual enforcement – Allows smooth public adaptation to light curbs.
• Street lighting – Reduced to essential operational levels.
• Building lights – Restricted to low-intensity single bulb output.
• Urban invisibility – Maintained while essential activity continues.
■ Crash Blackout Procedures
• Activation trigger – Initiated during active air raid alerts.
• Target zones – Factories and commercial areas prioritised.
• Lighting systems – Auxiliary lights must work independently.
• Civilian protection – Designed to safeguard nearby non-military areas.
■ Historical Background and Evolution
• Wartime origin – Practices date back to 20th-century air raids.
• Global use – Extensively used in World War bombings.
Operation Shield
■ Launch and Purpose of Operation Shield
• Drill name – Operation Shield
• Implementation – Second nationwide civil
defence drill in May 2025.
• Nodal ministry – Ministry of Home Affairs.
■ Objectives of the Drill
• Main aim – Strengthen national
preparedness against aerial threats.
• Review scope – Identify gaps from earlier May 7 civil defence drill.
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• Protocol testing – Assess operational response capability to real-time attacks.
• Personnel training – Reinforce readiness for hostile aerial situations.
■ Geographical Coverage and Selection Criteria
• Participating regions – Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana,
Chandigarh.
• Selection criteria – Chosen for strategic sensitivity and proximity to borders.
■ Major Activities Executed
• Alert systems – Central air raid sirens tested for public response.
• Blackout drills – Simulated night-time defence under low-visibility.
• Mock evacuations – Families relocated from potential target zones.
• Attack simulations – Scenarios included drone and missile strike responses.
■ Emergency and Medical Preparedness
• Medical deployment – Casualty management drills conducted with trained teams.
• Supply logistics – Blood unit transport and emergency chains evaluated.
• Operational monitoring – Speed and coordination of logistics assessed.
■ Administrative Oversight and Execution
• Lead authority – Additional Director General of Civil Defence.
• Execution teams – Fire Services and Home Guards directed ground drills.
• Multi-agency format – Integrated coordination among various departments.
■ Funding and Institutional Support
• Emergency powers – Invoked by Ministry of Home Affairs for drill authority.
• Funding source – Supported through State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).
4. Baglihar and Kishanganga Dams
■ Water Release Halted at Baglihar –
• Dam involved – Baglihar Dam on the Chenab
River
• Impact on Pakistan – Flow reportedly dropped
by up to 90% downstream
■ Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
• Treaty parties – India and Pakistan; brokered by
the World Bank
• River allocation – Eastern rivers for India;
western rivers for Pakistan
• Treaty aim – Long-term conflict-prevention and
water-sharing mechanism
■ Baglihar Hydroelectric Project
• Location – Jammu & Kashmir on the Chenab
River
• Project type – Run-of-the-river hydroelectric scheme
• Installed capacity – 900 MW
• Operational status – Commissioned in 2008; expanded in 2015
• Dispute history – Challenged by Pakistan under the Indus Waters Treaty
■ Kishanganga Dam Details
• Location – Gurez, Jammu & Kashmir
• Capacity – 330 MW
• Water diversion – From Kishanganga to Jhelum Basin
• Pakistani objections – Alteration of natural flow disputed
■ Recent Maintenance Disruption
• Activity type – De-silting undertaken at Baglihar; similar plan at Kishanganga
• Effect – Temporarily reduced flow to Pakistan
• Strategic framing – Officially routine, but interpreted as pressure move

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■ Upcoming J&K Hydropower Projects
• Major projects – Pakal Dul, Kiru, Kwar, Ratle
• Completion timeline – Between 2027 and 2028
• Implementing bodies – NHPC and J&K State Power Development Corporation
■ Pakistan’s Response and Diplomatic Fallout
• Primary concern – Water scarcity affecting agriculture and power
• Allegation – Violation of the Indus Waters Treaty
• Escalation link – Linked directly to post-terror strike tensions
■ International Arbitration Developments
• Dispute platform – World Bank-led arbitration
• Previous outcome – India’s dam design upheld
Hydroelectric Projects on Chenab River
■ Overview of the Projects
• India is fast-tracking four hydroelectric
projects on the Chenab River amid
rising tensions with Pakistan
• Projects include Pakal Dul, Ratle, Kiru,
and Kwar in Jammu and Kashmir’s
Kishtwar district
■ About the Chenab River
• Origin: Formed by the confluence of
Chandra and Bhaga rivers near
Baralacha Pass (Himachal Pradesh)
• Flow path: Runs through Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir before entering Pakistan
• Hydropower potential: 3,600 MW firm capacity; ~11,400 MW installed capacity
• Topography: High gradient, steep slopes, and natural bends ideal for hydroelectric
development

