Title: Anne Boone

In finance and economics, interest is payment from a debtor or

deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an
amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount
borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distinct from a fee which the
borrower may pay to the lender or some third party. It is also
distinct from dividend which is paid by a company to its shareholders
(owners) from its profit or reserve, but not at a particular rate
decided beforehand, rather on a pro rata basis as a share in the
reward gained by risk taking entrepreneurs when the revenue earned
exceeds the total costs. For example, a customer would usually pay
interest to borrow from a bank, so they pay the bank an amount which
is more than the amount they borrowed; or a customer may earn interest
on their savings, and so they may withdraw more than they originally
deposited. In the case of savings, the customer is the lender, and the
bank plays the role of the borrower. Interest differs from profit, in
that interest is received by a lender, whereas profit is received by
the owner of an asset, investment or enterprise. (Interest may be part
or the whole of the profit on an investment, but the two concepts are
distinct from each other from an accounting perspective.) The rate of
interest is equal to the interest amount paid or received over a
particular period divided by the principal sum borrowed or lent
(usually expressed as a percentage). Compound interest means that
interest is earned on prior interest in addition to the principal. Due
to compounding, the total amount of debt grows exponentially, and its
mathematical study led to the discovery of the number e. In practice,
interest is most often calculated on a daily, monthly, or yearly
basis, and its impact is influenced greatly by its compounding rate.
 Title: Patsy Whitlow

Homo sapiens is a distinct species of the hominid family of primates,

which also includes all the great apes. Over their evolutionary
history, humans gradually developed traits such as bipedalism,
dexterity, and complex language, as well as interbreeding with other
hominins (a tribe of the African hominid subfamily), indicating that
human evolution was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins
of humans involves several scientific disciplines, including physical
and evolutionary anthropology, paleontology, and genetics; the field
is also known by the terms anthropogeny, anthropogenesis, and
anthropogony—with the latter two sometimes used to refer to the
related subject of hominization. Primates diverged from other mammals
about 85 million years ago (mya), in the Late Cretaceous period, with
their earliest fossils appearing over 55 mya, during the Paleocene.
Primates produced successive clades leading to the ape superfamily,
which gave rise to the hominid and the gibbon families; these
diverged some 15–20 mya. African and Asian hominids (including
orangutans) diverged about 14 mya. Hominins (including the
Australopithecine and Panina subtribes) parted from the Gorillini
tribe between 8 and 9 mya; Australopithecine (including the extinct
biped ancestors of humans) separated from the Pan genus (containing
chimpanzees and bonobos) 4–7 mya. The Homo genus is evidenced by the
appearance of H. habilis over 2 mya, while anatomically modern humans
emerged in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago. == Before Homo ==
=== Early evolution of primates === The evolutionary history of
primates can be traced back 65 million years. The details of the
origins and early evolution of primates are however still unknown to
a large extent due to scarcity of fossil evidence.
 Title: Melvin Reese

Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matt
and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atom
is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum biol
quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mecha
can describe many systems that classical physics cannot. Classical physics can describe
aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic and (optical) microscopic) scale, but is n
sufficient for describing them at very small submicroscopic (atomic and subatomic) scale
Classical mechanics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation that is va
at ordinary scales. Quantum systems have bound states that are quantized to discrete val
of energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities, in contrast to classical sy
where these quantities can be measured continuously. Measurements of quantum systems sho
characteristics of both particles and waves (wave–particle duality), and there are limit
how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measuremen
given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle). Quantum mechanic
arose gradually from theories to explain observations that could not be reconciled with
classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation pro
and the correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, whi
explained the photoelectric effect.
 Title: Raymond Mars

Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical bodies, the
rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. The name comes
from Ancient Greek γ■ (gê) 'earth' and λoγ■α (-logía) 'study of, discourse'. Modern geology
significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth
system science and planetary science. Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath
its surface and the processes that have shaped that structure. Geologists study the mineralogical
composition of rocks in order to get insight into their history of formation. Geology determines
the relative ages of rocks found at a given location; geochemistry (a branch of geology)
determines their absolute ages. By combining various petrological, crystallographic, and
paleontological tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a
whole. One aspect is to demonstrate the age of the Earth. Geology provides evidence for plate
tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates.
 Title: Raymond Freuden

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and

cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry to explain the
evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebu
asteroids, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explos
blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More
everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is
studies the universe as a whole. Astronomy is one of the oldest na
civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of
 Title: Benjamin Sabino

Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer sc

theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory
applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). A
and data structures are central to computer science. The theory of computation concerns a
models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Th
cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communicatio
preventing security vulnerabilities.
 Title: Joel Schmidt

