SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES

STD 10TH [Link]

Points to Remember

 Heat is the amount of energy in body and can be obtained by transforming any other
form of energy Temperature is the measure of the intensity of heat; it is measured with
the help of thermometer.
 Heat is one of the important factors on which the change of state depends. Generally
substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.
 During change of the state of a substance, heat may be gained or lost but there is no
change in temperature. The constant temperature at which solid converts into liquid
state is called melting point of that solid.
 The constant temperature at which liquid transforms into gaseous state is called as
boiling point of the liquid.
 Latent heat: The amount of heat energy either absorbed or released during change of
state is called 'Latent Heat. Latent heat is not recorded on the thermometer in the form of
rise or fall in temperature.
 Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy absorbed at constant temperature
during transformation of solid into liquid is called Latent heat of fusion
 Specific latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy absorbed at constant
temperature by unit mass of a solid to convert into liquid phase is called the specific
latent heat of fusion.
 Latent heat of vapourization: The amount of heat energy absorbed at constant
temperature during transformation of liquid into gas is called Latent heat of
vapourization.
 Specific latent heat of vapourization: The amount of heat energy absorbed at constant
temperature by unit mass of a liquid to convert into gaseous phase is called specific
latent heat of vapourization.
 Different substances have different melting points and boiling points. The values of
melting point, boiling point and latent heat depend on atmospheric pressure.
 Melting of ice on applying pressure to convert to water and again converting back into
the ice as the pressure is released is called regelation.
 The behaviour of water between its temperature from 0°C to 4°C is called anomalous
behaviour of water. At 4°C the volume of water is minimum, hence its density is
maximum.
Phenomenon observed due to anomalous behaviour of water in nature
 Survival of aquatic plants and animals.
 Cracking of rocks in winter.
 Pipes conducting water may burst in cold region during winter.
 Atmosphere contains water vapour. The amount of moisture in air due to the pressure of
water vapour in it is called 'humidity'.
 The temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapour is called 'dew point.
  The mass of water vapour per unit volume of air is called absolute humidity. It is
measured in kg/ m3.
 The ratio of the mass of water vapour in a given volume of air at given temperature to
the mass of water vapour required to saturate the same volume of air at the same
temperature is called relative humidity.
 At dew point, relative humidity is 100%. If the relative humidity is greater than 60%, the
air is called 'humid (moist) and if the relative humidity is less than 60%, the air is 'dry'.
 In SI system, heat is measured in joule (J) and in CGS system, it is measured in calorie
(cal).
 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C (from
14.5°C to 15.5°C) is called one calorie of heat.
 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C (from
14.5°C to 15.5°C) is called one kilocalorie of heat.
 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of substance through
1ºC is called the specific heat capacity of a substance.
 Specific heat capacity is denoted by letter, 'c. Its SI unit is J /g °C and its CGS unit is
cal/g °C
 Specific heat capacity can be measured by mixing method.
Principle of heat exchange:
Heat lost by hot object = Heat gained by cold object
 Heat Q = m×L(m - mass, L – latent heat) / (change of state)
 Heat Q= m×c×∆T (m-mass, c- specific heat capacity, ∆T-change in temperature)
 Heat gained by object = m×c×∆T
Where
m-mass, c- specific heat capacity, ∆t-Increase in temperature
 Heat lost by object = m×c×∆T
Where
m-mass, c- specific heat capacity, ∆t-decrease in temperature
 Heat lost by hot object = heat gained by calorimeter + Heat gained by water
Fill in the blanks:
1. Temperature is a degree of ………of a substance.
2. The melting point of ice is………. °C.
3. During transformation of liquid phase to solid phase, the latent heat is called………
4. The quantity of heat absorbed by liquid at constant temperature to convert into gas is
called………
5. When substance converted from liquid to solid state the heat energy is………
6. Melting of ice due to pressure, getting converted back into ice after the pressure is
released is called………
7. The density of water is maximum at ……… °C.
8. The……… % surface of earth is occupied by water.
9. The temperature at which the air gets saturated with water vapour is called………
temperature.
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
[Link] humidity is measured in………
[Link] presence of water vapour in the atmosphere is called………
[Link] amount of water vapour in air is determined in terms of its………
[Link] dew point, the relative humidity is.………
[Link] the relative humidity is more than 60%, then the air is………
[Link] the relative humidity is.……… 60%, then the air is dry
[Link] SI system, heat is measured in………
[Link] CGS, heat is measured in………
18.1 calorie =………joule.
[Link] unit of specific heat capacity is………
[Link] heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1 °C is
called……… of the substance.
[Link] heat capacity is denoted by letter………
[Link] unit of specific heat capacity is………
[Link] objects of equal masses are given equal heat, their final temperature will be different,
this is due to difference in their………
[Link] lost by hot object =………
[Link] specific heat capacity of a substance can be measured by……… method
Ans
(1) hotness (2) 0 (zero) (3) Latent heat of fusion (4) Latent heat of vaporization (5) lost (6)
Regelation (7) 4 (8) 71 (9) dew point (10) * kg / (m ^ 3) * (11) Humidity (12) Absolute
humidity (13) 100% (14) humid (15) less than (16) joules (J) (17) calorie (18) 4.18 (19) J / g °C
(20) specific heat capacity (21) c (22) cal/g °C (23) Specific heat capacity (24) Heat gained by
cold object (25) Mixing.
Complete the analogy:
1. Boiling point of water : 100°C :: Melting point of ice : ………
2. Ice : 80 cal/g :: Water : ………
3. CGS unit of heat : calorie :: CGS unit of heat capacity : ………
4. Water: 1 cal/g °C:: Kerosene : ………
5. Dry air : less than 60% relative humidity :: Humid air :……… .
Ans
(1) 0°C (2) 540 cal/g (3) cal/g°C (4) 0.52 cal/g°C (5) more than 60% relative humidity
Choose the correct alternative:
1. At 4 °C the volume of water is………
(moderate, zero,maximum, minimum )
2. The behaviour of water between its temperatures from 0°C to 4°C is called………