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■ Major Indian Tributaries

• Upper Chenab: Thirot, Sohal, Bhut Nallah, Liddrari, Marusudar
• Midstream: Kalnai, Neeru, Raghi, Bichleri, Ans
• Pakistani Tributaries: Tawi and Manawar Tawi join in Pakistan
• Watershed districts: Includes Lahaul-Spiti (HP) and Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban,
Udhampur, Jammu, Rajouri (J&K)

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CLASS NOTES
7. India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise Nomadic Elephant
■ Bilateral Military Engagement with Mongolia
• Exercise name: Nomadic Elephant (17th edition)
• Nature: Bilateral Army-level exercise between India
and Mongolia
• Dates: 31 May – 13 June 2025
• Host location: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
• Previous edition: Umroi, Meghalaya (July 2024)
• Frequency: Annual, alternating between India and
Mongolia
■ Participating Forces and Composition
• Indian participation: 45 personnel from Arunachal
Scouts battalion
• Mongolian participation: 150-strong Special Forces unit
• Unit type: Mountain warfare and Special Forces troops from both sides
■ Training Objectives and Components
• Core focus: Joint training for counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency under UN
mandate
• New dimension: Inclusion of cyber warfare elements to enhance training scope
• Geographical focus: Semi-conventional warfare in mountainous terrain
• Interoperability goal: Improve tactical coordination and joint operational capabilities
■ Origin and Evolution of the Exercise
• Inception year: 2004 (first held in Mongolia)
• Exercise legacy: Alternating venues between India and Mongolia to promote
operational synergy
• Scope evolution: From basic drills to tech-integrated combat simulation
■ Broader Defence Ties with Mongolia
• Joint Working Group: India and Mongolia hold annual meetings on defence
cooperation
• Other engagements: India also participates in Mongolia’s multilateral exercise Khan
Quest
• Strategic outlook: Deepening India’s defence diplomacy in Central and Northeast
Asia
8. India’s Air Defence Architecture
■ Overview of Air Defence Architecture
• Structure: Multi-tiered system
combining imported,
indigenous, and joint-developed
technologies
• Purpose: Counter threats from
drones, missiles, and stealth
aircraft
• Trigger: Enhanced relevance post
Pakistan’s coordinated aerial
incursion on May 7, 2025
■ Long-Range Defence: S-400 Triumf
• Origin: Russian-manufactured system
• Capability: Engages targets up to 400 km away
• Coverage: Ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, stealth aircraft
• Deployment: Three squadrons operational in India
■ Medium-Range Defence: Barak-8 System

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CLASS NOTES
• Focus: Akashteer specializes in battle-area defence and ground-based unit
connectivity
9. India-U.S. HADR Exercise Tiger Triumph
■ Exercise Overview
• Name – Tiger Triumph 2025
(Fourth Edition)
• Dates – 1 to 13 April 2025
• Nature – India-U.S. tri-
service Humanitarian
Assistance and Disaster
Relief (HADR) exercise
• Objective – Enhance
interoperability in joint
disaster response
operations
■ Strategic Goals and Command Structure
• Interoperability Focus – Improve coordination during HADR missions
• SOP Development – Standard Operating Procedures for disaster scenarios
• CCC Setup – Combined Coordination Centre for joint control of Indian and U.S. Joint
Task Forces (JTFs).
■ Participating Indian Forces
• Navy – INS Jalashwa, INS Gharial, INS Mumbai, and INS Shakti
• Army – 91 Infantry Brigade and 12 Mechanised Infantry Battalion
• Air Force – C-130 transport aircraft and MI-17 helicopters
■ Participating U.S. Forces
• Navy Ships – USS Comstock and USS Ralph Johnson
• Marine Corps – Troops from U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific
■ Harbour Phase Activities (1–7 April)
• Location – Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• Opening Ceremony – Joint flag parade and media interaction aboard INS Jalashwa.
• Engagements – Training visits, subject matter exchanges, sports, and social events.
■ Sea Phase Operations (Post 7 April)
• Location – Off the coast of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.
• Operations – Maritime, Amphibious, and HADR drills.
• Coordination Centre – Joint command centre at Kakinada naval enclave.
■ Medical Support Component
• Joint Medical Camp – Collaboration between Indian Air Force's RAMT and U.S. Navy
medical team with air-portable BHISMA medical equipment.
• Humanitarian Emphasis – On-ground medical aid and civil support.
10. 9K33 Osa-AK Missile System
■ Live-Firing Exercise Overview
• Date & Location – Conducted on 30 March 2025 at Gopalpur Seawards Firing Ranges,
Odisha.
• Missile System Used – 9K33 Osa-AK low-altitude surface-to-air system
• Performance – Achieved direct hits on all aerial targets
• Significance – Demonstrated high operational readiness and precision
■ About the Osa-AK Missile System
• Design Origin – Soviet-designed system developed in the 1960s
• Induction – Fielded by USSR in 1972; adopted by Indian Army later

