MATH 1020 – Calculus II, Spring 2025

Review Chapter 13

1 Summary
1. Draw a Vector Field: Let F ( x,y) be a vector function in R2 . To draw the vector field
of F, we begin with initial points ( x0 ,y0 ) (typically integers). Each arrow represents a
direction has its tail at ( x0 ,y0 ) and its tip at ( x0 ,y0 ) + F ( x0 ,y0 ).
2. Gradient Vector Field of a Function: Let F ( x,y) be a function. The gradient vector field
of F is just the vector field of ∇ F ( x,y).
3. Line Integrals in R2 : Let C be a smooth curve parametrized by r(t) = ⟨ x (t), y(t)⟩ for
a ≤ t ≤ b. Then
Z Z b Z b q
f ( x,y) ds = f ( x (t), y(t)) · |r(t)| dt = f ( x (t), y(t)) ( x ′ (t))2 + (y′ (t))2 dt.
C a a

4. Line Integrals in R3 : Let C be a smooth curve parametrized by r(t) = ⟨ x (t), y(t), z(t)⟩
for a ≤ t ≤ b. Then
Z Z b
f ( x,y,z) ds = f ( x (t), y(t), z(t)) · |r(t)| dt
C a
Z b q
= f ( x (t), y(t), z(t)) ( x ′ (t))2 + (y′ (t))2 + (z′ (t))2 dt.
a
R
5. Line Integrals of a Vector Field: This integral C F · dr often represents work done by
a force field F along C. Let F( x,y,z) = ⟨ P( x,y,z), Q( x,y,z), R( x,y,z)⟩ (for R3 ; omit R and
z for R2 ). Let C be parametrized by r(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b.

(a) Parametrize the Curve C: Find r(t) = ⟨ x (t), y(t),(z(t))⟩ and the interval [ a,b] for
t.
(b) Compute dr (or r′ (t)): r′ (t) = ⟨ x ′ (t), y′ (t),(z′ (t))⟩. Then dr = r′ (t) dt.
(c) Express F in terms of t: Substitute x (t), y(t), z(t)) into the components of F to get
F(r(t)) = ⟨ P( x (t),y(t),z(t)), Q( x (t),y(t),z(t)), R( x (t),y(t),z(t))⟩.

(d) Compute the Dot Product: Calculate F(r(t)) · r′ (t). This will be a scalar function
of t.
(e) Set up and Evaluate the Integral:
Z Z b
F(r(t)) · r′ (t) dt


F · dr =
C a
6. Line Integrals
R with Respect to Coordinates (Pdx + Qdy + Rdz): This is a common way
to write C F · dr when F = ⟨ P,Q,R⟩ and dr = ⟨dx, dy, dz⟩.

(a) For a Plane Curve C in R2 :

R
C P( x,y)dx + Q( x,y)dy Let x = x (t), y = y(t) for
a ≤ t ≤ b.
i. Parametrize the Curve C: x (t), y(t), and interval [ a,b].
ii. Compute Differentials: dx = x ′ (t) dt; dy = y′ (t) dt.
iii. Substitute into the Integrand: Replace x, y, dx, dy with their expressions in
terms of t: P( x (t),y(t)) x ′ (t) + Q( x (t),y(t))y′ (t).
iv. Set up and Evaluate the Integral:
Z Z b
P( x (t),y(t)) x ′ (t) + Q( x (t),y(t))y′ (t) dt.

P( x,y)dx + Q( x,y)dy =
C a

(b) For a Space Curve C in R3 :

R
C Pdx + Qdy + Rdz Let x = x (t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
for a ≤ t ≤ b.
i. Parametrize the Curve C: x (t), y(t), z(t), and interval [ a,b].
ii. Compute Differentials: dx = x ′ (t) dt; dy = y′ (t) dt; dz = z′ (t) dt.
iii. Set up and Evaluate the Integral:
Z Z b
P(r(t)) x ′ (t) + Q(r(t))y′ (t) + R(r(t))z′ (t) dt.

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =
C a

7. The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals: Let C be a smooth curve given by the
vector function r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Let f be a differentiable function of two or three
variables whose gradient vector ∇ f is continuous on C. Then
Z
∇ f · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r( a)).
C

8. Green’s Theorem: Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed

curve in the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. If P and Q have continu-
ous partial derivatives on an open region that contains D, then
I Z ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = Pdx + Qdy = − dA.
C C D ∂x ∂y
H
Here, the notation C indicate that the line integral is calculated using the positive
orientation of the closed curve C.

