Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Calculating Bandwidth Requirements

• Instructional Objectives
• Perform Traffic Forecasts
• Calculate CODEC Frame Size
• Calculate CODEC Frame Length
• Calculate Operating Bandwidth
• Calculate Protocol Overhead
• Calculate Total Bandwidth

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Traffic Forecasts - Definitions
• 1 Erlang = 1 circuit / 60 minutes holding time
=2 circuits / 30 minutes ea
=3 circuits / 20 minutes ea
=5 circuits / 12 minutes ea
and so on.
• 1 hour of total carried load
• MoU = Minutes of telephone Usage per subscriber (sub)
• MHT = Mean Holding Time = Average Call Length
• BHCA = Busy Hour Call Attempts
• BHCC = Busy Hour Call Completions
• GoS = Grade of Service is the Probability that the first
call attempt will be blocked (busy, re-order) during the
busy hour.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Traffic Forecasts
• A network should be designed to handle
a forecasted load. There is no sense in
designing to the current load if growth is
anticipated.
• Various assumptions need to be made
and research performed in order to
forecast the traffic.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Traffic Forecasts
• For a Voice Network, we need to know
the following:

• Projected Subscriber Base

• Minutes of Use per subscriber (MoU)
per month.
• % of use that will occur during the
‘busy hour’.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Traffic Forecasts - Example
• Assumptions:
• Average LD Sub uses 120 MoU / month
• 21 work days per month
• 60 / 40 split weekdays / weekends
• 20% of traffic is busy hour
• Calculations for MoU / Sub / busy hour
• (120 * .6 * .2) / 21 = .686 MoU / sub / busy hour
= .686 / 60 Erlangs / sub / bh
= .0114 Erlangs / sub / bh

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Traffic Forecasts - Example
• Assumptions:
• MHT = 5 minutes (300s)
• Calculations
• Since we know that during the busy hour,
there are .686 MoU / sub, then
there are .686 / 5 = 0.137 call attempts per
sub per bh.
• Alternatively, knowing that there are .0144
Erlangs of traffic / sub / bh, there are
.0144 * 3600 / 300 = 0.137 call attempts per
sub per bh
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Traffic Forecasts - Example

• Assumptions:
• Subscriber base = 100000
• Calculations
• # of LD busy hour call attempts =
number of subscribers * BHCA
= 100000 * .137 = 13,700
• Note that the above is for outbound calls
only, not for any inbound calls.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Traffic Forecasts – Trunk Calculations

• Using Erlang ‘B’ tables – need to know 2
of carried load, # of trunks, % blocking.
• Typically, we want to calculate # of
trunks, given the carried load (Erlangs)
and GoS (Grade of Service)

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Grade of Sevice (Calls Blocked)

Trunks 0.001 (1 0.002 (1 0.005 (1 0.01 (1 per .02 (1 per 0.05 (1 per
per 1000) per 500) per 200) 100) 50) 20)

10 3.09 3.43 3.96 4.46 5.08 6.22

11 3.65 4.02 4.61 5.16 5.84 7.08
12 4.23 4.64 5.28 5.88 6.62 7.95

Assume 10 inbound trunks, 4.5 Erlangs of busy-hour traffic.

Find the GOS.
From the table, the GOS is close to .01 (1 blocked call per 100)

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Grade of Sevice (Calls Blocked)

Trunks 0.001 (1 0.002 (1 0.005 (1 0.01 (1 per .02 (1 per 0.05 (1 per
per 1000) per 500) per 200) 100) 50) 20)

