TOP (PSM104) -​ A set of related assumptions that allows

INTRODUCTION (WEEK 1) scientists to use logical deductive reasoning

WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Is the unique, enduring to formulate testable hypothesis.
pattern of an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and Theory and Its Relatives, 1
behaviors that makes them distinct from others. It Philosophy
encompasses their characteristics ways of • Broader than theory
interacting with the world, interpreting events, and Speculation
their emotional responses, which are realtively • Tied to empirical data and science
stable over time and influenced by both genetics
and environment. Theory and Its Relatives, 2
WHAT IS THEORY? Is a well-tested explanation Hypothesis
for observable phenomena, based on evidence and • Specific guess that can be tested using
subject to further testing and refinement. It involves scientific method
a systematic and rational form of abstract thinking
that uses concepts and principles to explain, Taxonomy
predict, and provide insight into how something • Classification according to natural
works or why events occur. relationships
WHY DIFFERENT THEORIES? Because complex
phenomena require varied explanations, each Why Different Theories?
offering unique frameworks to understanding Different Personal Backgrounds
aspects of reality, guide research, and synthesize • Childhood experiences
existing knowledge. • Interpersonal relationships
WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL? It generates Different Philosophical orientations
research, providing a framework for new ideas and
discoveries, and can be falsifiable, meaning it can Unique ways of looking at the world
be tested and potentially disproven by new
evidence. Data chosen to observe are different

PERSONALITY 1 Theorists’ Personalities and Their Theories of

-​ Word stem from “persona” Personality
Latin for “mask” Psychology of science
-​ Personality defined • Studies both science and the behavior of
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and scientists
unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person’s The personalities and psychology of different
behavior. theorists influence the kinds of theories that
PERSONALITY 2 they develop
Traits
-​ Consistency over time What Makes a Theory Useful: Criteria for
-​ Individual differences in behavior Evaluating a Theory
-​ Stability across situations • Generates Research
Characteristics • Is Falsifiable (Verifiable)
-​ Unique qualities (ex. Temperament, • Organizes Known Data
physique, and intelligence) • Guides Action (Practical)
WHAT IS TRHEORY? • Is Internally Consistent
• Is Parsimonious
Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity • Learned the hypnotic technique for treating
• Determinism vs. Free Choice hysteria with Charcot and catharsis with Breuer
• Pessimism vs. Optimism
• Causality vs. Teleology Biography of Freud, 2
• Conscious vs. Unconscious Determinants • Published Studies on Hysteria with Breuer
of Behavior • Abandoned seduction theory in 1897 and
• Biological vs. Social Influences on replaced it with the Oedipus complex
Personality • In 1900, he wrote Interpretation of Dreams
• Uniqueness vs. Similarities • Was driven out of Austria by the Nazis in 1938
• Died in London in 1939
Research in Personality Theory, 1
Theory gives meaning to data Levels of Mental Life, 1
Unconscious
Data come from experimental research • Beyond awareness
designed to test hypothesis generated by the • Includes drives, urges, and instincts
theory • Is known only indirectly
• Two sources of unconscious processes
Systematic observations • Repression
• Predictions are consistent and accurate • Phylogenetic endowment
Levels of Mental Life, 2
Research in Personality Theory, 2 Preconscious
Two Empirical Criteria for Instruments • Contains elements that are not conscious but
• Reliability can
• Consistency of Measurement become conscious
• Validity Conscious
• Construct Validity • Only level of mental life that is directly available
• Convergent Provinces of the Mind, 1
• Divergent The Id
• Discriminant • Pleasure Principle
• Predictive Validity • Primary Process
The Ego
Theories of Personality Freud: Psychoanalysis • The Reality Principle
Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory • Secondary Process
Provinces of the Mind, 2
What Made This Theory Interesting The Superego
• Cornerstones: Sex and aggression • The Idealistic Principle
• Spread by a dedicated group • Conscience
• Freud's brilliant command of language • Ego-Ideal
Dynamics of Personality
Biography of Freud, 1 Drives
• Born in Freiberg Moravia (now part of the Czech • Libido or Sex Drive
Republic) in 1856 • Thanatos or Aggression/Distraction Drive
• Spent most of his life (80 years) in Vienna, Anxiety
Austria • Neurotic Anxiety
• Was interested in medicine, science, and • Moral Anxiety
psychiatry • Realistic Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms • Generated considerable research
• Repression • Difficult to falsify
• Reaction Formation Critique of Freud, 2
