Easy Tips/ Points to remember- Grade 10 Social Studies – All

points, concept , SOURCES, events of the Chapter covered

Subject- History

Revision made easy – CHAPTER 1 – Nationalism in Europe

1] Painting of Frederick Sorrieu-

a]1848

b] 4 Prints visualizing his dream of democratic and social republics.

c]1st print – Showcasing a long line of men and women of Europe

and America marching in a long train and offering Homage to the
Statue of Liberty.

d] On the Earth in the foreground lie the shattered remains of symbols

of absolutist governments .

e] Leading the line are Switzerland and United States [which were now
nation states] with their flags and national costume. Followed by
Germany and other nations.

f] Christ, Saints and angels gaze upon them .They have been
potrayed by the artist to show support and feeling of fraternity
amongst the nations of the world.

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2]Statue of Liberty –

a]Allegory- Giving a human form to any idea or a nation . Eg-

Statue of Liberty , Marrianne of France , Germania of Germany,
Bharat Mata of India.

b] On one hand she bears the torch of enlightenment and on the

other Charter of Rights of Man.

3]Nation State –

A place where majority of its citizens and not only its rulers came
to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or
descent.

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4] Modern State-
A modern state is in which a centralized power exercises
sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.

5] Ernst Renan – SOURCE

a] Delivered a lecture at the University of Sorbonne in

1882.Published in a famous essay – What is a Nation?

b] He criticizes the notion suggested by other nations that it is

formed by common race , language or culture .

c] He said that feeling of belongingness to a nation comes by a

long past of shared efforts, sacrifices and devotion.People should
be ready to sacrifice for their nation.

6] Plebiscite-

A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to

accept or reject a proposal.

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***********7] French Revolution- 1789

a] Transfer of monarchy to body of active French citizens called

the National Assembly [ Previously known as National Assembly]

b] Revolution gave power to the citizens of France.

c] Ideas of la patrie and le citoyen emphasized on the notion of a

united community enjoying equal rights under the constitution.

d] New hymns were composed, martyrs commemorated and oaths were

taken.

e] French flag [ Tricolour Flag ] replaced the royal standard]

f] Centralised administrative system, internal custom duties were

removed , uniform system of weights and measures

g] Regional dialects were discouraged, French as it was written

and spoken in Paris became the common language of the nation.

h] The revolutionaries declared that it was their mission and destiny of

France to liberate the people of Europe from Despotism and to help other
people of Europe to become nations.

i]When news of French revolution reached other cities of Europe , students

and other members of educated middle classes formed Jacobin Clubs .
French armies moved into other countries and carried the ideas of
nationalism abroad.
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***********8] Andreas Rebmann – 1798 – Pg No -5 in Book SOURCE

The image of the French Bastille Prison placed next to a similar

fortress meant to represent German despotism in the German
province of Kassel. ‘The people must seize their own freedom!’

Rebmann lived in the city of Mainz and was a member of a

German Jacobin group.

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9]Civil Code of 1804-

Napolean came to power and did away with democracy ; reintroduced

monarchy but brought about many administrative changes.

Did away with all privileges based on birth.

Established equality before Law

Secured the right to property.

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***********10] The Civil Code was applicable in countries under French
control like – Switzerland, Italy , Germany, Dutch Republic.

He simplified things–

Administrative divisions ,abolished feudal system, freed peasants from

serfdom, and manorial dues. In towns guild restrictions were removed ,
transport and communication system were improved , uniform laws across
regions under his control, common national currency were introduced.

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11] Napolean’s Rule had mixed reactions –

While people were happy with improved administrative set up, political
liberty was not there –

Bad things-

Increased taxation,Censorship.forced conscription into French armies

outweighed the advantages.

12] Fig -4 Planting of Tree of Liberty in Zewibrucken , Germany -

Pg no -7 Source

It’s a coloured print by the German Painter Karl Kaspar Fritz

Occupation of the town of Zweibrucken is shown by French armies.

French soldiers are shown to oppress the people

It’s a sarcastic print in which on the board affixed to the tree is

written – ‘Take Equality and freedom from us- model of humanity’

Many people did not like the French interference.

13] Fig- 5 The courier of Rhineland loses all that he has on his
way home from LEIPZIG – Source – Pg no – 7

Napolean is shown here as a postman on his way back to France

He lost the battle of Leipzig in 1813

Each letter dropping from his bag shows the territories he lost.

14] Some IMPORTANT dates –

1797- Napoleon invades Italy

1814-1815- Fall of Napoleon

1815- Treaty of Vienna

1821- Greek struggle of Independence

1848- Revolutions in Europe

1859 – 1870- Unification of Italy

1866- 1871- Unfication of Germany

1905- Slav nationalism gathers in Hapsburg

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***********Hapsburg Empire ruled over – Austria Hungary , It
included regions like Tyrol, Austria and Sudentenland , Bohemia ,
Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia .

Sufferage – The right to vote

Liberal Nationalism- Derived from the Latin Root Liber

Stood for –

a] Freedom of the individual and equality before law.

b] Government by consent

c]End of autocracy and clerical privileges

d] Constitution and representative government through
parliament

e] Inviolability of private property.

f] Frredom of markets

g] Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of

goods and capital.

