Assignment

Survey on the Book of Romans

Submitted by
George Shalom Mathew

1
Introduction
The Book of Romans, nestled in the New Testament, stands as a theological cornerstone
of the Christian faith. Penned by the apostle Paul, it is a profound and comprehensive letter
addressed to the early Christian community in Rome. Romans is a theological masterpiece that
delves into crucial themes, including the universal sinfulness of humanity, the gift of salvation
through faith in Jesus Christ, the relationship between the Law and grace, and the unity of
believers in Christ. Paul's letter not only offers deep theological insights but also provides
practical guidance for Christian living. With its emphasis on the transformative power of the
Gospel and the profound implications of God's grace, Romans remains a source of inspiration
and guidance for Christians seeking to understand the depth of their faith and its relevance in
today's world.

Authorship
The authorship of the Book of Romans is widely attributed to the apostle Paul. In the
introduction to the letter itself, Paul identifies himself as the author: "Paul, a servant of Christ
Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God" (Romans 1:1). This self-
identification is consistent with Paul's practice in his other epistles, where he begins by stating
his name and apostolic authority.
Throughout the history of the Christian church, the authorship of Romans by Paul has been
widely accepted. Early Christian writings and the testimony of church fathers also confirm
Paul's authorship of this epistle. For example, in his letter to the Romans, Clement of Rome
(late 1st century) quotes from the Book of Romans and acknowledges Paul's authorship.
Modern biblical scholarship largely upholds Pauline authorship of Romans as well. The letter's
style, theology, and language are consistent with Paul's other writings. However, it's important
to note that, like many topics in biblical studies, authorship can be a subject of scholarly
discussion and debate.
While the majority of scholars accept Paul's authorship, there have been some who raise
questions based on variations in writing style and certain theological emphases. These scholars
suggest that the letter might have been co-authored or edited by someone close to Paul.
However, such views remain a minority position, and the traditional attribution of the Book of
Romans to the apostle Paul continues to be the prevailing view within both scholarly and
religious circles.

2
Time Period
The Book of Romans is generally believed to have been written by the apostle Paul during the
early to mid-50s AD. Most scholars place its composition around 55-57 AD. This dating is
based on several factors:
Paul's Travels: The Book of Acts, which provides a general framework for Paul's missionary
journeys, suggests that he spent three months in Corinth during his third missionary journey
(Acts 20:2-3). This is thought to be the time and place where he likely wrote the letter to the
Romans.
Paul's Plans: In Romans 15:23-29, Paul mentions his intention to visit Rome after he has
completed his work in the regions where he had been ministering. This aligns with the timeline
of his travels as recorded in Acts.
Historical Context: The letter addresses specific issues related to the relationship between
Jewish and Gentile believers within the church. This suggests a period when there was an
established Christian community in Rome facing these questions, which fits well with the mid-
50s AD.
Personal Greetings: In the closing chapter of Romans (Romans 16), Paul sends greetings to a
number of individuals in Rome. This indicates that he was familiar with the Roman Christian
community and had connections there.

Recipients
The Book of Romans was written by the apostle Paul to the Christian community in
Rome. The opening of the letter explicitly states the recipients: "To all in Rome who are loved
by God and called to be his holy people" (Romans 1:7, NIV). This indicates that the letter was
intended for the entire Roman congregation of believers, both Jewish and Gentile.
The Roman Christian community likely consisted of a diverse group of individuals from
different cultural backgrounds and social statuses. Paul's letter to the Romans addresses
theological and practical issues that were relevant to this audience. It explores themes such as
the universality of sin, salvation through faith, the relationship between the Law and grace, and
the unity of believers in Christ.
Paul's intention was to provide thorough theological instruction and encouragement to the
Roman Christians, many of whom he had not yet met in person. The letter aimed to strengthen
their faith, provide clarity on important doctrinal matters, and prepare the believers for his
eventual visit to Rome. The Book of Romans continues to be a foundational text in Christian
theology, offering profound insights into the nature of faith, salvation, and the redemptive work
of Christ, and its teachings remain relevant for believers today.