9. Extended Version of Green’s Theorem: For a region D that has a hole inside as below.
We may divide this region D into two smaller sub-regions D ′ and D ′′ such that there
is no hole in each sub-region. Thus we may apply Green’s Theorem to each of D ′ and
D ′′ to compute integral over D.
10. Curl Operator: If F = ⟨ P, Q, R⟩ is a vector field on R3 , we define
     
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
curl F = − i+ − j+ − k.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Properties:
(a) If f is a function of three variables that has continuous second order partial deriva-
tives, then
curl(∇F) = 0.
(b) If F is a vector field defined on all of R3 whose component functions have contin-
uous partial derivatives and curl F = 0, then F is a conservative vector field.
11. Divergence Operator: If F = Pi + Qj + Rk is a vector field on R3 , then the divergence
of F is the function of three variables defined by
∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + + = ∇ · F.
∂x ∂y ∂z

Property: If F = ⟨ P, Q, R⟩ is a vector field on R3 and P, Q, and R have continuous

second order partial derivatives, then
div curl F = 0.

12. Surface Integral: Let S be a surface has a vector equation

r(u,v) = x (u,v)i + y(u,v)j + z(u,v)k, (u,v) ∈ D.
The surface integral of f over S is defined as
ZZ ZZ
f ( x,y,z) dS = f (r(u,v)) · |ru × rv | dA.
S D

Property: For any surface S with equation z = g( x, y) can be regarded as a parametric

surface with parametric equations
x=x y=y z = g( x, y),
we will use the formula:
s  2  2
ZZ ZZ
∂g ∂g
f ( x,y,z) dS = f ( x,y,g( x,y)) 1+ + dA.
S D ∂x ∂y
Here D is the projection from S to the xy-plane.
2 Problems
1. Let F ( x,y) = y2 i − xj. Draw its vector field.

2. Let F ( x,y) = x2 y − y2 . Sketch its gradient vector field.

3. Evaluate the line integral Z q

x2 + y2 ds
C

where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 2x.

Solution: The curve C can be rewritten as

( x − 1)2 + y2 = 1

This is a circle centered at (1, 0) with radius R = 1. The parametric equations for this
circle are:

x (t) = 1 + 1 · cos(t) = 1 + cos(t),

y(t) = 0 + 1 · sin(t) = sin(t),

where the parameter t ranges from 0 to 2π.

Now, using the formula
Z q Z 2π q q
x2 + y2 ds = ( x (t))2 + (y(t))2 · ( x ′ (t))2 + (y′ (t))2 dt
C 0
Z 2π q
= 2(1 + cos(t)) · 1 dt.
0

t
Using the identity 1 + cos(t) = 2 cos2


2 , we get:
s   s    
t t t
2 · 2 cos2 = 4 cos2 = 2 cos
2 2 2

The line integral becomes:

Z 2π   Z 2π  
t t
2 cos · 1 dt = 2 cos dt
0 2 0 2

Let u = 2t . Then du = 12 dt, which means dt = 2du. Substituting these into the integral:
Z π Z π
2 | cos(u)| · (2 du) = 4 | cos(u)| du
0 0

We need to consider the absolute value of cos(u) over the interval [0, π ]:

• For 0 ≤ u ≤ π
2, cos(u) ≥ 0, so | cos(u)| = cos(u).
• For π
2 ≤ u ≤ π, cos(u) ≤ 0, so | cos(u)| = − cos(u).
 Thus, we split the integral:
Z π Z π/2 Z π 
4 | cos(u)| du = 4 cos(u) du + (− cos(u)) du = ··· = 8
0 0 π/2

4. Evaluate the line integral Z

xy ds
C
where C is the line segment from A = (0,0) to B = (1,2).
Solution: The line segment from A = ( x0 , y0 ) = (0,0) to B = ( x1 , y1 ) = (1,2) can be
parametrized as:

x ( t ) = x0 + t ( x1 − x0 ) = 0 + t (1 − 0) = t
y(t) = y0 + t(y1 − y0 ) = 0 + t(2 − 0) = 2t

for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. So, r(t) = ⟨t, 2t⟩.