10 3.09 3.43 3.96 4.46 5.08 6.22

11 3.65 4.02 4.61 5.16 5.84 7.08
12 4.23 4.64 5.28 5.88 6.62 7.95

Want to improve GOS to 0.002 (1 blocked per 500) with 4.5 Erlangs
12 Trunks required – the closest to 4.5 Erlangs – always round up since it
is not possible to install a fractional trunk.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
N/B 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3
1 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.0101 0.0204 0.0526 0.1111 0.1765 0.25 0.4286
2 0.0142 0.0321 0.0458 0.1054 0.1526 0.2235 0.3813 0.5954 0.7962 1 1.449
3 0.0868 0.1517 0.1938 0.349 0.4555 0.6022 0.8994 1.271 1.603 1.93 2.633
4 0.2347 0.3624 0.4393 0.7012 0.8694 1.092 1.525 2.045 2.501 2.945 3.891
5 0.452 0.6486 0.7621 1.132 1.361 1.657 2.219 2.881 3.454 4.01 5.189
6 0.7282 0.9957 1.146 1.622 1.909 2.276 2.96 3.758 4.445 5.109 6.514
7 1.054 1.392 1.579 2.158 2.501 2.935 3.738 4.666 5.461 6.23 7.856
8 1.422 1.83 2.051 2.73 3.128 3.627 4.543 5.597 6.498 7.369 9.213
9 1.826 2.302 2.558 3.333 3.783 4.345 5.37 6.546 7.551 8.522 10.58
10 2.26 2.803 3.092 3.961 4.461 5.084 6.216 7.511 8.616 9.685 11.95
11 2.722 3.329 3.651 4.61 5.16 5.842 7.076 8.487 9.691 10.86 13.33
12 3.207 3.878 4.231 5.279 5.876 6.615 7.95 9.474 10.78 12.04 14.72
13 3.713 4.447 4.831 5.964 6.607 7.402 8.835 10.47 11.87 13.22 16.11
14 4.239 5.032 5.446 6.663 7.352 8.2 9.73 11.47 12.97 14.41 17.5
15 4.781 5.634 6.077 7.376 8.108 9.01 10.63 12.48 14.07 15.61 18.9
16 5.339 6.25 6.722 8.1 8.875 9.828 11.54 13.5 15.18 16.81 20.3
17 5.911 6.878 7.378 8.834 9.652 10.66 12.46 14.52 16.29 18.01 21.7
18 6.496 7.519 8.046 9.578 10.44 11.49 13.39 15.55 17.41 19.22 23.1
19 7.093 8.17 8.724 10.33 11.23 12.33 14.32 16.58 18.53 20.42 24.51
20 7.701 8.831 9.412 11.09 12.03 13.18 15.25 17.61 19.65 21.64 25.92

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

With Respect to the Previous Erlang B table:

1. What GOS can you expect if you have 15 inbound trunks and expect
7.2 Erlangs of traffic during the busy hour?
2. How many inbound trunks should you provision if you expect 4.231
Erlangs of inbound busy hour traffic and can accept 1 blocked call in
50?
3. If a company experiences 1 blocked call in 10 with 14 in-service
trunks, how many Erlangs of inbound traffic are they experiencing
during the busy hour?

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Calculating Bandwidth for VoIP Circuits

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• CODEC Frame (Sample) Size

• Number of milliseconds (ms) of voice
represented by the frame.

• CODEC Frame Length

• Number of bits required to represent the frame
size.

• CODEC Operating Bandwidth

• Equals the number of frames per second times
the frame length.

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 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Examples
• A CODEC has an operating bandwidth of 64Kbs.
The frame length is 8 bits. Calculate the frame
(sample) size.
• Solution
• Number of frames produced per second =
64000/8
= 8000.
• The frame size = 1 / 8000 = .00125 seconds
= .125ms.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Examples
• A CODEC has a frame size of .250ms
and a frame length of 1 byte
• What is the operating bandwidth
• Solution
• Number of frames produced / second
= 1 / .00025 = 4000
• Bandwidth = 4000 * 8 bits = 32Kbs

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 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Examples
• A CODEC has a frame size of .250ms and a
frame length of 1 byte. A number of frames are
placed into an IP packet such that 10ms of voice
is represented. How many packets per second
are generated, and how many frames are in
each packet?
• Solution
• # of packets per second = 1 / .01 = 100
• # of frames per packet = 10ms / .250ms = 40.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Examples
• A CODEC has a frame size of .250ms and a
frame length of 1 byte. A number of frames are
placed into an IP packet such that 10ms of voice
is represented. What is the resulting bandwidth
required to support voice, exclusive of protocol
overhead?
• Solution (second solution → same problem as
before)
• # of packets per second = 1 / .01 = 100
• # of frames per packet = 10ms / .250ms = 40.
• Each packet has 40 * 8 bits of voice data
• Total
Go To First Slide
bandwidth = 100 * 40 * 8 = 32Kbs
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Š Protocol Overhead
Protocol Header Trailer
802.3 Ethernet 24 bytes 4 bytes
PPP 5 bytes 3 bytes
IP 20 bytes N/A
UDP 8 bytes N/A
TCP 20 bytes N/A
ATM 5 bytes N/A
Frame Relay (FR) 3 bytes 5 bytes
RTP 12 bytes N/A
MPLS 4 bytes N/A