3
Outline
Introduction (1:1-17)
Greeting and Paul's introduction (1:1-7)
Paul's desire to visit Rome (1:8-15)
Theme statement: The gospel's power for salvation (1:16-17)

The Universality of Sin and the Need for Righteousness (1:18-3:20)

Humanity's rejection of God and idolatry (1:18-32)
Condemnation of all humanity, both Gentiles and Jews (2:1-3:8)
The universality of sin and the absence of righteousness (3:9-20)

Justification by Faith (3:21-5:21)

God's righteousness revealed through faith in Jesus Christ (3:21-31)
Abraham's example of faith (4:1-25)
Results of justification: peace with God, hope, and reconciliation (5:1-11)
Adam and Christ: comparison of sin and righteousness (5:12-21)

Freedom from Sin and New Life in Christ (6:1-8:39)

Freedom from sin and union with Christ (6:1-14)
Slaves to righteousness and instruments of God (6:15-23)
The Law, the flesh, and life in the Spirit (7:1-25)
Life in the Spirit, no condemnation, and the believer's future (8:1-17)
The believer's future glory and God's love (8:18-39)

God's Faithfulness to Israel (9:1-11:36)

Paul's concern for Israel's rejection of Christ (9:1-5)
God's sovereignty in choosing Israel and Gentiles (9:6-29)
Israel's stumbling and Gentile inclusion (9:30-10:21)
Israel's present rejection and future restoration (11:1-32)

4
Doxology: The depth of God's wisdom and knowledge (11:33-36)

Living a Transformed Life (12:1-15:13)

Transformation through renewed minds and spiritual gifts (12:1-8)
Love, humility, and harmony in the Christian community (12:9-21)
Submission to authorities and love for others (13:1-14)
Strong and weak believers: Unity and mutual consideration (14:1-15:13)

Paul's Plans and Greetings (15:14-16:27)

Paul's ministry and the gospel to the Gentiles (15:14-33)
Personal greetings and commendations (16:1-16)
Warning against divisions and greetings from associates (16:17-24)
Benediction and doxology (16:25-27)

Purpose and Theology

Purpose of the Book of Romans:
The primary purpose of the Book of Romans is to provide a comprehensive explanation
of the Christian gospel and its implications. The letter addresses theological, doctrinal, and
practical issues that were relevant to both Jewish and Gentile believers. Paul's overarching goal
is to establish a firm theological foundation for the Roman church and to prepare the believers
for his eventual visit.

The letter also addresses potential tensions between Jewish and Gentile Christians,
emphasizing the unity and equality of all believers under Christ. Through his teachings, Paul
aims to clarify the relationship between faith and works, Law and grace, and God's redemptive
plan for both Jews and Gentiles. Ultimately, the Book of Romans seeks to deepen the Roman
believers' understanding of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ and to encourage them to
live transformed lives in response to God's grace.

5
Theology of the Book of Romans:
The Book of Romans covers a wide range of theological topics and provides a systematic
exposition of key Christian doctrines. Some of the prominent theological themes in Romans
include:
Sin and Human Depravity: Paul begins by highlighting humanity's universal sinfulness and
need for redemption. He argues that all have fallen short of God's standard and are in need of
God's righteousness.
Justification by Faith: A central theme of the book, Paul emphasizes that justification—being
declared righteous before God—is achieved not through adherence to the Law but through faith
in Jesus Christ. This righteousness is a gift from God and is received by believing in Christ's
sacrificial death and resurrection.
Grace and God's Love: Paul underscores the concept of God's grace, emphasizing that
salvation is not earned but is a result of God's unmerited favor. He highlights God's love for
humanity demonstrated through Christ's atonement.
The Role of the Law: Paul clarifies that the Law, while important, cannot save or justify
anyone. He explains that Christ's death fulfills the Law's requirements and provides a new way
of righteousness.
Life in the Spirit: Paul contrasts life in the Spirit with life in the flesh. He discusses the
transformative power of the Holy Spirit, who empowers believers to live according to God's
will and to overcome sin.
God's Sovereignty: Paul addresses God's sovereignty in choosing both Israel and Gentiles as
part of His redemptive plan. He reflects on God's wisdom and ways, acknowledging that His
decisions are beyond human understanding.
The Believer's Identity: Paul emphasizes that believers are united with Christ, experiencing a
new identity as "in Christ." This new identity brings freedom from condemnation and
empowers believers to live righteous lives.
Practical Christian Living: The latter sections of the book offer practical guidance for
Christian living, covering topics such as humility, love, submission to authorities, and the
importance of unity within the body of believers.

