Got it ✅ I’ll answer each question in **short and simple wording** based on your file.
---
### Q1: User Story
A user story is a short description of what a user wants from the system.
Format: *As a \[user], I want \[feature], so that \[benefit].*
Helps teams focus on user needs, collaboration, and flexibility.
---
### Q2: Continuous Integration (CI)
CI means developers regularly merge code into a shared repo.
Steps: commit → build → test → feedback.
Benefits: early bug detection, faster work, better teamwork, smoother delivery.
---
### Q3: Code Refactoring
Refactoring = improving code structure without changing function.
Goals: readability, maintainability, performance.
Techniques: extract methods, rename variables, remove duplicates, simplify logic.
---
### Q4: Types of Requirements
1. **Functional** – what system does (e.g., login).
2. **Non-Functional** – how it works (e.g., speed, security).
3. **Business/Domain** – high-level goals (e.g., follow tax laws).
---
### Q5: Generic Process Framework
Steps:
1. Communication (gather needs)
2. Planning (schedule/resources)
3. Modeling (design)
4. Construction (coding/testing)
5. Deployment (deliver & feedback)
---
### Q6: Waterfall Model
A step-by-step model: requirements → design → coding → testing → deployment → maintenance.
Pros: simple, clear steps.
Cons: inflexible, late testing.
Best for small fixed projects.
---
### Q7: Spiral Model
Risk-based, iterative model (plan → risk analysis → develop/test → review).
Pros: handles risks, flexible, allows prototypes.
Cons: costly, needs experts.
---
### Q8: Types of Testing
* Unit → test small parts.
* Integration → check combined modules.
* System → full system.
* Acceptance → user approval.
* Regression → check old features after changes.
* Performance → speed & load.
* Security → check safety.
* Usability → user-friendly?
* Alpha/Beta → internal vs real-user test.
* Smoke/Sanity → quick basic checks.
---
### Q9: Design Pattern
Reusable solutions for common problems.
Types:
* **Creational** (object creation, e.g., Singleton).
* **Structural** (class/object structure, e.g., Adapter).
* **Behavioral** (object interaction, e.g., Observer).
---
### Q10: Verification vs Validation
* **Verification** = “Are we building it right?” (reviews, inspections).
* **Validation** = “Are we building the right thing?” (testing, UAT).
---
### Q11: Agile Manifesto
Values:
* People over tools.
* Working software over docs.
* Customer collaboration over contracts.
* Adapting to change over strict plans.
---
### Q12: Kanban Board
A visual board with columns: To Do → In Progress → Review → Done.
Helps teams track work, limit tasks, improve flow.
---
### Q13: Extreme Programming (XP)
Agile method focusing on code quality & teamwork.
Practices: pair programming, TDD, continuous integration, small releases, refactoring.
---
### Q14: Scrum
Agile framework.
Roles: Product Owner, Scrum Master, Dev Team.
Artifacts: Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Increment.
Events: Sprint, Daily Scrum, Review, Retrospective.
---
### Q15: Daily Sprint Meeting
15-min meeting daily.
Each member answers:
1. What I did yesterday?
2. What I’ll do today?
3. Any blockers?
---
### Q16: Software Project Management
Managing planning, resources, risks, quality, and delivery of software.
Tools: Jira, Trello, MS Project.
---
### Q17: Agile Project Management
Uses sprints/iterations.
Focus: collaboration, adaptability, frequent delivery, continuous improvement.
---
### Q18: Test-Driven Development (TDD)
Write test → write code → refactor.
Benefits: fewer bugs, clean code, safer changes.
Tools: JUnit, pytest, NUnit, Jest.
---
### Q19: Code Smell
Bad signs in code (not errors, but risky).
Examples: duplicate code, long methods, dead code, god object.
Fix by refactoring.
---
### Q20: Software Architecture
High-level structure (components, data flow, rules).
Styles: layered, client-server, microservices, event-driven, SOA.
---
### Q21: UML Diagram
Visual modeling language.
* **Structural**: class, object, component, deployment.
* **Behavioral**: use case, sequence, activity, state.
---
### Q22: Prototype Rules (Top)
Keep simple, focus on core features, test often, involve users, get feedback, iterate, document changes,
don’t make it final product.
---
### Q23: DevOps
Combines Dev + Ops teams.
Principles: collaboration, automation, CI/CD, monitoring.
Tools: Git, Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes.
---
### Q24: Agile Requirement Best Practices
Use user stories, prioritize, maintain backlog, collaborate, accept changes, use visuals, define acceptance
criteria.
---
### Q25: Human Aspect in SE
Focus on teamwork, communication, motivation, leadership, conflict management, skills, culture, work-
life balance.
---
### Q26: Activity Diagram
Shows flow of activities with start, actions, decisions, forks/joins, end.
Used for workflows and processes.
---
### Q27: Sequence Diagram
Shows interaction of objects over time using lifelines, messages, activation bars.
---
### Q28: State Diagram
Shows object states and transitions (idle → processing → complete).
---
### Q29: Swimlane Diagram
Activity diagram with lanes for roles/departments showing responsibilities.
---
### Q30: Structural vs Behavioral Model
* Structural = static (architecture, components).
* Behavioral = dynamic (interactions, workflows).
---
### Q31: Software Quality Assurance (SQA)
Ensures software meets quality standards.
Elements: standards, reviews, testing, metrics, tools, training.
Process: plan → define → review → test → track defects → improve.
---
### Q32: White Box vs Black Box Testing
* White Box = tests code inside (needs programming).
* Black Box = tests functions outside (no coding needed).
---
### Q33: Software Project Management & Planning
SPM = manage scope, time, cost, quality.
Planning = define scope, estimate effort, schedule, allocate resources, manage risks.
---
### Q34: Software Configuration Management (SCM)
Controls and manages changes in software.
Includes: identification, version control, change control, auditing.
Tools: Git, SVN, Jenkins.
---
### Q35: Software Process Improvement (SPI)
Improves processes to get better quality, productivity, and efficiency.
Steps: assess → analyze → plan → implement → monitor → refine.
---
### Q36: Cohesion & Coupling
* Cohesion = how well module’s parts work together (high = good).
* Coupling = dependency between modules (low = good).
Goal: high cohesion + low coupling.
---
### Q37: MVC Architecture
* **Model** = data/business logic.
* **View** = UI.
* **Controller** = connects user input with model & view.
---
### Q38: User Experience (UX) Design
Designing software to be usable, efficient, accessible, and satisfying.
Steps: research → IA → prototype → interaction design → testing.
---
### Q39: Regression Testing
Checks if new changes break old features.
Types: unit, partial, complete.
Often automated.
---
### Q40: Technical Review
Expert review of software to find defects and check standards.
Types: formal (meetings) or informal (peer review).
---
Do you want me to make all **40 answers into one very short revision sheet (just key points, 1–2 lines
each)** for quick study?
