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BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL

PALNADU DISTRICT
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1.LIFE PROCESSES
KNOWLEDGE
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for (c)
a) nutrition b)respiration c)excretion d) transpiration
2. The xylem in plants are responsible for (a)
a) transport of water b)transport of amino acids
c) transport of food d)transport of oxygen
3. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(d)
a) Carbon dioxide and water b) chlorophyll c)sunlight d) all
4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide water and energy takes place in (b)
a) cytoplasm b) mitochondria c) chloroplast d) nucleus

5. Name the raw materials required for autotrophs.

A. Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and Chlorophyll.
1. Write the balanced chemical equation of photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
A. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6 H2O
Sunlight
6. What are the end products of photosynthesis?
A. Glucose, water, and Oxygen are the end products of photosynthesis.
7. Name the different types of heterotrophic nutrition.
A. Holozoic nutrition, saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition

UNDERSTANDING
2.MARK QUESTIONS
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1. Where is the aerobic respiration is takes place in cell?

A. Mitochondria
2. What are the end products of the anaerobic respiration?
A. Carbon di oxide, water and energy.
3. Give example for an enzyme that digest the carbohydrates.
A. Amylse.
8. Give examples of parasitic organisms.
A. Cuscuta, ticks, lice, leeches and tapeworms.
4.MARKS QUESTIONS

1.What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. It occurs in the presence of o2 1. It occurs in the absence of 02

2. It involves the exchange of gases 2. Exchange of gases is absent-

between the organism and
outside the environment
3. It occurs in Cytoplasm and 3. It occurs only in cytoplasm
Mitochondria.
4. It always releases Co₂ and H2o 4.End products vary Ethyl alcohol or Lactic
acid

5. It yields 36 ATPS 5. It yields only 2 ATPS

2. Differentiate between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Xylem Phloem
1.it transport the water 1.it transport the food material
2.he xylem is located deeply in the 2. The phloem is located on the outermost side
plant of the plant.
3.movement is unidirectional 3.movement is multi directional
4.it has dead cell compare 4.it has living tissue

3. Diffentiate the autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
 Food is synthesized from simple  Food is obtained directly or
inorganic raw materials such as indirectly from autotrophs.
carbon dioxide and water.
 Organisms prepare their food by the  Organisms depend on other
process of photosynthesis organisms such as plants or
animals.
 Chlorophyll is required  Chlorophyll is not required
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 Ex. Plants and some bacteria  Ex. Animals and fungi

4. Write the differences between photosynthesis and respiration.

A.
Photosynthesis Respiration
1. It occurs only in autotrophic organises 1. It occurs in all organisms including the
such as plants, photosynthetic bacteria. plants.
2. Only the cells in the green parts of the 2. All most all the cells of an organism
plant body performs photosynthesis. perform the respiration.
3. It occurs in the Chloroplast. 3. It occurs in cytoplasm and Mitochondria
4. Sunlight is required. 4.Sunlight is not required.
5. It occurs mostly during the day time. 5. It occurs throughout the day (Both day &
night).
7. Carbon dioxide is utilised. 7. Carbon dioxide is produced.
9.Raw materials are carbon dioxide and 9. Raw material is glucose.
water.
10.Glucose/ starch and oxygen are the end 10.Carbon dioxide and water are the end
products. products.

8.MARK QUESTIONS

1. How do you demonstrate that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis?

A. Aim: To prove that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
Apparatus: two potted plants, watch glass, potassium hydroxide solution, two bell jars,
Vaseline, iodine solution.
Procedure:
 Take two healthy potted plants which are nearly the same size.
 Keep them in a dark room for three days.
 Now place each plant on separate glass plates.
 Place a watch glass containing KOH by the side of one of the plants.
 The KOH is used to absorb CO2.
 Cover both plants with separate bell jars.
 Keep the plants in sunlight for about two hours.
 After two hours pluck a leaf from each plant and test the leaves for starch.
Observation: the leaf of the plant present in the jar without KOH solution turns a blue-
black color. Whereas the leaf of the plant in the jar with KOH does not change colour as
in the absence of CO2 the plant cannot produce starch.