6
Eschatology
The Book of Romans addresses eschatological themes, particularly in chapters 8 and 11,
although it doesn't provide a detailed eschatological framework as some other New Testament
writings do. Instead, it touches on certain eschatological aspects in the broader context of its
theological discussions.
Future Glory and Redemption (Romans 8:18-25): In Romans 8, Paul speaks of the "glory
that will be revealed in us" (Romans 8:18) and the creation itself waiting for its own
"redemption." This language suggests an eschatological dimension, where believers anticipate
a future glory and redemption that will be fully realized at the culmination of God's redemptive
plan.
Resurrection (Romans 8:11): In Romans 8:11, Paul mentions the resurrection of the body, a
significant eschatological concept. He connects the indwelling Spirit with the assurance of
resurrection, pointing to the future hope of believers when they will be raised from the dead.
Future Salvation of Israel (Romans 11:25-26): In Romans 11, Paul discusses the restoration
of Israel, describing it as a "mystery" and a future event. He suggests that "all Israel will be
saved" when the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. This passage has been a subject of
eschatological discussion and interpretation concerning the role of Israel in God's
eschatological plan.
Romans 13:11-12 (NIV): "And do this, understanding the present time: The hour has already
come for you to wake up from your slumber, because our salvation is nearer now than when
we first believed. The night is nearly over; the day is almost here. So let us put aside the deeds
of darkness and put on the armor of light." In this passage, Paul encourages believers to be
vigilant and live in a manner that reflects the imminence of Christ's return.
In these verses, the language suggests a sense of imminence regarding the return of Christ. Paul
encourages believers to recognize that their salvation is drawing nearer and that the day of
Christ's return is approaching. This exhortation is a call to live in readiness and moral purity in
anticipation of Christ's return.
However, it's essential to understand that the New Testament contains a tension between the
sense of imminence and the uncertainty of the timing of Christ's return. While the early
Christians believed in the imminent return of Christ, as reflected in passages like those in
Romans, they also recognized that the specific timing was known only to God.

Pneumatology
The Book of Romans contains several references to the Holy Spirit and pneumatological
(related to the Holy Spirit) themes. While Romans is primarily a theological and soteriological
(salvation-related) letter, it does provide insights into the role and work of the Holy Spirit.

7
Indwelling of the Holy Spirit: Romans 8:9-11 discusses the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in
believers. This passage emphasizes that if the Spirit of God dwells in someone, they belong to
Christ and have the Spirit of Christ. The Spirit is described as the one who raised Jesus from
the dead and will give life to believers' mortal bodies.
Leading and Guiding: In Romans 8:14, Paul writes, "For all who are led by the Spirit of God
are sons of God." This verse suggests that the Holy Spirit plays a role in guiding and leading
believers in their Christian walk.
Assurance of Adoption: Romans 8:15-16 speaks of the Spirit of adoption, through whom
believers cry out, "Abba, Father." This passage highlights the work of the Holy Spirit in
assuring believers of their status as children of God.
Prayer and Intercession: Romans 8:26-27 discusses the Holy Spirit's role in intercession. It
mentions that the Spirit helps believers in their weakness and intercedes for them with
groanings too deep for words, aligning with the Spirit's work in prayer.
Fruits of the Spirit: While the specific list of the fruits of the Spirit is found in Galatians 5:22-
23, the concept of bearing spiritual fruit is applicable to the discussion of the Holy Spirit's work
in a believer's life. Romans 7 and 8 explore the struggle between the flesh and the Spirit and
the transformation that occurs through the Spirit's work.
Witness of the Spirit: In Romans 8:16, Paul mentions that the Spirit bears witness with our
spirit that we are children of God. This highlights the Holy Spirit's role in confirming the
believer's identity in Christ.
Spiritual Gifts: Although not extensively discussed in Romans, the concept of spiritual gifts
is part of pneumatology. Romans 12:6-8 briefly mentions various spiritual gifts and their use
within the body of Christ.