World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the
Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and
the Central Powers. Main areas of conflict included Europe and the Middle East, as well
as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific. There were important developments in weaponry
including tanks, aircraft, artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons. One of the
deadliest conflicts in history, it resulted in an estimated 30 million military
casualties, plus another 8 million civilian deaths from war-related causes and
genocide. The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the deadly
Spanish flu pandemic. The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and
decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in
Europe, imperial rivalries, and shifting alliances and an arms race between the great
powers. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breakin
point on 28 June 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated the heir to
the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, and declared war on 28
July. After Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, Germany declared war on Russia and
France, who had an alliance. The United Kingdom entered after Germany invaded Belgium
and the Ottomans joined the Central Powers in November.
 Title: Ashley Limon

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumptio

goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the
practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, an
management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its cultu
values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political
structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give
context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy function
other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices a
transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses
organizations, or governments.
 Title: Jason Flick

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption

of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the
practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use,
and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its
culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization,
political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These
factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an
economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of
interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic
agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic
transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the
transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. However, monetary
transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain. Economic activity is
spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed
over time due to technology, innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding
markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and
changes in industrial relations (most notably child labor being replaced in some parts
of the world with universal access to education).
 Title: Melvin Dunham

World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known
as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or
Entente) and the Central Powers. Main areas of conflict included Europe and the
Middle East, as well as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific. There were
important developments in weaponry including tanks, aircraft, artillery, machine
guns, and chemical weapons. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, it
resulted in an estimated 30 million military casualties, plus another 8 million
civilian deaths from war-related causes and genocide. The movement of large
numbers of people was a major factor in the deadly Spanish flu pandemic. The
causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman
Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, imperial
rivalries, and shifting alliances and an arms race between the great powers.
Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking
point on 28 June 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated the
heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, and declared
war on 28 July. After Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, Germany declared war
on Russia and France, who had an alliance. The United Kingdom entered after
Germany invaded Belgium, and the Ottomans joined the Central Powers in November.
Title: Curtis Hey

Data science is an interdisciplinary academic field that uses statistics,

scientific computing, scientific methods, processing, scientific
visualization, algorithms and systems to extract or extrapolate knowledge
from potentially noisy, structured, or unstructured data. Data science also
integrates domain knowledge from the underlying application domain (e.g.,
natural sciences, information technology, and medicine). Data science is
multifaceted and can be described as a science, a research paradigm, a
research method, a discipline, a workflow, and a profession. Data science is
"a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, informatics, and their related
methods" to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data. It uses
techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of
mathematics, statistics, computer science, information science, and domain
knowledge. However, data science is different from computer science and
information science. Turing Award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a
"fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational, and now
data-driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing because
of the impact of information technology" and the data deluge. A data
scientist is a professional who creates programming code and combines it with
statistical knowledge to summarize data. == Foundations == Data science is an
interdisciplinary field focused on extracting knowledge from typically large
data sets and applying the knowledge from that data to solve problems in
other application domains. The field encompasses preparing data for analysis,
formulating data science problems, analyzing data, and summarizing these
findings.
Title: Donald Dunn

Software engineering is a branch of both computer science and en

designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software applica
applying engineering principles and computer programming experti
systems that meet user needs. The terms programmer and coder ove
but they imply only the construction aspect of a typical softwar
software engineer applies a software development process, which
implementing, testing, managing, and maintaining software system
the software development process itself. == History == Beginning
engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering. T
software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included s
budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and mai
unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even comp
the first software engineering conference, where issues related
addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of
established. The origins of the term software engineering have b
sources.
 Title: Herbert Eaker

Homo sapiens is a distinct species of the hominid family of primates,

which also includes all the great apes. Over their evolutionary
history, humans gradually developed traits such as bipedalism,
dexterity, and complex language, as well as interbreeding with other
hominins (a tribe of the African hominid subfamily), indicating that
human evolution was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins
of humans involves several scientific disciplines, including physical
and evolutionary anthropology, paleontology, and genetics; the field
is also known by the terms anthropogeny, anthropogenesis, and
anthropogony—with the latter two sometimes used to refer to the
related subject of hominization. Primates diverged from other mammals
about 85 million years ago (mya), in the Late Cretaceous period, with
their earliest fossils appearing over 55 mya, during the Paleocene.
Primates produced successive clades leading to the ape superfamily,
which gave rise to the hominid and the gibbon families; these
diverged some 15–20 mya. African and Asian hominids (including
orangutans) diverged about 14 mya. Hominins (including the
Australopithecine and Panina subtribes) parted from the Gorillini
tribe between 8 and 9 mya; Australopithecine (including the extinct
biped ancestors of humans) separated from the Pan genus (containing
chimpanzees and bonobos) 4–7 mya. The Homo genus is evidenced by the
appearance of H. habilis over 2 mya, while anatomically modern humans
emerged in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago. == Before Homo ==
=== Early evolution of primates === The evolutionary history of
primates can be traced back 65 million years. The details of the
origins and early evolution of primates are however still unknown to
a large extent due to scarcity of fossil evidence.