Precautions:

 Ensure that the bell jars are properly sealed to prevent air exchange.
 Use forceps to handle the leaves throughout the experiment.
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Inference: the presence of starch in the leaf indicated by the blue-black colour with
iodine shows that photosynthesis occurred when CO 2 was available. Hence it proved
that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.

2. Write an experiment to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.

A. Aim: To prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
Apparatus: Potted plant with variegated leaves, croton or money plant, alcohol, Iodine
Procedure:
 Take a potted plant with variegated leaves ex. Money plant or crotons
 Keep the plant in a dark room for 3 days to destarch the plant.
 Then keep the plant facing the sunlight for about 6 hours.
 Pluck the leaf from the plant. Mark the green areas in it and trace them on a sheet of
paper.
 Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes.
 After this, immerse it in a beaker containing alcohol.
 Carefully place the beaker in a water bath and heat till the alcohol begins to boil.
 Now dip the leaf in a dilute solution of iodine for a few minutes.
 Take out the leaf and rinse off the iodine solution.
 Observe the colour of the leaf and compare the tracing of the leaf on the paper.
Observation: the green areas of the leaf turn a blue-black colour when stained with
iodine, indicating the presence of starch. The non-green areas of the leaf do not change
colour indicating the absence of starch.
Inference: it proves that photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of variegated
leaves which contain chlorophyll. The non-green areas lack chlorophyll and do not
perform photosynthesis.
3. Write an activity to show the effect of saliva on starch.
A. Aim: To show the effect of saliva on starch.
Apparatus: Test tubes, water, flour, iodine solution, watch glass, saliva.
Procedure:
 Take a test tube half filled with water and add a pinch of pinch of flour to it.
 Shake the test tube well till the flour gets mixed.
 Now divide the mixture into two halves.
 Add 1 ml of saliva to one of the test tubes and mark it. Do not add anything to
another test tube.
 Leave both test tubes undisturbed for 20-30 minutes.
 After some time add a few drops of dilute iodine solution to the test tubes. Now
observe the colour of the solutions in the test tubes.
Observation: The solution with saliva does not turn blue whereas the solution without
saliva turns blue black indicating the presence of starch.
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Inference: Saliva contains an amylase enzyme that acts on starch and breaks it into
simple sugar. So, the solution with saliva does not change into a blue colour due to lack
of starch.

APPLYCATIONS
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of the structures given in the picture? Select your answer from
the following options.(AS5)
A) Absorption of moisture from the atmosphere
B) Exchange of gases

A. B) Exchange of gases.

2. What does ‘X’ in the picture represent? (AS5)

A. Air space

2.MARK QUESTIONS

3. What questions do you ask the doctor nephrologist about kidney failure.
1. What are the reasons for kidney failure?
2. What are the symptoms of Kidney failure ?
3. What care do we take to keep our Kidneys healthy?
4. Which test do you suggest to know kidney failure?
5. What happened if both Kidneys are failed ?
4. If you have a chance to meet pulmonologist, What questions you are going to ask
about pulmonary respiration?
A. 1. what is the cause for Lung Cancer?
2. What is Asthma)
3. What is Pneumonia? How is it caused?
4. What is T.B can it be cured permanently?
5. What care do you take to keep your kidneys healthy?
A: i. Drink plenty of water
ii. Having balanced diet.
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iii. Avoiding Smoking and consumption of alcohol?

iv. Doing regular exercise.
v. Adopting healthy life style.
vi. Keeping ourselves away from tensions.
vii. Spending life peacefully.
4.MARK QUESTIONS

6. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a Human Excretory system

7. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a Nephrone

ANALYSING
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EVALUATING
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the

kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.

2. A terrestrial organism has an advantage over an aquatic organism with regard to

obtaining oxygen for respiration. Justify
A. 1. Terrestrial organisms take up oxygen from the atmosphere.
2. Aquatic animals need to utilize oxygen dissolved in the water.
3. Air contains more oxygen when compared to water.
4. Since the content of Oxygen in air is high, the terrestrial animals do not have to breathe
faster to get more oxygen.
3. The Bile juice does not contain any enzymes but they involves in the digestion of fats.
Justify.
A. 1. Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine.
2. The small intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice
respectively from the liver and the pancreas.
3. The bile salts from the liver break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that
the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them.
4. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.
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CREATIVITY
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. What Would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies.?