(dew point of water, anomalous behaviour of water, freezing point of water, humidity)
3. Hope's instrument is used to study………
(boiling point of water, melting point of water, anomalous behaviour of water, freezing
of water)
4. Due to the constant ……… of water, water vapour is always present in the atmosphere.
 (saturation, evaporation, boiling, melting)
5. The amount of vapour present in a unit volume of air is measured by………
(humidity, specific humidity, absolute humidity, relative humidity)
6. The measurement unit of absolute humidity is………
( kg / m3 , g / m3 , kg / cm3 , none of these)
7. When the air is cooled it becomes ……… with vapour of water.
(unsaturated, saturated, wet, hot)
8. If the amount of vapour exceeds the limit, the additional vapours will………
(evaporate, freeze, condense, saturate)
9. Unit of specific heat capacity is……… in CGS system.
(kcal/kg °C, cal/g°C ,calories, joule)
Complete the following statements by choosing correct alternative.
1. The specific heat capacity of……… is maximum
(a) Mercury (b) Copper (c) Water (d) Iron
2. If temperature of water increases from 1°C to 3°C, the density of water………
(a) remains the same (b) decreases (c) increases (d) fluctuates
3. If the humidity of air is………, we feel the air is humid.
(a) 60% (b) more than 60% (c) less than 60% (d) 100%
4. Aquatic plants and animals can survive in cold region because of………
(a) humidity (b) dew point (c) heat capacity (d) Anomalous behaviour of water
5. Ice is such a substance which………
(a) expands on heating (b) contracts on heating (c) contracts on cooling (d) remains
unchanged
6. If temperature of water is lowered from 4°C to 3°C; its volume………
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) fluctuates
7. The specific heat capacity is measured in C.G.S. system in………
(a) cal (b) kcal (c) cal/g°C (d) joule/kg°C
8. At dew point, the relative humidity is………
(a) 100% (b) 10% (c) 60% (d) 50%
9. If the pressure is applied on ice, its melting point………
(a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) fluctuates
[Link] specific heat capacity of water is……… cal /°C
(a) 10 (b) 1.0 (c) 1.5 (d) 0.5
Ans.
(1) water (2) increases (3) more than 60% (4) Anomalous behaviour of water (5) contracts on
heating (6) increases (7) cal/g°C (8) 100% (9) decreases (10) 1.0
State whether following statement are true or false. If false; rectify the statement.
(1) Different substances have different melting points.
(2) Different substances have same specific heat capacities.
(3)At 4°C the volume of water is maximum.
(4) Density of water is maximum at 4°C.
(5) Presence of moisture in air is called humidity.
(6) Heat is necessary to saturate the air with vapour.
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
(7) The temperature at which air gets saturated by water vapour is called dew point.
(8) Water vapour content of air is measured by relative humidity.
(9) Absolute humidity is measured in kg / m3
(10) Humidity is measured by relative humidity.
(11) At dew point, the relative humidity is 60%.
(12) S.I. unit of heat is joule.
(13) In CGS system, heat is measured in calorie.
(14) 1J = 4.18 cal.
(15) Specific heat is denote by letter 'h'.
(16) Specific heat capacity is measured in SI system in J / °C.
(17) In CGS specific heat capacity can be measured in calorie.
(18) Specific heat capacity can be measured by mixing method.
(19) Thermometer is used to measure specific heat capacity.
(20)The specific heat capacity of water is 1cal / g°C
Ans.
(1) True (2) False. Different substances have different specific heat capacities. (3) False. At
4°C volume is minimum, density is maximum. (4) True (5) True (6) False. Temperature has
influence on saturation of air. (7) True (8) False. It is measured by absolute humidity. (9) True
(10) True (11) False. At dew point the relative humidity is 100% (12) True (13) False. In CGS,
heat is measured in calorie. (14) False. 1cal = 4.18I (15) False. Specific heat is denoted by
letter 'c'. 16) True (17) False. Specific heat capacity in CGS is measured in cal/g°C (18) True
(19) False. Caloriemeter is used to measure specific heat capacity. (20) True
Q.1Fill in the blanks
[Link] amount of water vapour in air is determined in terms of its.......
Ans: humidity
2 If objects of equal masses are given equal heat, their final temperature will be different. This
is due to difference in their ........
Ans: Specific heat capacity.
[Link] transformation of liquid phase to solid phase, the latent heat is........
Ans: evolved or released
Q.2 Observe the following graph. Considering the change in volume of water as its
temperature is raised from 0°C, discuss the difference in the behaviour of water & other
substances. What is this behaviour of water called?
Ans:
i) As water at 0°C is heated upto 4°C, it contracts instead of expanding. The volume of water
at 4°C is minimum (Because of contraction). If water is heated further, it expands & its volume
increases
ii)This exceptional behaviour of water between its temperature from 0°C to 4°C is called
anomalous behaviour of water.
iii) From above graph, we can conclude that if water is heated from 0°C to 4°C, it contracts
instead of expanding the volume of water at 4°C is minimum, its density is maximum.
Q.3 What is meant by specific heat capacity? How will you prove experimentally that
different substances have different specific heat capacity?
Ans:
i) The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of an object by
1°C is called the specific heat or specific heat capacity of that object.
Experimental verification
i)Three spheres of Iron, Copper & lead of equal mass are placed in boiling water for some time
so that they attain same temperature of 100°C
ii)These spheres are then immediately placed on the thick slab of wax simultaneously
iii)It is observed that each of the sphere reaches different depth in the wax slab. Iron sphere
goes deepest followed by copper & then lead sphere.
v) The sphere that absorbed more heat from the water, gives more heat to wax causing more
melting of wax & reached deepest in the wax.
v) This proves that for equal rise in temperature, the three Spheres (ie substances) absorbed
different amounts of heat This is specific heat capacity of these metals (substances) which is
different for different substances
Q.4 While deciding the unit for heat, which temperature interval is chosen? why ?
Ans
The temperature range of 14.5°C to 15.5°C is chosen while deciding the unit for heat.
If we heat 1 Kg of water by 1°C in different temperature range than 14.5°C to 15.5°C, the
amount of heat required will be slightly different
Hence it is essential to define a specific temperature range while defining the unit of heat.
Q.5 Explain the following temperature vs time graph.
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]