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CLASS NOTES
■ Historical Context of the Spratly Islands
• Colonial and Post-War History – France controlled the islands from 1933 to 1939,
and Japan took over during World War II, using them as a submarine base
• Post-War Disputes – After WWII, the Chinese Nationalist government set up a
military post on Itu Aba and maintained it even after relocating to Taiwan in 1949
• Territorial Claims – Following Japan’s surrender in 1951, Taiwan, China, and Vietnam
claimed the islands. The Philippines made its claim in 1955 due to its proximity
[Link] Desert Flag-10
■ Exercise Desert Flag-10 Overview
• IAF Participation – Indian Air Force (IAF) arrived at Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE, for
Exercise Desert Flag-10
• Exercise Duration – April 21 to May 8, 2025
• Participating Nations – Includes Australia, Bahrain, France, Germany, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States
• Host Nation – Hosted by UAE Air Force
• Global Military Collaboration – Focuses on enhancing cooperation among leading
global air forces
■ Objectives of the Exercise
• Enhance Interoperability – Aims to improve collaboration between air forces of
different nations.
• Diverse Fighter Engagements –
Simulates complex aerial combat
scenarios for operational knowledge
exchange.
• Military Cooperation – Strengthens
mutual understanding and war-
fighting readiness.
■ IAF’s Role and Aircraft Deployment
• Aircraft Deployed – MiG-29 and Jaguar
aircraft.
• Operational Significance – Critical for
executing complex combat scenarios.
• Commitment to Defence Ties – Participation highlights India’s strengthened defence
relations with friendly nations.
■ Strategic Significance of the Exercise
• Strengthening Gulf Relations – Part of
India’s broader strategy to enhance
defence cooperation in the Gulf region
• Defence Technology Collaboration –
Focused on potential export of
indigenous defence systems like the
Akash missile
• High-Level Discussions – Indian Defence
Minister Rajnath Singh discusses
enhancing defence and technological
ties with UAE officials
■ Trilateral Defence Collaborations
• India-UAE-France Framework –
Collaboration between India, UAE, and France for joint military exercises
• Desert Knight Exercise – Enhancing interoperability through trilateral exercises

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CLASS NOTES
• Repercussions – Breach may justify re-engagement or diplomatic remedies
■ Historical Evolution of the Term
• Early terms – Derived from concepts like “truce” and “armistice”
• UN influence – Term gained traction post-1945 with the UN’s creation
• Contemporary use – Broader interpretations now applied in modern conflicts
Director General of Military Operations
■ Ceasefire Agreement Initiated by DGMOs
• Initiation – India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire via DGMO-level hotline in May
2025
• Scope – Ceasefire covers land, air, and sea operations
• Trigger event – Agreement followed escalation post Operation Sindoor
• Objective – Aimed at conflict de-escalation along the Line of Control
■ Role and Functions of DGMO
• DGMO rank – Position held by a Lieutenant General in the Indian Army
• Responsibility – Oversees military readiness, operations, and planning
• Coordination – Works with Navy, Air Force, MoD, and Army Chief
• Operational briefings – Provides real-time threat updates to higher authorities
■ Cross-Nation Communication Channel
• Hotline link – DGMO maintains direct contact with Pakistan's DGMO
• Frequency – Weekly scheduled calls used to manage field-level conduct
• Crisis usage – Hotline activated during escalations to avoid conflict
■ Importance of DGMO During Crises
• First response – Acts as initial contact during LoC tension spikes
• Conflict control – Enables rapid dialogue to prevent flare-ups
• Quick decisions – Authorised to respond to ceasefire violations in real time
• Troop management – Handles deployments in operationally sensitive zones

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