The arc length element ds is:
q q √ √
ds = ( x ′ (t))2 + (y′ (t))2 dt = (1)2 + (2)2 dt = 1 + 4 dt = 5 dt

Substitute f ( x,y) = xy in terms of t:

f ( x (t), y(t)) = x (t)y(t) = (t)(2t) = 2t2

The line integral becomes:

Z Z 1 √
xy ds = (2t2 )( 5 dt)
C 0
√ Z1 2
=2 5 t dt
√ 0
2 5
=
3

5. Evaluate the line integral Z

( x + y + z) ds
C
where C is the helix parametrized by r(t) = ⟨cos(t), sin(t), t⟩ for 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Solution: The curve C is parametrized by

x (t) = cos(t),
y(t) = sin(t),
z(t) = t,

for 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
 The arc length element ds is:
q
ds = ( x ′ (t))2 + (y′ (t))2 + (z′ (t))2 dt
q
= (− sin(t))2 + (cos(t))2 + (1)2 dt
q
= sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) + 1 dt
√
= 1 + 1 dt
√
= 2 dt

The line integral becomes:

Z Z π √
( x + y + z) ds = (cos(t) + sin(t) + t)( 2 dt)
C 0
√ Z π
= 2 (cos(t) + sin(t) + t) dt
0
√  t2
π
= 2 sin(t) − cos(t) +
2 0
√ 2
√ 2π
= 2 2+ .
2

6. Evaluate the line integral Z

F · dr
C

where F( x,y,z) = ⟨ x2 , −z, y⟩ and C is the curve parametrized by r(t) = ⟨t, t2 , t3 ⟩ from
t = 0 to t = 1.
Solution: The curve C is parametrized by r(t) = ⟨t, t2 , t3 ⟩ for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
The derivative r′ (t) is:
 
′ d d d
r (t) = ( t ), ( t2 ), ( t3 ) = ⟨1, 2t, 3t2 ⟩
dt dt dt

So, dr = ⟨1, 2t, 3t2 ⟩ dt.

Express F in terms of t: Given F( x,y,z) = ⟨ x2 , −z, y⟩. Substitute x (t) = t, y(t) = t2 , and
z ( t ) = t3 :
F(r(t)) = ⟨(t)2 , −(t3 ), (t2 )⟩ = ⟨t2 , −t3 , t2 ⟩

Compute the dot product F(r(t)) · r′ (t):

F(r(t)) · r′ (t) = ⟨t2 , −t3 , t2 ⟩ · ⟨1, 2t, 3t2 ⟩

= (t2 )(1) + (−t3 )(2t) + (t2 )(3t2 )
= t2 + t4
 The line integral becomes:
Z Z 1
F · dr = (t2 + t4 ) dt
C 0
 3 1
t t5
= +
3 5 0
8
=
15

7. Evaluate the line integral Z

F · dr
C
where F( x,y) = ⟨y, − x ⟩ and C is the arc of the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1 in the first
quadrant, traversed counterclockwise from (1,0) to (0,1).
Solution: The unit circle can be parametrized by x (t) = cos(t) and y(t) = sin(t). For
the arc in the first quadrant from (1,0) to (0,1) counterclockwise: At (1,0), cos(t) =
1, sin(t) = 0 =⇒ t = 0. At (0,1), cos(t) = 0, sin(t) = 1 =⇒ t = π/2. So,
r(t) = ⟨cos(t), sin(t)⟩ for 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.
The derivative r′ (t) is:
 
′ d d
r (t) = (cos(t)), (sin(t)) = ⟨− sin(t), cos(t)⟩
dt dt

So, dr = ⟨− sin(t), cos(t)⟩ dt.