Ans:
i) The graph shown is a temperature -time graph
ii) In this graph, line AB shows conversion of ice into water at constant temperature 0°C over a
certain period of time (about 4 minutes)
iii) When ice is heated, it absorbs heat energy & this heat energy is used for changing its state
from solid to liquid
iv) Line BC in the graph shows rise in temperature of water from 0°C to 100°C
v) Line CD shows conversion of water into steam at constant temperature of 100°C over a
certain period of time
vi) During this transformation, temperature remains constant ( 100°C) as heat energy supplied
is used to convert water into steam.
Q 6 Explain the following
a) What is the role of anomalous behaviour of water in preserving aquatic life in region of
cold climate?
Ans:
i) In cold climate, temperature of air falls to 0℃ or even below
ii) As the temperature of air decreases, the water at the surface of the lake begins to contract
due to which its density increases & it goes down. To replace it, warmer water from below
rises up
iii)This process continues till temperature of water at the bottom of pond/lake becomes 4°C
iv) Water, due to its anomalous behaviour possesses maximum density at 4°C
v) As the temperature of the water falls to 0℃ the water on the surface of the lake gets
converted to ice
vi) Since ice is a bad conductor heat the water below the ice layer continues to remain at 4°c
even though the temperature of air may fall below 0℃
vi) Hence, due to the anomalous behaviour of water, aquatic animals & plants stay alive even
when the temperature of air falls below 0℃
b) How can you relate the formation of water droplets on the outer surface of a bottle
taken out of refrigerator with formation of dew?
Ans:
i) When the bottle is taken out from refrigerator, it cools the air surrounding it.
ii) As the air cools, due to decrease in temperature it becomes saturated with water vapour.
iii) As a result, the excess water vapour gets converted (condensed) into tiny water druplets on
the outer surface of the bottle.
iv) when temperature of air at dawn (or during the early morning) falls , air becomes saturated
with vapours. As a result the excess vapour condenses on the surface of objects in the form of
dew
v) Thus the formation of water droplets on the outer surface of a bottle taken out of refrigerator
is similar to the dew we see in the early morning on the leaves of plants or on the surface of the
objects.
c) In cold regions in winter, the rocks crack due to anomalous expansion of water
Ans:
i) During winter season, in cold regions the temperature of atmosphere falls below 0°C
ii) When temperature falls below 4°C water in a fissure of a rock starts expanding instead of
contracting due to anomalous behaviour of water
iii) At the same time, rocks undergo contraction
iv) As a result, rocks experience tremendous force applied by water & cracks
Q.7 Answer the following
a. What is meant by latent heat? How will the state of matter transform if latent heat is
given off?
Ans
i)The heat energy absorbed or given off when substance transformed from one state to another
at constant temperature is called a latent heat of substance
OR
The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance to change its state at constant
temperature is called latent heat.
ii) When latent heat is given off, the bonding between atoms or molecules of a substance
strengthens causing transformation from one state to another. i.e from gaseous state to liquid or
liquid state to solid state
b. Which principle is used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance?
Ans:
Principle of heat exchange is used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
[Link] the role of latent heat in the change of state of a substance.
Ans
i) The heat energy required to change substance from one state to another at constant
temperature is called as latent heat of substance
ii) When latent heat is supplied to a substance, it is utilised for weakening the bonds between
atoms & molecules of the substance
iii) When latent heat of fusion is supplied to solid substance, distance between atoms or
molecules increases due to weakening of intermolecular bonds. Thus solid substance changes
into liquid state
iv) Similarly when latent heat of vaporisation is supplied to liquid substance it changes into
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
gaseous state
v) On the other hand, when latent heat is released from a Substance, the bonds between atoms
or molecules strengthens
causing change of state of the substance
vi) When latent heat of fusion is released from liquid substance, the distance between atoms or
molecules decreases due to strengthening of intermolecular bonds Thus liquid substance
changes into solid.
vii) Similarly, when a gaseous substance releases latent heat of vaporization, it changes to
liquid