• Displacement • Very loose organizational framework
• Fixation • Not a good guide to solve practical problems
• Regression • Internally consistent theory
• Projection Freud’s Concept of Humanity
• Introjection • Determinism over free choice
• Sublimation • Pessimism over optimism
• Causality over teleology
Stages of Development, 1 • Conscious versus unconscious
Infantile Period (Birth–5 years) • Biological over social influences
• Oral Phase • Equal emphasis on uniqueness and
• Anal Phase similarities
• Phallic Phase
• Male Oedipus Complex THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Castration Complex ADLER: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Female Oedipus Complex (Electra) Chapter 3
• Penis Envy
Stages of Development, 2 Overview of Individual Psychology, 1
• Latency Period (from 5 years until puberty) Optimistic and emphasized social interest
• Genital Period (puberty to adulthood) Adler differed from Freud in four ways
• Maturity • He believed that:
• People are motivated by social influences
Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory • Strive for superiority or success
Free Association Overview of Individual Psychology, 2
• Transference • People are responsible for who they are
• Resistance • Present behavior is shaped by people's view of
Dream Analysis the future
• Manifest and latent content Freudian or • Consciousness is important
Unconscious Slips (Parapraxes) Biography of Alfred Adler
Related Research, 1 • Born in a Viennese suburb in 1870
Unconscious Mental Processing • Second son of middle-class Jewish parents
• Automatic, implicit, or nonconscious processing • Received his medical degree in 1895
Inhibition and the Ego • Published Study of Organ Inferiority and Its
• Limbic system Psychical Compensation in 1907
Related Research, 2 • Rivalry with Freud led to his departure from the
Defense Mechanisms group
• Neurophysiological underpinnings of repression • Founded the Society for Individual Psychology
Research on Dreams • Died in Scotland in 1937
• Activation-synthesis theory Tenets of Individual Psychology, 1
Critique of Freud, 1 • Striving for success is the force behind
Did Freud Understand Women, Gender, and people's behavior
Sexuality? • Subjective perceptions shape behavior and
personality
Was Freud a Scientist? • Personality is unified and self-consistent
• Theories are difficult to test • Style of life is molded by creative power
 Tenets of Individual Psychology, 2 • Healthy individuals express this through action
• Value of all human activity should be seen from and struggle to solve problems of neighborly love,
the viewpoint of social interest sexual love, and occupation
• Self-consistent personality structure becomes
one’s style of life Creative Power
Striving Freedom that empowers each person to
• The Final Goal create his or her own style of life
• Striving Force as Compensation • Places one in control of one's life
• For Personal Superiority • Responsible for one’s final goal
• For Success • Determines one’s method of striving
Subjective Perceptions • Contributes to the development of one’s social
Fictionalism interest
• Final goal (which is fictional)
• Guides our style of life Abnormal Development, 1
• Gives unity to our personality Physical General Description
Inferiorities External Factors in Maladjustment
• All humans are born physically inferior • Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
• Need fictions of strength to overcome these • Pampered Style of Life
deficiencies • Neglected Style of Life
• Serve as an impetus toward perfection
Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality Abnormal Development, 2
Organ Dialect Safeguarding Tendencies
• The deficient organ expresses the direction of an • Excuses
individual’s goal • Aggression
Conscious and Unconscious • Withdrawal
• Unified personality is the harmony between Masculine Protest
conscious and unconscious actions
Social Interest, 1 Applications of
Feeling of oneness with all humanity Individual Psychology
Origins of Social Interest • Family Constellation
• Potentiality is found in everyone • Early Recollections
• Originates from the mother-child relationship • Dreams
• Fostered by the early social environment • Papysychother
Social Interest, 2 Table 3.2: Adler’s View of Some Possible Traits
Importance of Social Interest by Birth Order, 1
• Measure of psychological health and maturity
• “The sole criterion of human values” and the Positive traits of oldest child
“barometer of normality” Nurturing and protective of others Good organizer
Negative traits of oldest child
Style of Life Highly anxious Exaggerated feelings of power
Term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a Unconscious hostility Fights for acceptance Must
person’s life always be “right,” whereas others are always
• Includes a person's goal, self-concept, empathy, “wrong” Highly critical of others Uncooperative
and attitude toward the world
• Product of interaction of heredity, environment, Table 3.2: Adler’s View of Some
and a person's creative power Possible Traits by Birth Order, 2
• Mostly set by 4 or 5 years of age