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Effects of Protocol Overhead
• From the previous chart, we can calculate the total
protocol overhead.
• Example
• How much protocol overhead per packet is used if
voice samples are encapsulated within RTP over UDP
over IP over Ethernet?
• Answer:
• 24 + 20 + 8 + 12 + 4 = 68 Bytes = 544 bits
Enet IP UDP RTP Sample Payload Enet
Header Header Header Header Trailer
24 Bytes 20 Bytes 8 Bytes 12 Bytes 4 Bytes

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Effects of Protocol Overhead
• Example
• How much protocol overhead per packet is used if
voice samples are encapsulated within RTP over UDP
over IP over Ethernet, using MPLS?
• Answer:
• 24 + 4 + 20 + 8 + 12 + 4 = 72 Bytes = 576 bits
Enet MPLS IP UDP RTP Sample Payload Enet
Header Header Header Header Header Trailer
24 Bytes 4 bytes 20 Bytes 8 Bytes 12 Bytes 4 Bytes

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• A CODEC represents 30ms of voice by using 12 Bytes of
data. How much bandwidth is required, including protocol
overhead if the flow is over an Ethernet network and there
is one sample per packet?
• Answer: Assuming RTP over UDP over IP over Ethernet,
the per packet protocol overhead is 68 Bytes.
• There are 1000 / 30 packets generated per second.
• There is (1000 / 30) * 68Bps of protocol overhead.
• There is (1000 / 30) * 12Bps of payload.
• Total Bandwidth required = (1000/30)(68+12)*8bps
≐ 21.3Kbps

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• A CODEC represents 25ms of voice by using 16 Bytes of
data. How much bandwidth is required, including protocol
overhead if the flow is over an Ethernet network and there
are two samples per packet?
• Answer: Assuming RTP over UDP over IP over Ethernet,
the per packet protocol overhead is 68 Bytes.
• Each packet represents 50ms of voice payload with 32
Bytes
• There are 1000 / 50 packets generated per second.
• There is (1000 / 50) * 68Bps of protocol overhead.
• There is (1000 / 50) * 32Bps of payload.
• Total Bandwidth required = (1000/50)(68+32)*8bps
= 16Kbps
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• A CODEC represents 10ms of voice by using 10 Bytes of
data. How much bandwidth is required, including protocol
overhead if the flow is over an Ethernet network and there
are 4 samples per packet? Assume the use of RTCP as well.
• Answer: Assuming RTP over UDP over IP over Ethernet, the
per packet protocol overhead is 68 Bytes.
• Each packet represents 40ms of voice payload with 40 Bytes
• There are 1000 / 40 packets generated per second.
• There is (1000 / 40) * 68Bps of protocol overhead.
• There is (1000 / 40) * 40Bps of payload.
• Total Bandwidth required = (1000/40)(68+40)*8bps*1.05

Go To First Slide = 22.68Kbps

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• A CODEC represents 10ms of voice by using 12
Bytes of data. How much bandwidth is required
in each network segment, including protocol
overhead if the flow is over an Ethernet network
to a router which uses PPP to the next hop and
there are 2 samples per packet? Assume the use
of RTCP and MPLS as well.
• Analysis – this question has two parts. We need
to calculate the bandwidth over the LAN to the
ingress port of the router, and then from the
egress port of the router over the serial PPP link.
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• Answer – LAN to the router ingress port: Assuming RTP over
UDP over IP over Ethernet, the per packet protocol overhead
is 68 bytes.
• Each packet represents 20ms of voice payload with 24 Bytes
• There are 1000 / 20 packets generated per second.
• There is (1000 / 20) * 68Bps of protocol overhead.
• There is (1000 / 20) * 24Bps of payload.
• Total Bandwidth required = (1000/20)(68+24)*8bps*1.05
= 38.64Kbps