d. On what basis & how will you determine whether air is saturated with vapour or not?
Ans
i) We can determine whether air is saturated with vapour or not on the basis of relative
humidity
ii) Relative humidity is the ratio of actual mass of vapour content in air for given volume &
temperature to that required to make air saturated with vapour at that temperature
iii) If relative humidity is 100%; the air is saturated with vapour. This is called 'dew point'
iv) When air is saturated with vapour excess vapour condenses on the surface of objects in the
form of water droplets.
v) Presence of water droplets confirms that air is saturated with vapours.
8 Read the following paragraph & answer the questions.
If heat is exchanged between a hot and cold object, the temperature of the cold object
goes on increasing due to gain of energy and the temperature of the hot object goes on
decreasing due to loss of energy.
The change in temperature continues till the temperatures of both the objects attain
the same value. In this process, the cold object gains heat energy and the hot object loses
heat energy. If the system of both the objects is isolated from the environment by keeping
it inside a heat resistant box (meaning that the energy exchange takes place between the
two objects only), then no energy can flow from inside the box or come into the box.
i) Heat is transferred from where to where?
Ans
Heat transferred from hot object to cold object
ii) Which principle do we learn about from this process?
Ans
Principle of heat exchange.
iii) How will you state the principle briefly?
Ans
The principle of heat exchange states that in an isolated system, if heat is exchanged between
hot & cold object, then heat energy lost by hot object is equal to heat energy gained by the cold
object.
Heat Lost by hot object = Heat gained by cold object.
iv) Which property of the substance is measured using this principle?
Ans
Using this principle, the specific heat capacity of a substance can be measured.
# Is the concept of latent heat applicable during transformation of gaseous phase to liquid
phase & from liquid phase to solid phase? Where does the latent heat go during these
transformations?
Ans
Yes, the concept of latent heat is applicable during transform of gaseous phase to liquid phase
& from liquid phase to solid phase ii)The latent heat is released or given off in the surrounding
during these transformations.
# You know that as we go higher than the sea level, the boiling point of water decreases.
What would be the effect on the melting point of solid?
Ans
i) If a substance expands on solidifying then increase in pressure lower the melting point (MP)
while decrease in pressure raises the melting point (MP)
ii) Since water expands on solidifying, it's melting point raises as we go higher than the sea
level Because at high altitude pressure decreases
iii) If a substance contracts on solidifying then increase in pressure raises melting point while
decrease in pressure lower the melting point.
iv) Thus if solid contracts on solidifying then its melting point lowers as we go higher than the
sea level. the pressure decr Because at high altitude pressure decreases
#What is regelation ? why is it observed ?
Ans
i) The phenomenon in which the ice converts to liquid due to applied pressure & then
reconverts to ice once pressure is removed is called regelation.
ii)The melting point of ice becomes lower than 0°C due to applied pressure.
iii) Because of this ice gets converted into water at 0°c.
iv) When applied pressure is removed, melting point is restored to 0°c & water gets
reconverted into ice.
# Study the following procedure & answer the questions below ...M-3
[Link] 3 spheres of iron, copper & lead of equal mass
2. Put all the 3 sphere in boiling water in a beaker for some time
3. Take 3 spheres out of the water. Put them immediately on a thick slab of wax
4 Note, the depth that each sphere goes into the wax
i) Which property of substance can be studied with this procedure?
Ans: Specific heat
ii) Describe that property in minimum words
Ans
Specific heat : The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of an
object by 1°C
iii) Explain the rule of heat exchange with this property.
Ans
According to the principle of heat exchange
Heat energy lost by the hot object = Heat energy gained by cold objec ·
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
In this activity heat absorbed by iron sphere is more and it give more heat to the wax.
Hence sphere goes deepest in the wax. While lead sphere absorbs less heat & it give less heat
to wax. Hence sphere goes least depth in the wax.
#When heat energy is absorbed by object ∆T represents the raise in temperature. What
would be ∆T represent if the object loses heat energy?
Ans:Decrease in temperature
Observe the diagram A & B & answer the questions