A: 1.Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen to the body cells for
cellular respiration
2. Deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen Supplying capacity blood.
It can also lead to a disease called anaemia.
2. What is the role of acid in the stomach?
A. 1.The HCl kill the bacteria present in the food.
2.HClCreates the acidic medium that activates the enzyme pepsin
3. If you have a chance to meet pulmonologist, What questions you are going to ask
about
pulmonary respiration?
A. 1. what is the cause for Lung Cancer?
2. What is Asthma)
3. What is Pneumonia? How is it caused?
4. What is T.B can it be cured permanently?
4. What Precautions will you take to protect your lungs?
A. 1. I will try to avoid pollutant atmosphere.
2. I don't smoke
3. I practice Pranayama to strengthen my lungs Capacity.
5. What will happen if the respiratory track is not moist or there is no mucus?
A.1.If the respiratory track is not moist the dirt particles in the inhaled air will reach Lungs and
create Problems.
2. The temperature of inhaled air will not be brought close to body temperature.
6. What are the conditions that reabsorption of water depends on in the nephron?
A:1. The amount of excess water is there in the body
2. The amount of dissolved wastes are to be excreted.
7. What would be the reasons for Kidney failure.
A: 1.Infection
2. injury
3. restricted blood flow to the Kidneys
8. What would be the remedy if both Kidneys are failed to work.
A: 1. Artificial kidney that is haemodialysis.
2. Kidney transplantation from Donor
9. What would be the consequences of Kidney failure.
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(Or)
What would happen if nitrogenous waste or not excreted from our body.
A: 1. Poisonous waste that is urea accumulates in the body.
2. It can leads to death.

2.CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION

KNOWLEDGE
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Name the three parts of the brain.

A. Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain are the three parts of the brain.
2. A gardener wants to increase the size of the fruits of the plants in his garden. Which
plant hormones do you suggest to use on plants?
A. Auxins and cytokinins

UNDERSTANDING

1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Give an example of a reflex response.

A. Change in pupil size when intensive light reaches the eye.
2. What is called Synapse? What happens in the synapse?

A. (1) Synapse is the gap junction between two neurons through which the information

passes.

(2) Information passes in the form of chemicals from one neuron to the other.

3. Why can't we taste the food properly, when we suffer from cold?

A. (1) Receptors for taste and smell though they are physically separated, are highly related

to one another in functioning.

(2) Olfactory receptors help in the complete detection of the taste of food.

(3) Hence during the cold, as the nasal cavity is filled with mucus, we cannot get the smell

so we cannot get the sense of taste properly.

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1.MARK QUESTIONS

4. What is the difference between a receptor and effector ?

A.

RCEPTOR EFFECTOR
1. Receptor recognises and connects to 1. An effector causes an action in
specific substances. response to a stimulus it receives..
2. Sends impulses to CNS. Receives signals from CNS.
3. Connected to the sensory nerve. 3. Connected to the motor nerve.
4. Example: Rods and cones in the eye. 4. Example: Muscles in leg.

APPLICATIONS
1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a Nerve Cell
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2. Read the following information and answer the questions given. (AS4)

(A) Name the gland that shows an effect on almost all body organs.

(B) Which hormones help in the development of sex organs in female?

(C) From where do the releasing hormones released?

(D) Name the male hormone. What is its role?

A. (A) Pitutary gland

(B) Progesteron& Estrogen.

(C) Hypothalamus

(D) Testosteron. It helps in the development of secondary sexual characters and the

development of male sex organs.

3. Observe the pictures and answer given question

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(A) Name the gland that is located near the brain.

(B) What is the location of the Adrenal gland.

(C) Testes are the sex organs as well as the endocrine

gland in male. Which gland is

present in the female exceptional to the testes?