Express F in terms of t: Given F( x,y) = ⟨y, − x ⟩. Substitute x (t) = cos(t) and y(t) =
sin(t):
F(r(t)) = ⟨sin(t), − cos(t)⟩

Compute the dot product F(r(t)) · r′ (t):

F(r(t)) · r′ (t) = ⟨sin(t), − cos(t)⟩ · ⟨− sin(t), cos(t)⟩

= (sin(t))(− sin(t)) + (− cos(t))(cos(t))
= −1

The line integral becomes:

Z Z π/2
π
F · dr = (−1) dt = −
C 0 2

8. Evaluate the line integral Z

( x2 + y)dx + ( x − y2 )dy
C
where C is the arc of the parabola y = x2 from (0,0) to (1,1).
Solution: This is a line integral with respect to coordinates.
We can use x as the parameter. Let x = t. Then y = x2 = t2 . Since x goes from 0 to 1, t
also goes from 0 to 1. So, x (t) = t and y(t) = t2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
 Compute differentials dx and dy:
dx
x (t) = t =⇒ = 1 =⇒ dx = 1 · dt = dt
dt
dy
y(t) = t2 =⇒ = 2t =⇒ dy = 2t · dt
dt
The terms in the integrand become:
P( x (t),y(t)) = x (t)2 + y(t) = t2 + t2 = 2t2 ;
Q( x (t),y(t)) = x (t) − y(t)2 = t − (t2 )2 = t − t4 .
dy
The expression to integrate with respect to t is P( x (t),y(t)) dx
dt + Q ( x ( t ),y ( t )) dt :

(2t2 )(1) + (t − t4 )(2t) = 2t2 + 2t2 − 2t5

= 4t2 − 2t5

The line integral becomes:

Z Z 1
( x2 + y)dx + ( x − y2 )dy = (4t2 − 2t5 ) dt
C 0
 3 1
4t 2t6
= −
3 6 0
=1

9. Verify Green’s Theorem for the line integral

I
xy2 dx + xdy
C

where C is the unit circle.

Solution: We need to check the equality:
I ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y

Where P( x,y) = xy2 and Q( x,y) = x. The curve C is the unit circle (x2 + y2 = 1), and
the region D is the unit disk (x2 + y2 ≤ 1).
Part 1: Calculate the Line Integral (LHS)
I
xy2 dx + xdy
C

We parametrize the unit circle C as x (t) = cos(t), y(t) = sin(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then,
dx = − sin(t)dt and dy = cos(t)dt.
Substitute these into the integral:
P( x (t),y(t)) = (cos t)(sin t)2 = cos t sin2 t,
Q( x (t),y(t)) = cos t.
 The line integral becomes:
I Z 2π  
xy2 dx + xdy = (cos t sin2 t)(− sin t) + (cos t)(cos t) dt
C 0
Z 2π Z 2π
3
=− cos t sin tdt + cos2 t dt
0 0
...
= π.

Part 2: Calculate the Double Integral (RHS)

ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
− dA
D ∂x ∂y

First, find the partial derivatives:

∂P
P( x,y) = xy2 =⇒ = 2xy,
∂y
∂Q
Q( x,y) = x =⇒ = 1.
∂x

So
∂Q ∂P
− = 1 − 2xy.
∂x ∂y
The double integral is over the unit disk D : x2 + y2 ≤ 1. We convert to polar coordi-
nates: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dA = rdrdθ. The limits are 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

ZZ Z 2π Z 1
(1 − 2xy)dA = (1 − r2 sin(2θ ))rdrdθ
D 0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= (r − r3 sin(2θ ))drdθ
0 0
...
= π.

Our computation has claimed the Green’s Theorem.

10. Use Green’s Theorem to compute

I
sin x dx + x2 y3 dy,
C

where C is the triangular path with vertices (0,0), (0,2), (2,2).

Solution: We have

P( x,y) = sin x,
Q( x,y) = x2 y3 .
 Next, we compute the partial derivatives:
∂Q ∂ 2 3
= ( x y ) = 2xy3
∂x ∂x
∂P ∂
= (sin x ) = 0
∂y ∂y
Therefore, the integrand for the double integral is:
∂Q ∂P
− = 2xy3 − 0 = 2xy3
∂x ∂y
The region D is the triangle with vertices (0,0), (2,0), and (2,2). The hypotenuse of this
triangle is the line y = x (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), the bottom edge is y = 0 (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), and
the right edge is x = 2 (for 0 ≤ y ≤ 2). We can set up the double integral over D with
the following limits: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; 0 ≤ y ≤ x.
By Green’s Theorem:
I Z  
2 3 ∂Q ∂P
sin x dx + x y dy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y
ZZ
= 2xy3 dA
D
Z 2Z x
= 2xy3 dy dx
0 0
...
= 16/3.