1) What is the name of the instrument shown in ‘A’ ?

Ans:
The instrument shown in the diagram A is Hope's instrument.
2) How is cylinder cooled to freezing point?
Ans:
The cylinder is cooled by using freezing mixture (ice + salt) is
3) What is the initial temperature shown by both thermometers in 'B'?
Ans:
The initial temperature shown by both the thermometers X&Y is 12°C
4) Which thermometer notes 0°C first?
Ans:
Upper thermometer (X) notes 0°C before lower thermometer(Y)
5) Which thermometer shows sharp decrease up to 4 °C ?
Ans:
Lower thermometer (Y) shows sharp decrease in temperature up to 4°c & then slowly
decreases to 0°C
6) What does the point 'Z' in fig ‘B’ represents?
Ans:
The point 'Z ' in fig ‘B’ represents the temperature of maximum density of water
7) In what temperature range, water displays anomalous behaviour?
Ans:
0°C to 4°C
8)Why is the mixture of ice & salt added into the flat bowl?
Ans:
When salt is added to the ice, freezing point of ice decreases below 0°C which helps cooling
water in cylindrical container better.
Solid spheres of iron, copper and lead of equal mass are put in boiling water till they
reach temperature of 100 °C and immediately placed on wax slab simultaneously. The
depth that each of sphere reaches in wax is as shown below.

1) If property 'X' is responsible for depth reached by sphere in wax, then name the 'X'?
Ans:
Specific heat capaerty.
2)Which amongst three has maximum value of 'X' ?
Ans:
Iron has maximum value of specific capacity heat
3) If same activity is carried out with spheres of copper & silver of equal mass, which
sphere would go deeper? Why?
Ans:
Copper sphere would go deeper as copper has higher Specific heat than silver
4) For iron & silver sphere of same mass, specific heat is measured. If the two values of
specific heats are 0.056 cal/g°C & 0.110 cal/g°C, then which of the two should be specific
heat for silver?
Ans:
0.056 cal/gc
5) State the SI unit of property 'X'
Ans:
J/kg°C
Observe the following graph & answer the questions
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]

1) Which temperature range does show a decrease in the volume of water?

Ans:
The graph shows decrease in the volume of water from 0°C to 4°C
2)When does volume of water increases gradually?
Ans:
The volume of water increases gradually beyond 4°C
3) How does water differ from other substances when it will be heated?
Ans:
Unlike other substances when water is heated from temperature 0°C to 4°C its volume
decreases instead of increasing
4) What is the behaviour of water between 0°C to 4°C called?
Ans:
The behaviour of water between 0°C to 4°C is called as anomalous behaviour of water.
Explain the role of latent heat in the change of state of a substance ?
Ans.
i. The latent heat plays a major role in changing matter from one phase to another phase.
ii. During transition of solid phase to liquid, the object absorbs heat energy, but its temperature
does not increase.
iii. This heat energy is utilized for weakening the bonds between the atoms or molecules in the
solid and transforms it into the liquid phase.
iv. Hence, this energy which causes a change in state and does not change the temperature is
called Latent heat
Distinguish between Absolute humidity and Relative humidity
Absolute humidity Relative humidity
[Link] mass of vapor present in a unit [Link] ratio of actual mass of vapor content in
volume of air is called absolute humidity the air for a given volume and temperature to
that required to make the air saturated with
vapor at that temperature is called the relative
humidity
3
[Link] humidity is measured in kg/m [Link] humidity is measured in term of
percentage.
[Link] of water vapor is measured. [Link] extent of humidity is measured.
Distinguish between Heat and Temperature
Heat Temperature
[Link] is a form of energy. [Link] is the measure of degree of
hotness or coldness of an object.
[Link] SI unit of heat is joule(J). [Link] SI unit of temperature is kelvin(K).
[Link] bodies having same quantity of heat [Link] bodies at same temperature can have
can be at different temperatures. different quantities of heat.
[Link] is measured using calorimeter [Link] is measured using thermometer
Write Short Notes
1 Specific heat capacity
Ans
i. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of an object by
1°C is called the specific heat of that object.
ii. The specific heat capacity is denoted by letter ‘c’.
iii. The S.I unit of specific heat is J/kg°C and the CGS unit is cal/g°C
iv. If the specific heat of an object is ‘c’, the mass of the object is ‘m’ and if the temperature of
the object is raised by ∆T°C, the heat energy absorbed by the object is given by m × c × ∆T
v. Similarly, If the specific heat of an object is ‘c’, the mass of the object is ‘m’ and if the
temperature of the object is decreased by ∆T°C, then the heat energy lost by the object will be
m × c × ∆T
vi. The specific heat of an object can be measured using mixing method and for this the
calorimeter is used.
2 Anomalous behavior of water.
Ans
i. When a liquid is heated up to a certain temperature, it expands and when cooled it contracts.
ii. Water shows a special and exceptional behavior.
iii. If water is cooled at room temperature, it contracts till 4°C, but if it is cooled below 4°C to
0°C, then it expands instead of contracting.
iv. On the contrary, if water at 0°C is heated, it contracts in volume instead of expanding till
4°C.
v. Thus, at 4°C, the volume of water is minimum and then the volume increases as the
temperature rises above 4°C.
vi. This exceptional behavior of water between its temperatures from 0°C to 4°C is called
anomalous behavior of water
Regelation
Ans
i. The phenomenon in which the ice converts to liquid due to applied pressure and then re-
converts to ice once the pressure is removed is called regelation.
ii. The melting point of ice becomes lower than 0°C due to pressure.
iii. This means that at 0°C, the ice gets converted into water.
iv. As soon as the pressure is removed, the melting point is restored to 0°C and water gets
converted to ice again.
v. For example: 1. In the preparation of ice-ball, the ice slab is shredded and then the shredded
ice is pressurized around the tip of a stick to prepare the ice-ball.
vi. For example:2. If two small ice cubes are pressed upon each other, the pressure at the
surface of contact increases and melting point is reduced, thus melting the ice. As soon as the
pressure is released water freezes again to form ice thus sticking the two pieces of ice together.
Why we observe a white trail at the back of a flying plane in a clear Sky during winter
season?
OR
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]