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Example continued.
• Answer – router egress port: Assuming RTP over UDP over
IP over PPP and MPLS, the per packet protocol overhead is
5 + 4 + 20 + 8 + 12 + 3 = 52 bytes.
• Each packet represents 20ms of voice payload with 24 Bytes
• There are 1000 / 20 packets generated per second.
• There is (1000 / 20) * 52Bps of protocol overhead.
• There is (1000 / 20) * 24Bps of payload.
• Total Bandwidth required = (1000/20)(52+24)*8bps*1.05
= 31.92Kbps
PPP MPLS IP UDP RTP Sample Payload PPP
Header Header Header Header Header Trailer
5 Bytes 4 bytes 20 Bytes 8 Bytes 12 Bytes 3 Bytes

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 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• Using G.711 and 20ms of voice per packet, how
much LAN bandwidth is required, assuming also
RTCP?
• Answer – recall that G.711 represents .125ms of
voice with 1 Byte.
• Assuming RTP over UDP over IP over Ethernet, the
per packet protocol overhead is 68 Bytes.
• 20ms of voice would be represented by
(20 / .125) = 160 G.711 frames = 160 Bytes.
• There are 1000 / 20 packets per second
• Total bandwidth = (1000/20)*(68+160)*8*1.05
Go To First Slide = 95.76Kbps Side 28
©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Calculating total bandwidth requirements per
media flow - Example.
• Using G.711 and 30ms of voice per packet, how
much LAN bandwidth is required, assuming also
RTCP?
• Answer – recall that G.711 represents .125ms of
voice with 1 Byte.
• Assuming RTP over UDP over IP over Ethernet, the
per packet protocol overhead is 68 Bytes.
• 30ms of voice would be represented by
(30 / .125) = 240 G.711 frames = 240 Bytes.
• There are 1000 / 30 packets per second
• Total bandwidth = (1000/30)*(68+240)*8*1.05
Go To First Slide = 86.240Kbps Side 29
©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

1. There are 20 IP Softphones at location ‘A’. Each Softphone

is using the G.729 CODEC, which operates at 8Kbps.
Assuming a 3 – 10ms samples per packet, PPP over a
fractional T1 to location ‘B’, how many simultaneous calls
could be made from A to B if the fractional T1 was operating
at 768Kbps?
2. As above, but assume a 10Mbps Ethernet link between A
and B.
3. As in 1, but assume G.723.1-5.3K CODEC. G.723.1-5.3K
produces frame sizes of 30ms. Each frame has 3 control
bits. Assume 1 frame per packet, and MPLS.
4. As in 3, with G.723.1-6.3K CODEC. Frame size is 30ms and
3 control bits per frame.
5. As in 3, but assuming a full T1 rate.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Š Bandwidth for VoIP Links

– Solving bandwidth requirements for various network
and CODEC configurations

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Š Bandwidth for VoIP Links

Š Example Question:

– 20 IP Softphones installed in location B

– All in and outbound calls must go through
location A
– A to B link is a fractional T1 @ 768 Kb/s
– G.729 Codec used
– Each IP Softphone Au = 36 CCS (1 Erlang) during
the busy hour.
– Do we have sufficient bandwidth?

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š Assume PPP over the T1 and no RTCP or MPLS
Š Solution
– Assume also 1 voice frame per packet.
– Each Softphone ‘consumes’ 1 trunk group member during the busy
hour
– G.729 operates at 8 Kb/s and produces 10ms voice frames (given).
– There are 1000 / 10 = 100 voice frames per second.
– Each voice frame has 8000 / 100 = 80 bits = 10Bytes
– Each packet has 48 bytes of overhead (RTP, UDP, IP, PPP)
– Total packet size = 58 bytes.
– Bandwidth per softphone = 100 * 58 * 8 = 46.4Kbps
– Total number of phone supported by 768Kbps = 768 / 46.4 = 16.6 (16
since can’t have a partial phone.
– More bandwidth is needed, since we only have 768 Kb/s
– Note that it would be worse if we were also using RTCP and / or MPLS.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Š Bandwidth for VoIP Links

