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Muscles 3

The document explains muscle antagonistic effects, where opposing muscle groups work together to facilitate controlled movement around joints, such as bending and straightening the arm and leg. It also describes the sliding filament theory, detailing how muscle contraction occurs through the interaction of actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres, driven by ATP. This process involves the exposure of binding sites and the cyclical movement of myosin, leading to muscle shortening and movement.

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hakan ahmed
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12 views6 pages

Muscles 3

The document explains muscle antagonistic effects, where opposing muscle groups work together to facilitate controlled movement around joints, such as bending and straightening the arm and leg. It also describes the sliding filament theory, detailing how muscle contraction occurs through the interaction of actin and myosin filaments within sarcomeres, driven by ATP. This process involves the exposure of binding sites and the cyclical movement of myosin, leading to muscle shortening and movement.

Uploaded by

hakan ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Muscles

Muscle Antagonistic Effects


The muscle antagonistic effect is the coordinated action of opposing muscle
groups around a joint, where one muscle contracts while its counterpart relaxes
to facilitate controlled movement.
Muscle antagonistic pairs are two muscles that work in opposition to each other
to control movements around a joint. When one muscle in the pair contracts to
produce a movement, its counterpart relaxes to allow that movement to occur
smoothly and with control. This dynamic interaction ensures balanced and
coordinated movement, helping to maintain joint stability and prevent injury.
Bending the Arm (Flexion) and Straightening the Arm (Extension):
Bending the Arm (Flexion):
Biceps: Contract (Agonist) - The biceps muscle contracts to bend the arm at the elbow joint.
Triceps: Relax (Antagonist) - The triceps muscle relaxes to allow the bending of the arm.

Straightening the Arm (Extension):


Triceps: Contract (Agonist) - The triceps muscle contracts to straighten the arm at the elbow
joint.
Biceps: Relax (Antagonist) - The biceps muscle relaxes to allow the straightening of the arm.

Bending the Leg (Flexion) and Straightening the Leg (Extension):


Bending the Leg (Flexion):
Hamstrings: Contract (Agonist) - The hamstrings muscle group contracts to bend the leg at the
knee joint.
Quadriceps: Relax (Antagonist) - The quadriceps muscle group relaxes to allow the bending of
the leg.
Straightening the Leg (Extension):
Quadriceps: Contract (Agonist) - The quadriceps muscle group contracts to straighten the leg at
the knee joint.
Hamstrings: Relax (Antagonist) - The hamstrings muscle group relaxes to allow the
straightening of the leg.
The Sliding Filament Theory
Structure of thick & thin filaments in a myofibril

Muscle contraction is the basis of all skeletal movements. Skeletal muscle is composed
of muscle fibers, which have repetitive functional units called sarcomere.

Muscle

Muscle fibers

Sarcomere: Functional Unit

Each sarcomere has many actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments. They slide against each
other when there is a muscle contraction, causing shortening of the sarcomere and muscle.
Myosin

 The thick filaments within a sarcomere are made up of myosin molecules


 These are fibrous protein molecules with a globular head
Actin

 The thin filaments within a sarcomere are made up of actin molecules


 These are globular protein molecules
 Many actin molecules link together to form a chain
 Two actin chains twist together to form one thin filament
Tropomyosin

 A fibrous protein known as tropomyosin is twisted around the two actin chains
Troponin

 Another protein known as troponin is attached to the actin chains at regular intervals
How muscles contract - the sliding filament theory

 Muscles cause movement by contracting


 During muscle contraction, sarcomeres within myofibrils shorten
 Myosin and actin filaments slide over one another

This is known as the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and occurs via the following
process:

 An action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction and calcium ions are released
 Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules, stimulating tropomyosin to expose the binding
site.

Covered binding site

Exposed binding site

 Now, myosin will bind to the exposed site

Myosin biding to exposed site of actin

 In muscle contraction, ATP serves as the energy currency, enabling the interaction
between myosin and actin proteins within muscle cells.
 Myosin causes repetitive crossbridge movement in rowing motion

Myosin moving in rowing motion

 Myosin is bound to ADP and Pi

Myosin is bound to ADP and Pi

 When the actin binding site is exposed to the myosin it gives a power stroke moving
after binding pulling acting (thin) filament towards the middle of the sarcomere.
 Pi and ADP is released after the power stroke and new ATP molecule binds to the
myosin head.
 ATP then separates myosin from actin and break downs to ADP and Pi and next
repetitive action take place.

ATP Binding to the head an

ATP detaches actin and myosin before breaking


down to ADP and Pi
https://youtu.be/BVcgO4p88AA?si=QHF31IyICBFwyzqn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjw3AYJjK-4

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