Give reason: We observe a white trail at the back of a flying plane in a clear Sky during
winter season
Ans
i. As the plane flies, the vapour is released by the aeroplane engine
[Link] winter season relative humidity is more. Therefore air becomes saturated with the
vapour
iii. Saturated air cannot accommodate the excessive vapour released by the plane
[Link] vapour condenses and forms clouds and can be observed in the form of white trail at the
back of the flying plane
v. Hence we observe a white trail at the back of a flying plane in a clear sky during winter
season
Give examples: Anomalous Behavior of water.
Ans
i. Ice floats on water.
ii. Survival of aquatic plants and animals in cold regions.
iii. In winter, pipe lines carrying water bursts
iv. Crumbling of rocks into pieces due to water entering into crevices or cracks of rock.
Explain the method of mixing for measurement of specific heat.
Ans
i. The specific heat of an object can be measured by mixing method using a calorimeter.
ii. When a hot solid object is put in water in a calorimeter, heat exchange starts between hot
object, water and calorimeter.
iii. This continues till temperature of the solid object, water and the calorimeter becomes equal.
iv. Therefore, Heat lost by hot object is equal to the Heat gained by the water and calorimeter.
v. If the specific heat of water and the calorimeter are known, then the specific heat of solid
object can be calculated
i. What are the different ways of heat transfer ?
ii. Is the concept of latent heat applicable during transformation of gaseous phase to
liquid phase and from liquid phase to solid phase ?
iii. Where does the latent heat go during these transformations ?
iv. We feel that some objects are cold and some are hot. Is this feeling related in some way
to our body temperature ?
Ans
i. Three different ways of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation.
ii. Yes, the concept of latent heat is applicable in both the cases.
iii. The latent heat will be given off during these transformations.
iv.
A. If two objects are kept in contact with each other, then there will be an exchange of heat
taking place from hot body to the cold body.
B. We feel that an object is hot, when our body temperature is low as compared to that of
the object because the heat is transferred from the object to the body.
 C. Similarly, when the body temperature is high as compared to that of the object, we feel
that the object is cold because the heat is transferred from the body to the object
Complete the paragraph with the help of appropriate options given in the bracket:
(moist, evaporation, saturated, specific temperature, less, more, unsaturated,
temperature)
About 71% surface of the earth is covered with water. Due to constant -------- of water, water
vapour is always present in the atmosphere. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere
helps us to understand the state of daily weather. The presence of water vapour in the air makes
it -------- For a given volume of air, at a -------- , there is a limit on how much water vapour the
air can contain. If the amount exceeds this limit, the excess vapour converts into water droplets.
When the air contains maximum possible water vapour, it is said to be--------with vapour at
that temperature. The amount of vapour needed to saturate the air depends on-------- of the air.
If air temperature is low, it will need -------- vapour to saturate the air.
Ans
About 71% surface of the earth is covered with water. Due to constant evaporation of water,
water vapour is always present in the atmosphere. The amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere helps us to understand the state of daily weather. The presence of water vapour in
the air makes it moist. For a given volume of air, at a specific temperature, there is a limit on
how much water vapour, the air can contain. If the amount exceeds this limit, the excess vapour
converts into water droplets. When the air contains maximum possible water vapour, it is said
to be saturated with vapour at that temperature. The amount of vapour needed to saturate the
air depends on temperature of the air. If air temperature is low, it will need less vapour to
saturate the air.
Solved Examples
How much heat energy is necessary to raise the temperature of 5 kg of water from 20°C
to 100 °C
Ans:
Given:
[Link] (m) = 5 Kg
[Link] Temperature (t1) = 20°C
3. Final Temperature (t2) =100 °C
Temp. difference (∆T) = 100 - 20 = 80 °C
[Link] heat capacity (c) = 1Kcal / Kg °C
To find: Heat energy (Q) = ?
Formula: Q = mc∆T
Solution: Q = 5 Kg × 1Kcal / Kg °C × 80 °C
Q = 400Kcal
Ans: The heat energy necessary to raise the temp of water is 400Kcal.
A copper sphere of 100g mass is heated to raise its temperature to 100°C and is released
in water of mass 195g and temperature 20°C in a copper calorimeter. If the mass of
calorimeter is 50g, what will be the maximum temperature of water?
Ans:
Given:
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]