Positive traits of second child Overview of Analytical Psychology, 1
Highly motivated and cooperative Highly Assumes that Occult Phenomena Influence
competitive Lives
Negative traits of second child
Moderately competitive Easily discouraged Individuals Inherit Experiences from
Ancestors in the Form of Collective
Table 3.2: Adler’s View of Some Unconscious
Possible Traits by Birth Order, 2 • Archetypes are highly developed elements of
the collective unconscious
Positive traits of youngest child
Realistically ambitious Overview of Analytical Psychology, 2
Positive traits of only child Aims at Achieving a Balance between
Socially mature Opposing Forces of Personality
Negative traits of youngest child
Pampered style of life Dependent on others Wants Biography of Carl Jung, 1
to excel in everything Unrealistically ambitious Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875
Negative traits of only child
Exaggerated feelings of superiority Low feelings of Oldest surviving child
cooperation Inflated sense of self Pampered style
of life Mother’s family had a tradition of mysticism
Related Research
Birth Order Effects After receiving his medical degree in 1900, he
became a psychiatric assistant to Bleuler
Early Recollections and Career Choice • Studied with Janet in Paris during 1902–03
• Kasler & Nevo (2005)
Distinguishing Narcissism as Striving for Biography of Carl Jung, 2
Superiority versus Self-Esteem as Striving for • He read Freud’s writings and eventually
Success began corresponding with Freud in 1906
• Freud saw Jung as his successor
Critique of Adler • Jung became disenchanted with Freud’s
Adler’s Theory Is: theories and broke with the International
Psychoanalytic Association in 1913
• High on Generating Research, Organizing Know • Died in Zurich in 1961
Data, and Guiding Action
• Moderate on Parsimony Levels of Psyche, 1
• Low on Verification, Falsification, and Internal
Consistency Conscious
Concept of Humanity • Psychic images sensed by the ego
• Very High on Free Choice and Optimism Personal Unconscious
• High on Social Factors and on the • Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or
Uniqueness of Individuals subliminally perceived experiences
• Moderate on Unconscious Influences
• Very Low on Causality Levels of Psyche, 2
Collective Unconscious
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY • Ideas from the experiences inherited from our
JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY ancestors
Chapter 4
Archetypes • Perception beyond the workings of
• Archaic images derived from the collective consciousness
unconscious
Include: Development of Personality, 1
• Persona Stages of Development
• Shadow • Childhood
• Anima • Anarchic
• Animus • Monarchic
• Great Mother • Dualistic
• Wise Old Man • Youth
• Hero • The period from puberty until middle life
• Self • Major difficulty to overcome is the conservative
Dynamics of Personality, 1 principle, which is the —natural tendency to cling to
Causality and Teleology the narrow consciousness of childhood
• Motivation is shaped by both Development of Personality, 2
Progression and Regression Stages of Development
• Progression • Middle Life
• Forward flow of psychic energy • Begins at approximately age 35 or 40
• Necessary for adaptation to the outside world • Period of anxiety and potential
Dynamics of Personality, 2 • Old Age
• Regression • Diminution of consciousness
• Backward flow of psychic energy • Death is the goal of life
• Necessary for adaptation to the inner world Development of Personality, 3
Self-Realization (Individuation)
Psychological Types - Attitude, 1 • Process of integrating opposites into a
Predisposition to act in a characteristic harmonious self
direction • Rarely achieved
Introversion
• Turning inward of psychic energy with an Jung’s Method of Investigation, 1
orientation toward the subjective Word Association Test
Psychological Types - Attitude, 2 -​ Dream Analysis
Extraversion -​ Active Imagination
• Turning outward of psychic energy so that a -​ Psychotherapy (Four Stages)
person is oriented toward the objective and • Confession of a pathogenic secret
away from the subjective Jung’s Method of Investigation, 2
• Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation
Psychological Types - Functions, 1 • Education of patients as social beings
Thinking • Transformation
• Logical intellectual activity that produces a Critique of Jung
chain of ideas Jung’s Theory Is:
Feeling • Moderate on Generating Research and
• Process of evaluating an idea or event Organizing Observations
Psychological Types - Functions, 2 • Low on Practicality, Internal Consistency,
Sensation and Parsimony
• Function that receives physical stimuli and
transmits them to perceptual consciousness
Intuition
Concept of Humanity
• His view was neither deterministic nor
purposeful, neither optimistic nor
pessimistic
• People are motivated by causal and
teleological factors and by both conscious
and unconscious thoughts
• Analytical psychology can also be rated
high on similarities among people and low
on individual differences