Zollverein-

In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the

initiative of Prussia .

Joined by most of the German states .

The Union was joined by German states.

Railway connection increased mobility.

Economic nationalism strengthened nationalist feelings.

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***********Conservatism- A political philosophy that stressed the
importance of tradition , established institutions and customs and
preferred gradual; development to quick change.

Treaty of Vienna – 1815

The settlement was drawn by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

Hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

Undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe

during Napoleonic wars

The Bourbon was restored to power, France lost its territories it

had annexed under Napoleon, Series of states were set up on the
boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future
Kingdom of Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the
north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south . Prussia
was given important territories on its western frontiers while
Austria was given control of Northern Italy. German confederation
of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon were left
untouched. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was
given portion of Saxony.

The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in
Europe.
Fig 6 – Source [ SARCASM on how long be thinking allowed for
intellectuals after the Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815 and a
conservative government came to power]

Revolutionaries-

Giuseppe Mazzini – Source 7 – Picture of Giuseppe Mazzini and

the founding of the Young Berne in 18338

Founder of Young Europe in Berne in 1833, member of the secret

society of Carbonari . Found 2 underground societies – Young Italy
in Marseilles and Young Europe . He believed that God had
intended nations to be natural units of mankind so Italy could not
be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. And the unification
could only be the basis of Italian liberty. Conservatives were
afraid of MAZZINI. Metternich called him ‘the most dangerous
enemy of our social order’.

Giuseppe Garibaldi-He was one of the main persons behind the

Unification of Italy . Alarge number of armed volunteers joined
the war against Spain.

Age of revolutions –

1830- Conservative regime of 1815 was overthrown in France in

July 1830.

Constitutional Monarchy came into existence with Louis Phillipe

at its head.

The JULY REVOLUTION sparked an uprising in Brussels which led

to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of
Netherlands.

1821 to 1832- Greek War of Independence –

The GREEKS FREED THEMSELVES FROM THE RULE OF THE

OTTOMON EMPIRE.

Treaty of Constantinople signed – 1832

Source – 8 Massacre at CHIOS BY Eugene -Delacroix

He sought to appeal for sympathy for the Independence of the

Greeks – 1824

Romantics –
Johann Gottfried – German Philosopher – German culture to be
discovered among the common people. Folk songs , poetry and
folk dances ,Vernacular language common people – das volk .

Case of Poland – Partitioned by the Great POWERS – Russia,

Prussia and Austria . National feelings were kept alive through
music and language . Karol Karpunski celebrated national
struggle through his operas and music turning folk dances like
Polanaise and Mazurka .

1830’S – Era of Hunger and hardships –

Enormous increase in population, unemployment, Population from

the rural areas migrated to the cities ,small producers in towns
were often faced with stiff competition from imports of machine
made goods from England ,Peasants struggled under the burden
of feudal dues and obligations .The rise of food prices due to bad
harvest increased the problem .

Grimm Brothers- Folktales and Nation Building

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm collected old folktales from village to

village and in 1812, they published their first collection of
tales .They were for the freedom of the press .They also
published a 33 volume dictionary of the German language. They
also saw French domination as a threat to German culture and
collecting folktales in German language meant for them as a step
towards German national identity.

Question- Discuss the importance of language and popular

traditions in the creation of national identity.

Answer –

Greece- Poets and artists lauded Greece, Role of English poet

Lord Byron

Poland – Role of language ,music and dance

Germany – GRIMM BROTHERS – Pg 15

1848- France turning into a republic –

Food shortages

Widespread Unemployment

Population of Paris out on the roads

Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee

A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic – Granted sufferage
to all Adult males above 21 years and guaranteed the Right to
vote. National workshops were set up to provide employment.

Describe the cause of the Silesan weavers uprising? – 1845 – Fig 9 Peasants
Uprising
Causes –
In 1845 , the weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who
supplied them with raw materials and gave them orders for finished textiles
but drastically reduced their payments .The need for jobs was taken advantage
by the contractors who paid less for the finished product. There was a
rebellion by the weavers but it was promptly crushed by the contractor.

Source C – Study Pg no 17

1848- Revolution of the Liberals –

Revolution of the educated middle classes –
Frankfurt Parliament – 18th MAY 1848

Results of The 1848 Revolutions-

1] The autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to
introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before
1815.
2] Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in Hapsburg dominions
and Russia .
3] The Hapsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

Unification of Germany, Italy and Strange case of England – [- Pg 19 to 22]- To

be studied from book properly [ Very Important]

BALKAN REGIONS –
Modern day Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
Greece
Macedonia
Croatia
Bosnia – Herzegovina
Slovenia
Serbia
Montenegro
Balkan Problem- After 1871
1] The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with
the disintegration of the Ottomon empire led to a difficult situation. European
subject countries were breaking away from the Ottomon empire .
2] Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence.
3] Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and they wanted to gain
more territories.
4] Great powers like England , Germany, Austria Hungary and Russia wanted
to extend control over the seas and major areas .
5] All this led to the 1st World War .
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