Š Example Question:

– The same as the previous question, but assume

4 voice frames per packet and RTCP.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š Assume PPP over the T1 and no MPLS
Š Solution
– Each Softphone ‘consumes’ 1 trunk group member during the busy
hour
– G.729 operates at 8 Kb/s and produces 10ms voice frames (given).
– Total voice size in each packet = 4 * 10 = 40ms
– There are 1000 / 40 = 25 groups of 4 voice frames per second.
– 4 voice frames have 8000 / 25 = 320 bits = 40 Bytes
– Each packet has 48 bytes of overhead (RTP, UDP, IP, PPP)
– Total packet size = 40 + 48 = 88 bytes.
– Bandwidth per softphone = 25 * 88 * 8 * 1.05 = 18.48 Kbps
– Total number of phone supported by 768 Kbps = 768 / 18.48 = 41.5
(41 since can’t have a partial phone.
– We have more than enough bandwidth.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š How many DS0s are required to support 40 concurrent
IPSoftphones using G.723-6.3K with 30ms frames and PPP, MPLS,
and RTCP?
– Note that there are an additional 3 control bits per frame.
™ Assuming 1 voice frame per packet, there are 1000 / 30 frames
per second.
™ There are (1000 / 30) * 3 = 100 controls bits / second.
™ Total CODEC bandwidth = 6.4Kbps
™ Bits per voice frame
= 6400 / (1000 / 30)
= 192 bits = 24 Bytes
™ There is 52 Bytes of Protocol overhead (RTP, UDP, IP, PPP, MPLS)
™ Bandwidth per Softphone = (1000 / 30)*(24 + 52)* 8 *1.05
= 21.28Kbps
™ Per 40 Softphones = 21.28Kpbs * 40 = 851.2Kb/s
™ #of DS0s = 851.2 / 64 = 13.3 (a DS0 is 64Kbps) (14 DS0s)
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š How many DS1s are required to support 400 concurrent
IPSoftphones using G.723-6.3K with 30ms frames and PPP, MPLS,
and RTCP?
– Note that there are an additional 3 control bits per frame.
™ Assuming 1 voice frame per packet, there are 1000 / 30 frames
per second.
™ There are (1000 / 30) * 3 = 100 controls bits / second.
™ Total CODEC bandwidth = 6.4Kbps
™ Bits per voice frame
= 6400 / (1000 / 30)
= 192 bits = 24 Bytes
™ There is 52 Bytes of Protocol overhead (RTP, UDP, IP, PPP, MPLS)
™ Bandwidth per Softphone = (1000 / 30)*(24 + 52)* 8 *1.05
= 21.28Kbps
™ Per 400 Softphones = 21.28Kpbs * 400 = 8512Kb/s
™ #of DS1s = 8512 / (64*24) = 5.54 (a DS1 is 24*64Kbps)
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š How many DS1s are required to support 400
concurrent IPSoftphones using G.723-6.3K
with 30ms frames and PPP, MPLS, and
RTCP?
™#of DS1s = 8512 / (64*24) = 5.54 (a DS1
is 24*64Kbps)
™How many DS0s does the .54 DS1
represent?
™.54 *24 = 13.
™So, a complete analysis would be 5 DS1s
and fractional DS1 of 13 channels.

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 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š How many DS0s are required to support 100 concurrent
IPSoftphones using G.723-5.3K with 30ms frames and PPP, MPLS,
and RTCP?
– Note: the CODEC voice frame is 158 bits, with 2 control bits
(indicating either 5.3 or 6.3K) for a total of 160 bits or 20
Bytes. This is not obvious from the name of the CODEC.
™ Assuming 1 voice frame per packet, there are 1000 / 30
frames per second.
™ There are 52 Bytes of Protocol overhead (RTP, UDP, IP, PPP,
MPLS)
™ Bandwidth per Softphone = (1000 / 30)*(20 + 52)* 8 *1.05
= 20.16Kbps
™ Per 100 Softphones = 20.16Kpbs * 100 = 2016Kb/s
™ #of DS0s = 2016 / 64 = 31.5 → 32, since can’t have a
fractional DS0 (a DS0 is 64Kbps)
™ Equivalently, we could have 1 DS1, and a fractional DS1
with 8 channels.
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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