(D) Which gland acts as both exocrine and endocrine?

A.(A) Pitutary gland.

(B) On the anterior end of the kidney.

(C) Ovaries.

(D) Pancrease.

3. Read the table and answer the following questions

Sl.No Plant hormone Function

1 Auxin Helps the cell to grow longer, Photo
tropism
2 Gibberellins Helps in growth of the stem
3 Cytokinins Promote cell division
4 Abscissic acid Inhibits growth, wilting of leaves

1. Name the hormone that helps in Phototropism?

A. Auxin.
2. Which hormone involves in shedding of leaves?
A. Abscissic acid.
3. What is the function of Gibberellins?
A. Helps in growth of the stem.
4. Which hormones works against in stomat?
A. Cytokinins and Absissic acid.
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ANALYSIS
8.MARK QUESTIONS

1. How do you infer the Phototropism in plants? Describe the procedure of the experiment.

A. Aim: To prove Phototropism in plants.

Material required: Conical flask, wired mesh, a cardboard box, germinated bean seed,

water.

Procedure: (1) Fill a conical flask with water.

(2) Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh.

(3) Keep two or three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh.

(4) Take a cardboard box that is open from one side and keep the flask in it

in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming from a

window.

(5) After two or three days, you will notice that the shoots bend towards light

and the root away from light.

(6) Now turn the flask so that the shoots areaway from light and the roots

towards light. Leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few days.

Observation: Though the shoot is kept away from the light, it bends again and starts to

grow towards it and the root in the opposite direction, away from the light,

downwards.
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Inference: The shoot system grows towards the light and the root system away from light,

downwards into the soil.

2. Describe the structure of a neuron and explain its function.

A. (1) Neuron is responsible for the passage of information from body organs to the brain

and spinal cord and vice versa.

(2) All neurons have three different parts – dendrites, cell body and axon.

Dendrites: These are numerous around the cell body, short, branch-like structures that receive
messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body.

Cell Body: Each neuron has a cell body with a large nucleus and dense cytoplasm containing
particles called nissle granules.

Axon: Axon is a long, tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse from the cell body to
the axon terminals that pass the impulse to another neuron. These are covered with myelin
sheath.

3. How does the reflex responses take place in animals? Explain with an example.
A. (1) Reflex reactions are the spontaneous responses shown by the organisms to deal with

adverse and difficult conditions. They undergo in the control of the spinal cord.

(2) (a) Receptors (b) Sensory nerve (c) Accessory neurons in spinal cord (d) Motor
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nerve and (e) Effector organs play a role in the reflex responses by forming a path

called Reflex arc.

(3) If one is going to touch a hot plate, thermal receptors in the skin receive the heat and

send signals to the spinal cord.

(4) The sensory nerve carries the information from sense organ to the spinal cord.

(5) Accessory neurons in the spinal cord receive signals and process them to produce a

response.

(6) Signals of response is carried to the effector organs through the motor nerve.

(7) Effector organs are generally leg muscles here. They receive the signals from motor

nerve and show a response accordingly which means, draw back the leg away from the hot
plate.

4. How does the brain is protected? Explain its structure briefly. (AS1)

A. (1) The brain is enclosed within the cranium, a bony box-like structure.

(2) Enclosed membranes of the brain contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which

protects the brain from external shocks.

(3) It can be divided into three parts, (1) Forebrain (2) Mid brain and (3) Hind brain.

(4) The forebrain contains the Cerebrum – the largest part of the brain and the

Diencephalon.

(5) The cerebrum has centers for senses and is responsible for intelligence and memory.

(6) The diencephalon is the center for hunger and thirst. It controls the endocrine system.

(7) The midbrain connects the forebrain and the hindbrain.

(8) The cerebellum, medulla and pons constitute the Hind brain.

(9) The cerebellum coordinates body equilibrium, the medulla is responsible for

involuntary responses and the pons continues as the spinal cord.

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EVALUATION
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. The plants also respond to stimuli? Justify with suitable examples

A. Yes, plants respond to stimuli.

(1) Leaves of Touch me not plant fold up when we touch them.