11. F( x,y,z) = xy2 z2 i + x2 yz2 j + x2 y2 zk. Find curl F.

Solution: We compute the necessary partial derivatives:
∂R ∂
• = ( x2 y2 z) = x2 (2y)z = 2x2 yz
∂y ∂y
∂Q ∂
• = ( x2 yz2 ) = x2 y(2z) = 2x2 yz
∂z ∂z
∂P ∂
• = ( xy2 z2 ) = xy2 (2z) = 2xy2 z
∂z ∂z
∂R ∂ 2 2
• = ( x y z) = (2x )y2 z = 2xy2 z
∂x ∂x
∂Q ∂ 2 2
• = ( x yz ) = (2x )yz2 = 2xyz2
∂x ∂x
∂P ∂
• = ( xy2 z2 ) = x (2y)z2 = 2xyz2
∂y ∂y
Now, substitute these into the curl formula:
For the i component:
∂R ∂Q
− = 2x2 yz − 2x2 yz = 0
∂y ∂z
 For the j component:
∂P ∂R
− = 2xy2 z − 2xy2 z = 0
∂z ∂x
For the k component:
∂Q ∂P
− = 2xyz2 − 2xyz2 = 0
∂x ∂y
Therefore

curl F = (0)i + (0)j + (0)k

=0

12. F( x,y,z) = xy2 z2 i + x2 yz2 j + x2 y2 zk. Find div F.

Solution: We compute the necessary partial derivatives:
∂P ∂
• = ( xy2 z2 ) = y2 z2
∂x ∂x
∂Q ∂
• = ( x2 yz2 ) = x2 z2
∂y ∂y
∂R ∂
• = ( x 2 y2 z ) = x 2 y2
∂z ∂z
Now, substitute these into the divergence formula:

div F = y2 z2 + x2 z2 + x2 y2 .

13. Compute the surface integral ZZ

x2 z dS,
S
p
where S is the part of the cone z = x2 + y2 that lies between the planes z = 1 and
z = 2.
Solution: The surface integral is given by S f ( x,y,z) dS, where f ( x,y,z) = x2 z. We
RR
will use the formula for a surface given by z = g( x,y):
s  2  2
ZZ ZZ
∂g ∂g
f ( x,y,z) dS = f ( x,y,g( x,y)) 1 + + dA
S D ∂x ∂y
p
Here, g( x,y) = x 2 + y2 .
Compute Partial Derivatives of g( x,y):

∂g ∂ 2 1 x
= ( x + y2 )1/2 = ( x2 + y2 )−1/2 (2x ) = p
∂x ∂x 2 x + y2
2

∂g ∂ 1 y
= ( x2 + y2 )1/2 = ( x2 + y2 )−1/2 (2y) = p
∂y ∂y 2 x 2 + y2
Compute the Square Root Term:
v
s  2  2 u !2 !2
∂g ∂g u x y
1+ + = t1 + p + p
∂x ∂y x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
√
= 2

Determine
p the Region of Integration D in the xy-plane: Thep surface S is part of the cone
z = x + y betweenpz = 1 and z = 2. When z = 1, x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ x2 + y2 =
2 2

12 = 1. When z = 2, x2 + y2 = 2 =⇒ x2 + y2 = 22 = 4. So, the region D in the

xy-plane is the annulus (ring) between the circle of radius 1 and the circle of radius 2,
centered at the origin. In polar coordinates x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dA = rdrdθ, we have
1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
So we have

f ( x,y,g( x,y)) = x2 g( x,y)

q
2
= x x 2 + y2
q
= x 2 x 2 + y2
= (r cos θ )2 · r
= r3 cos2 θ.

The surface integral becomes:

ZZ
2
ZZ √
x z dS = (r3 cos2 θ ) 2 dA
S D
√ Z 2π Z 2
= 2 (r3 cos2 θ )r dr dθ
0 1
√ Z 2π Z 2
= 2 r4 cos2 θ dr dθ.
0 1

Integrate with respect to r first:

2
r5
Z 2 
4 2 2 31
r cos θ dr = cos θ = cos2 θ.
1 5 1 5

Now integrate with respect to θ:

√ Z √
√ Z 2π 31 2 31 2 2π 2 31π 2
2 cos θ dθ = cos θ dθ = · · · = .
0 5 5 0 5