n Loss probability (E) n

0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
1 .00001 .00005 .00010 .00050 .00100 .00200 .00301 .00402 .00503 .00604 1
2 .00448 .01005 .01425 .03213 .04576 .06534 .08064 .09373 .10540 .11608 2
3 .03980 .06849 .08683 .15170 .19384 .24872 .28851 .32099 .34900 .37395 3
4 .12855 .19554 .23471 .36236 .43927 .53503 .60209 .65568 .70120 .74124 4
5 .27584 .38851 .45195 .64857 .76212 .89986 .99446 1.0692 1.1320 1.1870 5
6 .47596 .63923 .72826 .99567 1.1459 1.3252 1.4468 1.5421 1.6218 1.6912 6
7 .72378 .93919 1.0541 1.3922 1.5786 1.7984 1.9463 2.0614 2.1575 2.2408 7
8 1.0133 1.2816 1.4219 1.8298 2.0513 2.3106 2.4837 2.6181 2.7299 2.8266 8
9 1.3391 1.6595 1.8256 2.3016 2.5575 2.8549 3.0526 3.2057 3.3326 3.4422 9
10 1.6970 2.0689 2.2601 2.8028 3.0920 3.4265 3.6480 3.8190 3.9607 4.0829 10

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

n Loss probability (E) n

0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
11 2.0849 2.5059 2.7216 3.3294 3.6511 4.0215 4.2661 4.4545 4.6104 4.7447 11
12 2.4958 2.9671 3.2072 3.8781 4.2314 4.6368 4.9038 5.1092 5.2789 5.425 12
13 2.9294 3.45 3.7136 4.4465 4.8306 5.27 5.5588 5.7807 5.9638 6.1214 13
14 3.3834 3.9523 4.2388 5.0324 5.4464 5.919 6.2291 6.467 6.6632 6.832 14
15 3.8559 4.4721 4.7812 5.6339 6.0772 6.5822 6.913 7.1665 7.3755 7.5552 15
16 4.3453 5.0079 5.339 6.2496 6.7215 7.2582 7.6091 7.878 8.0995 8.2898 16
17 4.8502 5.5583 5.911 6.8782 7.3781 7.9457 8.3164 8.6003 8.834 9.0347 17
18 5.3693 6.122 6.4959 7.5186 8.0459 8.6437 9.0339 9.3324 9.578 9.7889 18
19 5.9016 6.698 7.0927 8.1698 8.7239 9.3515 9.7606 10.073 10.331 10.552 19
20 6.446 7.2854 7.7005 8.831 9.4115 10.068 10.496 10.823 11.092 11.322 20

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 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
n Loss probability (E) n
0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

21 7.0017 7.8834 8.3186 9.5014 10.108 10.793 11.239 11.580 11.860 12.100 21
22 7.5680 8.4926 8.9462 10.180 10.812 11.525 11.989 12.344 12.635 12.885 22
23 8.1443 9.1095 9.5826 10.868 11.524 12.265 12.746 13.114 13.416 13.676 23
24 8.7298 9.7351 10.227 11.562 12.243 13.011 13.510 13.891 14.204 14.472 24
25 9.3240 10.369 10.880 12.264 12.969 13.763 14.279 14.673 14.997 15.274 25
26 9.9265 11.010 11.540 12.972 13.701 14.522 15.054 15.461 15.795 16.081 26
27 10.537 11.659 12.207 13.686 14.439 15.285 15.835 16.254 16.598 16.893 27
28 11.154 12.314 12.880 14.406 15.182 16.054 16.620 17.051 17.406 17.709 28
29 11.779 12.976 13.560 15.132 15.930 16.828 17.410 17.853 18.218 18.530 29
30 12.417 13.644 14.246 15.863 16.684 17.606 18.204 18.660 19.034 19.355 30

