ME 111 : Engineering Graphics

Course Instructor : Dr. Deepak Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 COURSE PLAN
ME 111: Engineering Graphics (1-0-3)3
Course Instructor Dr. Deepak Kumar

Office M 318

Phone 3864

Email [email protected]

Teaching Department Mechanical Engineering

Tutorial Class work sheets – 10-12, Homework sheets - 10-12

Grading:
1. Continuous Evaluation- Class work sheets- 20%
Homework sheets- 10%
2. Examination- Mid semester Examination- 20%
End semester Examination- 50%
 Course Contents:
Class No. Topics to be Covered Class Work Home Work

1 Introduction, Use of Instruments, Lettering, Geometrical constructions, Dimensioning & C1 H1

Conventions
2 Projections of Points in all 4 Quadrants C2 H2
Projections of line - simple positions & inclined to one plane C3 H3
3
Projections of line inclined to both the planes

4 Projections of line inclined to both the planes-Traces, Midpoint problems, Practical C4 H4

problems
5 Projections of Planes 1 C5 H5
6 Projections of Planes (Contd.) C6 H6
7 Projections of Solids inclined to one plane C7 H7

8 Projections of Solids inclined to both planes (Change of position method) C8 H8

9 Projections of Solids inclined to both planes (Auxiliary Plane Method) C9 H9

10 Conversion of Isometric views to Orthographic views C10 H10

11 Isometric Projection C11 H11

12 Isometric Projection C12 H12

 Drawing Sheet Submission rules
Instruction class- where engineering graphics instruction(theory) are delivered by instructor (CIDS 0.2).
Working class - where drawing is practiced by students (in ATB drawing class).
1. Class work sheet (C1-C12) to be submitted at the end of the working class, evaluated for 20 marks (20% weightage for
grading).
2. Homework sheet (H1-H12) to be submitted in the next working class, evaluated for 10 marks (10% weightage for
grading).
3. If absent for a working or practical class send the homework sheet through CR on the same working or practical class.
4. The absent day class work to be submitted in the next working class (evaluated, but no marks will be awarded but
required to complete the class work and submit, otherwise the previous homework sheet submitted through CR and
the absent day homework sheet marks will not be considered for grading).
5. One-week delay in submission is permitted and the delayed sheet shall be evaluated for 5 marks.
6. Any sheet submitted after one-week delay is evaluated but no marks are awarded for final grading.
7. To consider the class work sheet marks (20%) for final grading all the class work sheet (C1 to C12) to be submitted.
8. To consider the homework sheet marks (10%) for final grading all the homework sheet (H1 to H12) to be submitted.
List of instruments required for ME111 Engineering Graphics
• Accuracy of the measurement and neatness of the drawing are depending on the quality of the instruments used and
selection of the proper methods or skills.
• Following the necessary drawing instruments and sheets are required.
SI. No. Name of the instruments (Specifications) SI. No. Drawing Sheet sizes (mm)
1. Drawing Board (need to put a brown cover sheet) 1. A4- 210x297

2. Brown covering sheet (A0 Size to use as backup sheet) 2. A3- 297x420

3. Mini drafter (Good quality, new one preferred) 3. A2- 420x594

4. Drawing Sheet (A3 Size) 4. A1- 594x841

5. Drawing Clips (4 Nos) 5. A0- 841x1189
6. Standard Scale
7. Pencils (HB and H Grade) & Sharpener
8. Eraser (Non-Dust quality)
9. Engineering Compass
10. Set-Squares
 Reference Books:

1. Engineering Drawing - K. R. Gopalkrishna

2. Elements of Engineering Drawing - N.D. Bhat

COMMUNICATION
✓ Communication is defined as, “the act of communicating, that is, passing on news, information, feelings etc.”
✓ In other word, to pass a message from one entity (a person or group of people) to another entity (person or
group) in the most convenient way and with minimum distortion or ambiguity.
✓ Main forms of communication are through audio (sound signals that are received by ears) and visual means
(depend on light signals like images that are seen by eyes).
✓ Image producing/receiving devices like text, drawings, figures, photographs, video images, TV images, images
of real objects etc., are used for communication purpose.
Visual communication is broadly classified as
• Technical Communication
• Technical Report Writing
• Pictorial Communication
COMMUNICATION
✓ Technical Communication
• Technical communication is an advanced form of communication whereby people of the same trade
(profession) can convey messages to one another more accurately and precisely.
✓ Technical Report Writing
• Reports are written as a passage of words in accord with accepted standards (formats).
✓ Pictorial Communication
• Pictorial communication includes drawings and photographs, where appropriate, convey the message
more accurately than a passage of words.
• Photographs are more accurate and sometimes the true colors of the object are displayed.
• However, photographs are expensive, less informative and their magnification is limited in terms of
clarity.
• On the other hand, drawings are cheap, clearer and easy to understand and therefore, in most cases,
they are more preferred than photographs.
 DRAWING
✓ Drawing is one of the basic forms of visual communication.
✓ Drawing is used to record objects and actions of everyday life in an easily recognizable manner.
✓ Two major types of drawings: Artistic Drawing and Technical/Engineering Drawing
✓ Artistic Drawings
• These are a form of freehand representation that makes use of pictures to provide a general
impression of the object being drawn.
• There are no hard rules or standards in the preparation of artistic drawings.
• They are simply drawn by artists, based more or less on one’s talent and skills.
• Although these drawings are often very attractive, they find very limited use in the world of
science.
 DRAWING
✓ Engineering Drawings

• They are pictures prepared with the aid of mathematical instruments in order to record and

transmit technical information.

• They provide an exact and complete description-like shape, sizes, manufacturing details, etc. of

objects that are to be manufactured.

• They make use of many specialized symbols and conventions in order to transmit engineering

information clearly and exactly.

• To understand and correctly interpret engineering drawings, one needs to acquaint oneself with the

fundamentals.
Various Kinds of Lines used in Engineering Graphics
✓ Kinds of lines (Thickness, representation and their applications) used in engineering graphics as
recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards are presented in the following Table.
Methods of Dimensioning
✓ To construct an object, its shape and sizes should be known, and these details need to
indicated in the drawing.
✓ Method of indicating sizes, and other details essentials for its construction and function,
using lines, numerical, symbols, notes, various features of the object, etc. is called
Dimensioning.
✓ Following two methods of dimensioning are recommended systems of placing the
dimensions.
1. Aligned System of Dimensioning
2. Unidirectional System of Dimensioning
Methods of Dimensioning
1. Aligned System of Dimensioning:
• In the aligned system the dimension is placed perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way that it
may be read from the bottom edge or the right-hand edge of the drawing sheet.
• The dimensions should be placed near the middle and above, but clear of the dimension lines.
Methods of Dimensioning
2. Unidirectional System of Dimensioning
• In unidirectional system all dimensions are so placed that they can be read from the bottom edge of
the drawing sheet.
• The dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the dimensions.
General Rule of Dimensioning
1. Dimensioning should be done so completely that further calculation or assumption of any
dimension, or direct measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
2. Every dimension must be given, but none should be given more than once. A dimension should
be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
3. Dimensions should be placed outside the views, unless they are clearer and more easily read
inside.
4. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided.
Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.
5. An outline or a center line should never be used as a dimension line.
6. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
7. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other.
 General Rule of Dimensioning
Study carefully figure for correct dimensioning. Incorrect dimensioning is shown by cross (X) in the figure.
 Example on Elements of Dimensioning
The elements of dimensioning include the projection line, boundary lines or outlines, leader line, dimension line, arrowhead,
etc. are illustrated in the following Figure.
 Scales of the Drawing
• If the sizes of the object is either very big or very small, that object can’t be accommodated its drawing on a normal
standard size drawing sheet to its actual sizes.
• In such cases, drawings are drawn proportionately either reduce or increase the actual size of object on a drawing is
known as drawing to Scale or simply Scale.
• Scale of the drawing to be selected for an object, is defined as the ratio of a linear dimension of an element of an object as
represented in the drawing to the actual linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.