Copper ball(Q) Water (Q1) Calorimeter(Q2)

Mass (m) 100g 195g 50g
Initial Temp (t1) 100°C 20°C 20°C
Final Temp(t2) T°C T°C T°C
∆T (100-T) °C (T- 20) °C (T- 20) °C
Specific Heat (c) 0.1cal/g°C 1cal/g°C 0.1cal/g°C
To find:- Maximum temp of water = T = ?
Solution:- Here,
Heat lost by copper ball = Heat gained by water + Heat gained by calorimeter
Q = Q1 + Q2
1] Heat lost by copper ball(Q)
Copper ball → Copper ball
(100°C) ( T°C)
Q = m×c×∆T
Q = 100 ×0.1(100 - T)
Q = 10(100 - T)
Q = 1000 - 10T
2] Heat gained by water(Q1)
water(20°C) → water ( T°C)
Q1 = m×c×∆T
Q1 = 195 × 1(20 - T)
Q1 = 195(T - 20)
Q1 = 195T - 3900
3]Heat gained by calorimeter(Q2)
Calorimeter(20°C) → Calorimeter ( T°C)
Q2 = m×c×∆T
Q2 = 50 × 0.1(T - 20)
Q2 = 5(T - 20)
Q2 = 5T - 100
But, Q = Q1 + Q2
1000 - 10T = 195T - 3900 + 5T - 100
3900 + 100 +1000 = 195T + 5T + 10T
5000 = 210T
T = 5000/210
T = 23.809 °C
T = 23.8°C
Ans:The maximum temperature of water will be 23.8°C.
If 80 g steam of temperature 97 °C is released on an ice slab of temperature 0 °C, how
much ice will melt? How much energy will be transferred to the ice when the steam will
be transformed to water?
Ans:
Given:
Steam(QA) Ice (QB)
Mass (m) 80g m
Initial Temp (t1) 97°C 0°C
Final Temp(t2) 0°C -
∆T (97-0) = 97 °C -
Specific Heat (c) 1cal/g°C -
Latent heat of Vapourization(Lv) 540 cal/g -
Latent heat of fusion(Lf) - 80 cal/g
To find:- i)Heat transferred to ice = QA = ?
ii) Mass of ice that melts = m = ?
Solution:
Heat lost by Steam(QA) = Heat gained by ice (QB)
i) Heat lost by Steam
Steam (97°C) → water (97°C) → water (0°C)
QA = m×Lv + m×c×∆T
QA = 80 × 540 + 80 × 1 × 97
QA =80(540 + 97)
QA =80 × 637
QA = 50960 cal
ii)Heat gained by ice
Ice (0°C) → water ( 0°C)
QB = m×Lf
QB =m × 80
But QA = QB
50960 = m × 80
80 × 637 = m × 80
m = 637g
Ans: i] The heat energy transferred to the ice will be 50960 cal
ii] 637g ice will melt
Solve the following problems:
a. Equal heat is given to two objects A and B of mass 1 g. Temperature of A increases by
3 °C and B by 5 °C. Which object has more specific heat? And by what factor?
Ans:
Given:
Mass of object A = mA = 1g
Mass of object B = mB = 1g
mA = mB
Increase in temperature of object A= ∆TA = 3 °C
Increase in temperature of object B= ∆TB =5 °C
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
To find:- i. Specific heat of object A = cA = ?
ii. Specific heat of object B = cB = ?
Formula : m×c×∆T
As equal heat is given to both the objects
QA = QB
mA × cA × ∆TA = mB × cB × ∆TB
But mA = mB
cA × ∆TA = cB × ∆TB
c A × 3 = cB × 5
c A = cB
Ans: i] The specific heat of object A is more.
ii] It is greater by a factor 5/3
b. Liquid ammonia is used in ice factory for making ice from water. If water at 20 °C is to
be converted into 2 kg ice at 0 °C, how many grams of ammonia are to be evaporated?
(Given: The latent heat of vaporization of ammonia = 341cal / g )
Ans:
Given:
water (QA) Ammonia (QB)
Mass (m) 2 kg = 2000g m
Initial Temp (t1) 20°C -
Final Temp(t2) 0°C -
∆T (20-0) = 20 °C -
Specific Heat (c) 1cal/g°C -
Latent heat of Vapourization(Lv) - 341 cal/g
Latent heat of fusion(Lf) 80 cal/g -
To find: Mass of ammonia = m =?
Solution:
Heat lost by water (QA) = Heat gained by Ammonia (QB)
QA = QB
1) Heat lost by water (QA)
water (20°C) → water (0°C) → →Ice (0°C)
QA = m×c×∆T+ m×Lf
QA =2000×1×20+ 2000×80
QA =2000×20+2000×80
QA = 2000(20+80)
QA = 2000× 100
2) Heat gained by Ammonia (QB)
Liquid ammonia (0°C) → ammonia gas ( 0°C)
QB = m×Lv
QB = m×341
But QA = QB
2000× 100= m×341