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
n Loss probability (E) n

0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

31 13.054 14.318 14.937 16.599 17.442 18.389 19.002 19.47 19.854 20.183 31

32 13.697 14.998 15.633 17.34 18.205 19.176 19.805 20.284 20.678 21.015 32

33 14.346 15.682 16.335 18.085 18.972 19.966 20.611 21.102 21.505 21.85 33

34 15.001 16.372 17.041 18.835 19.743 20.761 21.421 21.923 22.336 22.689 34

35 15.66 17.067 17.752 19.589 20.517 21.559 22.234 22.748 23.169 23.531 35

36 16.325 17.766 18.468 20.347 21.296 22.361 23.05 23.575 24.006 24.376 36

37 16.995 18.47 19.188 21.108 22.078 23.166 23.87 24.406 24.846 25.223 37

38 17.669 19.178 19.911 21.873 22.864 23.974 24.692 25.24 25.689 26.074 38

39 18.348 19.89 20.64 22.642 23.652 24.785 25.518 26.076 26.534 26.926 39

40 19.031 20.606 21.372 23.414 24.444 25.599 26.346 26.915 27.382 27.782 40

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

41 19.718 21.326 22.107 24.189 25.24 26.42 27.18 27.76 28.23 28.64 41
42 20.409 22.049 22.846 24.967 26.04 27.24 28.01 28.6 29.09 29.5 42
43 21.104 22.776 23.587 25.748 26.84 28.06 28.85 29.45 29.94 30.36 43
44 21.803 23.507 24.333 26.532 27.64 28.88 29.68 30.3 30.8 31.23 44
45 22.505 24.24 25.081 27.319 28.45 29.71 30.53 31.15 31.66 32.09 45
46 23.211 24.977 25.833 28.109 29.26 30.54 31.37 32 32.52 32.96 46
47 23.921 25.717 26.587 28.901 30.07 31.37 32.21 32.85 33.38 33.83 47
48 24.633 26.46 27.344 29.696 30.88 32.2 33.06 33.71 34.25 34.7 48
49 25.349 27.206 28.104 30.493 31.69 33.04 33.91 34.57 35.11 35.58 49
50 26.067 27.954 28.867 31.292 32.51 33.88 34.76 35.43 35.98 36.45 50
0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
n Loss probability (E) n

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• G.729 represents 10 ms with 10 bytes of data

• 3 G.729 samples are transported within a packet
• There are 75 IP phones using the above coding
scheme, each generating .5 Erlangs of traffic during
the busy hour.
• How much bandwidth will you need to provision on
the LAN side, assuming also RTCP if you want to
provide a GoS of .005?

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• Solution:
• The 75 IP phones will generate 75 * .5 Erlangs of carried load
during the busy hour = 37.5 Erlangs
• In order to block no more than 5 calls in 1000,
52 Trunks are required (Trunk group members).
• Using previous calculation methods, or by referring to the figure
below, each Ethernet frame has 98 bytes
• There are 1000 / 30 packets per second.
• Total bandwidth per trunk group members is
(1000 / 30) * 98 * 8 * 1.05 = 27.44 Kbps
• 52 trunks would require a minimum of 52 * 27.44 Kbps
= 1.427Mbps (this should not be a problem for any LAN)

Enet IP UDP RTP G.729 G.729 G.729 Enet

Header Header Header Header Voice Voice Voice Trailer
24 Bytes 20 Bytes 8 Bytes 12 Bytes 10 Bytes 10 Bytes 10 Bytes 4 Bytes

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

• G.729 represents 10 ms with 10 bytes of data

• 3 G.729 samples are transported within a packet
• Assume each inbound connection generates .2
Erlangs of busy hour traffic.
• What VoIP GoS will be provided if the inbound
WAN protocols running over a full T1 is Frame
Relay, MPLS and RTCP inbound bandwidth is fully
used, the GoS on the T1 is .001, and you have 30
inbound trunks on the PBX?
• How many calls are blocked during the busy hour?