(2) Plants grow towards the light passing through the window.

(3) Sunflower turns towards the sun inthe daytime.

(4) Leaves of the tropical plants shed off before the arrival of summer during which

water scarcity arises.

CREATIVITY
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
A. (1) Adrenaline hormone is secreted by the Adrenal gland.
(2) Adrenaline causes increased respiration rate and quick blood supply to the skeletal
muscles resulting in the availability of plenty of oxygen.
(3) It is secreted during adverse conditions like emergencies, threats and pressure.
(4) The bodily changes caused by Adrenaline enable our body to deal with the situations.
2. What happens if all the functions of the human body are controlled only by the brain?
A. If all the functions of the human body are controlled only by the brain
(1) Reflex actions will not take place as a result certain dangerous stimuli would damage our
body.
(2) Only Cells that are connected by nervous tissue would receive the responses from the
brain.
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(3) Communication within the body would be slowed down as the cells cannot continuously
create and transmit the electric impulse.
(4) Growth, development and metabolism would be hampered due to lake of chemical
coordination.
3. What will happen to a potted plant kept near a window in the room?
A. (1)If a potted plant was kept near a window in the room, the plant will bend and grow
towards the window.
(2)When light falls on a plant from single direction, a hormone called auxin, diffuses
towards the shady side of the shoot.
(3) Concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which
is away from light.
(4) Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light. This phenomenon is known phototropism
4. What will happen if Adrenaline levels persist in our blood?
A. (1) Adrenaline causes abnormal changes in our body like increased heartbeat and respiration.
(2) If the changes continue for a long time it results in adverse health conditions and even
heart attack.

3.HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE

KNOWLEDGE
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Asexual reproduction take place through budding in (B )

A) Amoeba.
B) Yeast.
C) Plasmodium.
D) Leishmania.
1. Which of the following is not a part of female reproductive system. ( C )
A) Ovary.
B) Uterus.
C) Vas deference.
D) Fallopian tube.
2. The anther contains ( D )
A) Sepals.
B) Ovules.
C) Pistil.
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D) Pollen grains.

8.MARK QUESTIONS

3. Explain the process of fertilization in plants?

1. Fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.
2. The reaching of pollen grain to stigma is called pollination. After
pollination the pollen grain germinates on stigma and develops a
pollen tube.
3. The pollen tube reaches to the embryo sac in ovary through
stigma.
4. The pollen tube has two male nuclei which migrate to the tip of
pollen tube at the time of fertilization.
5. When the pollen tube enters into embryo sac the tip of pollen
tube rupture and two male nuclei are releasing.
6. One male nuclei in them fuses with egg cell and form a diploid
(2X) zygote. This is the first fertilization
Male nuclei (X) + Egg cell (X) Zygote (2X)
7. The second male nuclei fuses with secondary nucleus and form a triploid (3X)
Endosperm nucleus. This is the second fertilization.
Male nuclei (X) + Secondary nucleus Endosperm nucleus (3X)
8. So, the fertilization in plants is called double fertilization in triple fusion.
5. Describe different modes of asexual reproduction.
A. The mode of reproduction that occurs without fusion of gametes is called asexual
reproduction. In this method new generations to be created from a single
individuals. There are different types of asexual reproductions. Some of them are
1.Fission:The fission in organisms is divided into two types. 1. Binary fission 2.
Multiple fission.
Binary fission: If one organism divides into two equal half’s is called binary fission.
Ex: Amoeba, Lieshmania
Multiple fission: In multiple fission, one organism divides into many daughter cells
simultaneously. Ex: Plasmodium
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2.Fragmentation: Multicellular organisms with relatively simple bodyorganisation,