Christology
The Book of Romans contains significant Christological themes and teachings that contribute
to the understanding of who Jesus Christ is and His role in salvation.
Divine Nature of Christ: In Romans, Jesus is consistently presented as the Son of God. Paul
affirms the divinity of Jesus Christ in Romans 1:3-4 when he writes that Jesus is "the Son of
God with power." This emphasizes Jesus' divine nature and authority.
Messiah and Fulfillment of Prophecy: Paul demonstrates how Jesus fulfills Old Testament
prophecies concerning the Messiah. For example, in Romans 1:2-3, he mentions that the
Gospel was promised beforehand in the Holy Scriptures and concerns Jesus, the descendant of
David, pointing to the fulfillment of Messianic prophecies.
Sacrificial Death and Atonement: Romans expounds on the significance of Jesus' sacrificial
death on the cross. In Romans 3:25-26, Paul explains that God presented Jesus as a propitiation

8
for sins, demonstrating God's righteousness and justice. This underscores Jesus' role as the
atoning sacrifice for humanity's sins.
Resurrection: The resurrection of Jesus is a pivotal Christological theme in Romans. Romans
1:4 states that Jesus was "declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of
holiness by his resurrection from the dead." His resurrection confirms His divine identity and
authority.
Lordship of Christ: Romans emphasizes the lordship of Jesus Christ. In Romans 10:9, Paul
declares that "if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that
God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." This confession of Jesus as Lord is central
to the Christian faith.
Mediator between God and Humanity: Romans portrays Jesus as the mediator who
reconciles humanity to God. In Romans 5:1-2, Paul explains that through Jesus, believers have
gained access to God's grace and stand in His favor.
Victory Over Sin and Death: Romans underscores that through Jesus, believers have victory
over sin and death. Romans 6:23 states, "For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God
is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord." Christ's redemptive work secures eternal life for
believers.

Ecclesiology
The Book of Romans addresses various ecclesiological (related to the church) themes.
The Universal Church: Romans emphasizes the universality of the Gospel message and its
availability to all people, both Jews and Gentiles. This has significant ecclesiological
implications as it underscores the idea that the church is not limited to a specific ethnicity or
group but includes believers from all nations. Romans 1:16 expresses this inclusivity, stating
that the Gospel is "the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes, first for the
Jew, then for the Gentile."
Unity in Christ: While addressing the tension between Jewish and Gentile believers, Romans
stresses the unity of the church in Christ. Romans 15:5-7 encourages believers to "live in
harmony with one another" and "accept one another, then, just as Christ accepted you, in order
to bring praise to God." This unity in Christ is a foundational ecclesiological principle.
The Church as the Body of Christ: Although the specific term "Body of Christ" is more fully
developed in other New Testament letters, the concept is implicit in Romans. Romans 12:4-5
speaks of believers as members of one body in Christ, each having different functions. This
reflects the idea of the church as the body of Christ, with Christ as the head.
The Role of Spiritual Gifts: Romans 12:6-8 briefly mentions various spiritual gifts within the
context of the church. These gifts are seen as resources provided by God for the building up of
the body of believers, contributing to the ecclesiological understanding of the church as a
community with diverse but complementary gifts.

9
Ministry and Service in the Church: Romans 12 also discusses the practical aspects of service
and ministry within the church. This includes exhortations to exercise spiritual gifts, contribute
to the needs of the saints, and practice hospitality, all of which have ecclesiological implications
for the functioning of the Christian community.
Jew and Gentile Relations: Romans 11 addresses the relationship between Jewish and Gentile
believers in the context of the church. It discusses the idea that Gentiles have been grafted into
the "olive tree" of God's people, which has significant ecclesiological implications for the
composition of the church.