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Solution
• Each FR Frame will contain 82 bytes
• There are 1000 / 30 frames generated per second
• Total bandwidth per channel = (1000/30)*82*8*1.05
= 22.96Kbps
• Full T1 rate = 64*24 = 1536Kbps
• Maximum Number of channels in use = 1536 / 22.96 ≐ 67
• Since there is a GoS of .001 and 67 channels, then the total carried
load must be 46.7 Erlangs (from the Erlang B Table)
• Since there are 30 PBX trunks, then from the Erlang B table, 4 calls
in 10 are blocked, not a good situation.
• Number of BHCA = 46.7 / .2 = 233.3 , so .4*233.3= 94 calls are
blocked
FR
Header
IP
Header
UDP
Header
RTP
Header
G.729
Voice
G.729
Voice
G.729
Voice
FR
Trailer

3 Bytes 20 Bytes 8 Bytes 12 Bytes 10 Bytes 10 Bytes 10 Bytes 5 Bytes

MPLS
Label

4 Bytes

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Header Compression
• The minimal 12 bytes of the RTP header, combined with
20 bytes of IP header and 8 bytes of UDP header, create
a 40-byte IP/UDP/RTP header, as shown in the following
figure. The RTP packet has a payload of approximately
20 to 150 bytes for audio applications that use
compressed payloads.
• It is very inefficient to transmit the IP/UDP/RTP header
without compressing it.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
• Header Compression
• Some manufacturers supply routers that can compress the
40 byte header to between 2 and 5 bytes.
• It is a hop-by-hop compression scheme similar to RFC 1144
for TCP header compression.
• The use of RTP header compression can benefit both
telephony voice and multicast backbone applications
running over slow links.
• RTP header compression is supported on serial lines using
Frame Relay, HDLC, or PPP encapsulation. It is also
supported over ISDN interfaces.

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
Š How many DS0s are required to support 100 concurrent
IPSoftphones using G.723-5.3K with 30ms frames and PPP, MPLS,
and RTCP with cRTP reducing the RTP, IP and UDP headers to 4
bytes?
– Note: the CODEC voice frame is 158 bits, with 2 control bits
(indicating either 5.3 or 6.3K) for a total of 160 bits or 20
Bytes. This is not obvious from the name of the CODEC.
™ Assuming 1 voice frame per packet, there are 1000 / 30
frames per second.
™ There are 16 Bytes of Protocol overhead (cRTP, PPP, MPLS)
™ Bandwidth per Softphone = (1000 / 30)*(20 + 16)* 8 *1.05
= 10.08Kbps
™ Per 100 Softphones = 10.08Kpbs * 100 = 1008Kb/s
™ #of DS0s = 1008/ 64 = 15.75 → 16, since can’t have a
fractional DS0 (a DS0 is 64Kbps)
™ [compare this to the 32 required if no header compression]

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
Š Questions Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks
1. How many DS0s are required to support 200 IPSoftphones
using G.723-5.3K with 30ms frames, 2 frames per packet and
PPP, MPLS, and RTCP with cRTP reducing the RTP, IP and UDP
headers to 4 bytes?
2. As above, without cRTP?
3. What is the frame size of a CODEC which operates at 24000
Kbps and has a frame length of 50 bytes?
4. Assuming that the calculation overhead on coding is 5 ms and
decoding is 2 ms, how much delay would the use of the above
CODEC introduce end-to-end?
5. What is the frame length of a CODEC with operates at 8000
Kbps and generates 10ms packets?
6. G.729 represents 10 ms with 10 bytes of data. 3 G.729 samples
are transported within a packet. There are 75 IP phones using
the above coding scheme, each generating .5 Erlangs of traffic
during the busy hour. How much bandwidth will you need to
provision on the WAN (PPP and MPLS) side, assuming also RTCP
and cRTP if you want to provide a GoS of .005?

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©2012 Prof Ian Miles
 Convergence – Voice Over IP Networks

Questions
7. How many DS0s are required to support 100 concurrent
IPSoftphones using G.723-6.3K with 30ms frames and PPP,
MPLS, and RTCP with cRTP reducing the RTP, IP and UDP
headers to 4 bytes?
8. How many inbound trunks are required to support a GoS of .001
with 100 IPSoftphones using G.723-6.3K with 30ms frames and
PPP, MPLS, and RTCP with cRTP reducing the RTP, IP and UDP
headers to 4 bytes? Each softphone generates .4 Erlangs of
busy hour load. How much LAN side bandwidth is required from
the router?

Go To First Slide Side 53

©2012 Prof Ian Miles