simply break up into pieces called fragments. Each fragment can grow into separate
new individual Ex. Algae(Spirogyra), Fungi.
3.Regeneration: Some fully differentiated organisms, if the individual is somehow
cut into many pieces, each pieces grows into a complete organism by developing their
lost parts. Ex. Hydra, Planaria
4.Budding: In some organisms, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully
mature detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals. Ex:
Hydra
5.Vegitative propagation: Reproduction in which new plants are formed from the
vegetative parts of the plant such as root, stem and leaves are called vegetative
propagation. Ex: Reproduction through eyes in potato, leaf buds in bryophyllum.
6.Spore formation: Some moulds and plants possess special blob like structures
called sporangia, which contain reproductive units called spores that can eventually
develop into new individuals. Ex: Rhizopus
6. What are different methods of Contraception?
A.
Methods used to avoid pregnancy are called contraceptive methods. They can be
broadly divided into the following types.
Using mechanical barriers:
Creating mechanical barriers to prevent sperm from reaching the egg can stop
fertilisation. Condoms on the penis or similar coverings in the vagina can serve this
purpose.
Oral contraception:
Taking the hormonal pills orally can change the hormonal balance of the body so that
eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur.
Intra Uterine Implants:
Placing of devices such as the loop or copper-T in the uterus can prevent the
pregnancy.
Surgical methods:
Some surgical methods also can prevent fertilisation. Vas deference in the male is
blocked by surgery (Vasectomy) to prevent sperm transfer. Fallopian tubes in the
female are blocked by surgery (Tubectomy) to prevent the egg to reach uterus.
UNDERSTANDING
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Give examples for binary fission.

A. Amoeba, Leishmania
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2. Give examples for Multiple fission.

A. Plasmodium.
3. Which organisms reproduce through regeneration?
A. Hydra and Planaria.

8.MARK QUESTIONS

4. Describe the procedure you followed by you in your school laboratory to observe the
spores in Rhizopus.
Aim: To observe the spores in Rhizopus.

Apparatus: Bread slice, water, slide, cover slip, microscope, tooth pick.

Procedure:


Take a bread slice and sprinkle some water on it.

Place this bread slice in a dark and damp place in the kitchen.

Leave the slice without disturbing for 2-3 days and seen whitish thread like
structures with black or gray colors.
 Take a slide and place a drop of water on it.
 By using a tooth pick carefully separate a piece from bread slice and pace it on
a drop of water on slide.
 Cover the piece of bread with cover slip and observe it under microscope.
Observation: Fine threads like structures with round knobs are seen on top.

Inference: These thread are hyphae of fungi and round ball like structures are sporangia
with spores

APPLYCATIONS
4.MARK QUESTIONS
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1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a Flower

2. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Male reproductive

system

3. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Female reproductive system

4. Draw a neat labeled diagram of fertilization in plants.

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ANALYSING

EVALUATING
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Amoeba is an immortal. Do you support him? Justify

A. 1. Yes. In a way, Amoebae can be considered biologically immortal, though not in the
conventional sense.
2. Amoebae are unicellular organisms that reproduce through binary fission.
3. In binary fission, they divide into two identical daughter cells without leaving any
dead part.As long as environmental conditions are favourable, they can keep
dividing and producing new cells indefinitely. Thus, there is no natural aging and
death for them
CREATING
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. What precautions will you take to keep away from various sexually transmitted
diseases?
A. We should avoid unsafe sexual contact with unknown persons
To be honest with the life partner.
Using precautions like condoms and diaphragms.
Use disposable needles and syringes.
2. Write some slogans to aware people on female foeticide.
A. 1. Let her live, let her shine – Say no to female foeticide!
2. A girl today, a leader tomorrow – Stop killing dreams!
3. Daughters are blessings, not burdens – Save the girl child!
4. Don’t kill her before she breathes – Every life matters.
5. The future needs her too – End female foeticide now!
6. No girl, no world – Protect the girl child!
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3. Write some slogans to aware people in HIV-AIDS.

A. 1. Let them dream, not marry – stop child marriage!
2. A child is meant to learn, not wed – say no to child marriage!
3. Childhood is for growing, not for marrying
4. End child marriage today for a better tomorrow
5. Education over marriage – empower every child!
6. Don’t steal their childhood – stop child marriage now!