m=

m=

m = 586.51g
Ans: 586.51g of ammonia has to be evaporated
c. A thermally insulated pot has 150 g ice at temperature 0 °C. How much steam of 100
°C has to be mixed to it, so that water of temperature 50 °C will be obtained?
(Given: latent heat of melting of ice = 80cal / g , latent heat of vaporization of water =
540cal / g ,specific heat of water = 1 cal/g °C)
Ans:
Given:

steam (QA) ice (QB)

Mass (m) m 150g
Initial Temp (t1) 100°C 0°C
Final Temp(t2) 50°C 50°C
∆T (100-50) = 50 °C (50-0) = 50 °C
Specific Heat (c) 1cal/g°C 1cal/g°C
Latent heat of Vapourization(Lv) 540 cal/g -
Latent heat of fusion(Lf) - 80 cal/g
To find: Mass of steam = m =?
Solution:
Heat lost by steam (QA) = Heat gained by ice (QB)
QA = QB
1) Heat lost by Steam(QA)
Steam (100°C) → water (100°C) → water (50°C)
QA = m×Lv + m×c×∆T
QA = m× 540 + m × 1 × 50
QA =540m + 50m
QA = 590m
2) Heat gained by ice (QB)
ice (0°C) → water (0°C) → water (50°C)
QB = m×Lf + m×c×∆T
QB = 150×80 + 150×1×50
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]
QB = 150×80 + 150×50
QB = 150(80 + 50)
QB = 150×130
But QA = QB

590m= 150×130

m=

m=

m=

m = 33.05g ≈ 33g
Ans: The mass of steam required to convert the ice at 0°C to water at 50°C will be about 33 g.
d. A calorimeter has mass 100 g and specific heat 0.1 kcal/ kg °C. It contains 250 gm of
liquid at 30 °C having specific heat of 0.4 kcal/kg °C. If we drop a piece of ice of mass 10 g
at 0 °C, What will be the temperature of the mixture?
Ans:
Given:
ice (Q) liquid (Q1) Calorimeter(Q2)
Mass (m) 10g 250g 100g
Initial Temp (t1) 0°C 30°C 30°C
Final Temp(t2) T°C T°C T°C
∆T (T-0) °C (30-T) °C (30-T) °C
Specific Heat (c) 1cal/g°C 0.4cal/g°C 0.1cal/g°C
Latent heat of fusion(Lf) 80 cal/g - -
To find: The temperature of the mixture = T
Solution:- Here,
Heat lost by ice = Heat gained by liquid + Heat gained by calorimeter
Q = Q1 + Q2
1) Heat lost by ice(Q)
ice (0°C) → water (0°C) → water (T°C)
Q = m×Lf + m×c×∆T
Q = 10×80 + 10×1×(T-0)
Q = 800 + 10(T-0)
Q = 800 + 10T
2) Heat gained by liquid(Q1)
liquid (30°C) → liquid (T°C)
Q1 = m×c×∆T
Q1 = 250×0.4×(30-T)
Q1 = 250× ×(30-T)

Q1 = 25×4×(30-T)
Q1 = 100(30-T)
Q1 = 3000-100T
3) Heat gained by calorimeter (Q2)
calorimeter (30°C) → calorimeter (T°C)
Q2 = m×c×∆T
Q2 = 100×0.1×(30-T)
Q2 = 10(30-T)
Q2 = 300-10T
But, Q = Q1 + Q2
800 + 10T= 3000-100T + 300-10T
800 + 10T= 3300-110T
10T+110T = 3300- 800
120T = 2500

T=

T=

T = 20.83°C ≈ 20.8°C
Ans: The temperature of the mixture will be 20.8°C
 SHELKE’S SCIENCE & MATHS CLASSES
STD 10TH [Link]