Relevance
The Book of Romans remains remarkably relevant today due to its timeless exploration of
fundamental theological concepts and its practical guidance for Christian living. Here are some
reasons why the book continues to be relevant for contemporary readers:
1. Understanding Salvation and Justification: In a world seeking purpose and salvation,
Romans provides clear teachings on how salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ and not
through human efforts. This message resonates with people searching for meaning and
struggling with feelings of inadequacy or unworthiness.
2. Addressing Divisions and Unity: Contemporary society is marked by diverse cultures,
backgrounds, and beliefs. Romans addresses the issue of division between Jewish and Gentile
believers and emphasizes the unity of all believers under Christ. Its message of breaking down
barriers and fostering unity is crucial in promoting reconciliation and harmony in diverse
communities.
3. Clarifying Law and Grace: The tension between legalism and grace persists in Christian
circles. Romans clarifies the role of the Law and underscores the central role of God's grace in
salvation. This message counteracts legalistic tendencies and highlights the unmerited favor of
God.
4. Navigating Ethical Challenges: Romans delves into ethical issues like submission to
authorities, love for others, and responsible Christian living. These teachings offer guidance in
navigating contemporary ethical dilemmas and making decisions that align with biblical
principles.
5. Transformative Power of the Holy Spirit: The concept of living in the Spirit and
experiencing transformation is relevant for those seeking personal growth, inner healing, and
empowerment to overcome challenges. Romans offers hope that the Holy Spirit can guide and
empower believers to live victorious lives.
6. Relevance to Suffering and Weakness: Paul's discussion of suffering and weakness
resonates with individuals facing challenges, difficulties, or feelings of inadequacy. Romans
reminds readers that God's strength is made perfect in weakness.

10
7. Promoting Genuine Love and Humility: Romans emphasizes the importance of genuine
love, humility, and putting others' needs before our own. In a world often marked by selfishness
and pride, these teachings have profound relevance for building healthy relationships and
nurturing a compassionate society.
8. Cultivating a Balanced Faith: The tension between faith and works is a common struggle.
Romans clarifies that while salvation is by faith, true faith produces righteous living. This
balance challenges believers to authentically live out their faith.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Book of Romans stands as a theological masterpiece and a timeless beacon
of spiritual guidance. Its profound exploration of salvation, grace, faith, and Christian living
continues to illuminate the hearts and minds of believers across the centuries. Through its
pages, readers encounter the depth of God's redemptive plan, the transformative power of the
Gospel, and the unshakable foundation of faith in Jesus Christ. Romans addresses the human
condition, offering hope to the broken, wisdom to the seeking, and direction to the lost.
As we journey through the Book of Romans, we discover that its message remains as
relevant today as it was when it was first penned. It speaks to the complexities of our modern
world, guiding us through ethical dilemmas, unity amidst diversity, and the challenges of living
a faithful life. Romans reminds us of the all-encompassing love of God, the liberating power
of His grace, and the assurance of eternal life through Christ.
In a world seeking purpose, truth, and meaning, the Book of Romans invites us to delve
deep into the profound theology it presents. It calls us to renew our minds, transform our hearts,
and respond to God's mercy with lives dedicated to His service. As we close the pages of this
letter, we are left with a resounding call to live out our faith with humility, love, and unwavering
trust in the God who, through His redemptive plan, offers reconciliation, restoration, and
everlasting hope. The message of Romans endures—a timeless testament to the enduring power
of God's Word in the lives of believers.

Bibliography
1. Dunn, James D. G. "The Epistle to the Romans." The New International Greek
Testament Commentary. Eerdmans, 1988.
2. Moo, Douglas J. "The Epistle to the Romans." The New International Commentary on
the New Testament. Eerdmans, 1996.
3. Cranfield, C. E. B. "A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the
Romans." International Critical Commentary. T&T Clark, 2004.
4. Schreiner, Thomas R. "Romans." Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New
Testament. Baker Academic, 1998.

11