4.HEREDITY
KNOWLEDGE
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Give two examples for variations in humans. (AS1)

Ans: Attached ear lobe and blue coloured eye in humans are the examples for variations in
humans.
2. Give an example for the contrasting traits of a character chosen by Mendal in pea
plant. (AS1)
Ans: Tall & short plants; Round & wrinkled seeds; white & violet flowers
3. How does the creation of variations in species promote survival?
A. 1. The variations are formed in organisms due to genetical and environmental mutations.
2.Variations in species promote survival by helping organisms adapt to environmental
changes.
3. Depending on the nature of variations, different individuals would have different kinds
of advantages.
Ex. The Bacteria that can withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave.
4.But all mutations are not beneficial.

UNDERSTANDING
1.MARK QUESTIONS

4. Observe the information given in the Punnett square and find out the phenotypic
ratio of tall and dwarf plants.
A. 4:0
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5. Observe the information given in the Punnett square and find out the genotypic
ratio of the plants.

t T
T Tt Tt
t tt Tt
A. 1:1

APPLICATIONS
ANALYSIS
8.MARK QUESTIONS

1. How does the sex determination takes place in human? Explain with example?
(OR) Male / father is responsible for sex determination of baby – do you agree?
If so write your answer with a flow chart.
2. Each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 23 pairs, 22 pairs
are Autosomes. The remaining 1 pair is allosome or sex chromosomes. These sex
chromosomes decide the child sex.
3. There are two types of sex chromosomes – “X” and “Y”.
4. The female gametes (ovum) have “X,X” chromosomes.
5. The male gametes (sperm cell) have “X,Y” chromosomes.
6. If the sperm cell carries “Y” Chromosomes fertilizes the ovum (X-chromosomes),
the baby will have “XY” chromosomes. So the baby will be a boy.
7. If the sperm cell carries “X” chromosomes fertilizes the ovum (X chromosomes),
the baby will have “XX” chromosomes. So the baby will be a girl.
8. So, the gametes produce by the male is the deciding factor for the sex determination.

2. What is the law of independent assortment? Explain with an example?

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Law of independent: In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits, the factors for
each pair of traits are distributed independently to the gamets. This is known as law of
independent.
1. When we cross two sets of pure pea plants, round yellow seeds (RRYY) with
wrinkled green seeds (rryy). We will get all seeds are round yellow. They have the
factors “RrYy”

2. On self-pollination of these seeds we will get round yellow, round green, wrinkled
yellow, wrinkled green seeds.

3. The above results shows that the factors for each trait remains separate and
maintains sits identity in the gametes.
4. The genotype ratio among the round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow,
wrinkled green seeds is – 9:3:3:1
3. One student (researcher) wants to cross pure tall plant (TT) with pure dwarf (tt)
plant, what might be F1 and F2 generations? Explain.
1. The pure tall plant has both the factors of the same type, and denote as “TT”
2. The pure dwarf plant has the both the factors of the same type and denote as “tt”
3. The dominating factor is “T” (Tall)
4. When a pure tall plant is crossed with the pure dwarf plant it denotes as
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5. All the plants have the factor pair – “Tt”.

6. All the plants are heterozygous tall – “Tt”
7. On self-pollination of these it denotes as

9. In F2 generation 75% of plants are tall and 25% of plants are dwarf.
10. The phenotype ratio is - 3:1
11. 10. Among 75% of tall plants, 25% of plants are pure tall (TT) / homozygous tall.
The remaining 50% of plants are heterozygous tall (Tt)
12. The remaining 25% of dwarf plants are pure dwarf (tt) / homozygous dwarf.
13. So, the genotype ratio is - 1:2:1

EVALUATION
CREATIVITY

5. OUR ENVIRONMENT
KNOWLEDGE
1.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Identify the biodegradable substance among the following.

Lead, Plastic, cotton
A. Cotton
2. Identify theNon- biodegradable substance among the following.
Cow dung, kitchen waste, Mercury.
A: Mercury.
2.MARK QUESTIONS

3. Why is damage to the ozone layer a cause for concern? What steps are being taken to
limit this damage?
A. 1) Damage to the Ozone layer is a cause for Concern because it absorbs ultraviolet
radiation and saves us from it
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2) Ultraviolet radiation causes harmful effects on organisms.

3) It also causes skin cancer, cataract and damage to the immune system in humans.
Steps to be taken to limit the damage to ozone layer: -
1) Reduce the use of chlorofluoro carbons in refrigerators, air conditioners, etc.
2) Avoid using CFCs in aerosols and Sprays.
3) Use Ozone friendly Sprays in perfumes, insect- repellents, etc.
4. What is biological magnification? will the levels of this magnification be different at
different levels of the ecosystem?
A. 1. The phenomenon of accumulation of toxic Substances in each trophic level is called
Biological magnification.
2. Yes, the levels of biomagnifications is different at different levels of ecosystem. It will
be highest in the last tropic level.
5. What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generates?
A) Non biodegradable wastes cause-
1. Soil, water and air pollution.
2. Biomagnification

UNDERSTANDING
1. Expand CFCS?
A. Chlorofluorocarbons

APPLICATIONS
4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Suggest some methods could be applied to reduce our intake of pesticides.?

A) 1. Harmful Chemicals get accumulated in our bodies is known as biological magnification.
2. This is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice, vegetables and fruits, and
meat, Contain varying amounts of pesticide residues.
3. They cannot always be removed by washing or other means.
4. Here are some of the important methods used to be reduce our intake of pesticides.
a) Rotation of Crops
b) Studying the life histories of the pests.
c) Biological control and sterility.
d) Genetic strains.
2. Suggest few environmentally friendly practices to reduce waste in our surroundings.
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A. 1. Promote 3Rs rule.

2. Use cloth bags, steel bottles, and avoid plastic.

3. Promote eco-friendly packaging.
4. Ban single use plastic products.

3. Prepare slogans to promote awareness in your classmates about eco-friendly activities.

A. 1. Go green, it’s the coolest thing!

2. Small steps, big impact—start today!
3. The Earth is our home, let’s keep it clean and green.
4. Be a friend to the Earth—live sustainably!
5. Change the world with eco-friendly choices
6. Plant a tree, plant a hope for tomorrow.
7. Eco-friendly choices lead to eco-friendly voices!
8. Protect environment – it protects you.

ANALYSIS
2.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Man is only a consumer". Justify this statement?

A.1.Man cannot prepare his own food and depends on plants and other animals for his food.
2. Thus, the man can only be a consumer.

EVALUATION
2.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Compare biodegradable and non biodegradable Substances?

A. Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable
Substances.
Substances that are not broken down by biological Process are said to be non-biodegradable.

CREATIVITY
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4.MARK QUESTIONS

1. Create a questionnaire to know more about flow of energy in an ecosystem what

questions do you ask?
A. 1. How does energy flow from one organism to another?
2. What is the primary source of energy?
3. How much energy is losing by an organism at each trophic level?
4. Why plants are known as food producers?
2. What happens if all the producers are removed from an ecosystem?
A. 1.The producers are preparing food materials to all living organisms by photosynthesis.
2. If the producers are removed from an ecosystem the consumers do not get food.
3. So all the consumers in the ecosystem will die due to lack of food.
4. This leads to the ecological imbalance.
3. What would happen if all the predators are removed from ecosystem?
A. 1.The predator organisms are consumers depending on other organisms for food.
2. If all the predators removed from an ecosystem the population of herbivores will increase.
3. By this leads to depletion of plants and competition between herbivores for food.
4. This leads to ecological imbalance.

PREPARED BY

VEERNAPU SEETHARAMAIAH, BATHURI SIVANNARAYANA

SA (BS), SA (BS)

ZPHS DAMMALAPADU ZPHS PIDUGURALLA

MUPPALLA PIDUGURALLA MD

PALNADU DT PALNADU DT

PH: 9951313746 PH: 9966621628

BANDI YELLAMANDA RAO GUDLURI KOTESWARA RAO PGT

SA (BS), APMS BOLLAPALLI

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ZPHS NAGULAVARAM BOLLAPALLI MD

VINUKONDA MD, PALNADU DT

PALNADU DT PH: 9885603037

PH: 9505356255