• Use of Scale:
✓ Following are the main uses of the scale in engineering drawing.
• Scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size of the drawing of an abject.
• Scales are used to measure distances directly.
• Scales are used to set-off dimensions.
 Scales of the Drawing
• Sizes of Scale:
➢ Following are three types of scales used in engineering drawing
• Full-Size Scale or Full Scale
• Reducing Size Scale or Reducing Scale
• Enlarging Size Scale or Enlarging Scale
1. Full Scale:
• Drawing drawn to the actual size is called Full Scale. i.e., Selected drawing size is equal to the actual size of the object.
• Scale is calculated as follows:
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1𝑐𝑚 1
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1 𝑐𝑚 1
• Thus, the scale of the drawing is 1:1
2. Reducing Scale:
• Drawing drawn to the reduced size is called Reducing Scale. i.e., Selected drawing size is smaller than the actual size of
the object.
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1𝑐𝑚 1 cm 1
• Scale is calculated as follows: 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1 𝑚 100 cm 100
• Thus, the scale of the drawing is 1:100
 Scales of the Drawing
3. Enlarging Scale:

• Drawing drawn to the enlarged or increased size is called Enlarging Scale.

• i.e., Selected drawing size is larger than the actual size of the object.

• Scale is calculated as follows:

𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1𝑐𝑚 10𝑚𝑚 10

𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 1 𝑚𝑚 1 𝑚𝑚 1

• Thus, the scale of the drawing is 10:1

 Lettering
Lettering Practice
• In an engineering drawing, besides illustrating the shape of an object, it is also required to show the sizes of the object
and some of the technical details such as material type, title, name of the company, etc.
• Writing these particulars of the object need to be followed according to the standard practice in an engineering
drawing is called Lettering.
• Essential features of the lettering are legibility, uniformity, easy, quick and suitability for reading and printing processes.
• Lettering practice is followed in India as per the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Recommendations IS:9609
➢ Single stroke lettering is the style of letters adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standard for use in engineering
graphics.
➢ The BIS specifications recommended for lettering work in engineering graphics involve, the height of the
uppercase letter, and lowercase letter, stem thickness, spacing between letter, minimum spacing between the
words and lines, etc.
➢ Height of the letters and numerical recommended for use in the engineering graphics is 2.5 mm.
Lettering
 Geometrical Construction
Geometrical construction which are mostly based on plane geometry, and which are very essential in the
preparation of engineering drawings.
They are described as under:

1. Bisecting a line

2. To draw perpendiculars

3. To divide a line

4. To divide a circle

5. To bisect an angle

6. To construct regular polygons

Geometrical Construction
Problem 1. To bisect a given straight line Problem 2. To draw a perpendicular to a given line from a
I. Let AB be the given line. With center A and radius point outside it.
greater than half AB, draw arcs on both sides of AB. I. Let AB be the given line and P the point. With center P
II. With center B and the same radius, draw arcs and any convenient radius, draw an arc cutting AB at C
intersecting the previous arcs at C and D. and D.
III. Draw a line joining C and D and cutting AB at E. II. With any radius greater than half CD and centers C and
Then AE = EB = 1/2 AB. D, draw the arcs intersecting each other at E.
III. Draw a line joining P and E and cutting AB at Q.
 Geometrical Construction
Problem 3. To divide a given straight line into any number of equal

parts
I. Let AB be the given line to be divided into say, seven equal
parts. Draw the line AB of given length.
II. Draw another line AC making an angle of less than 30° with AB.
III. With the help of dividers mark 7 equal parts of any suitable
length on the line AC and mark them by points 1', 2', 3', 4', 5',
6' and 7' as shown.
IV. Join the last point 7' with point B of the line AB. Now, from
each of the other marked points 6', 5' 4', 3', 2' and 1 ', draw
lines parallel to 7’B cutting the line AB at 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1
respectively.
V. Now the line AB has been divided into 7 equal parts. You can
verify this by measuring the lengths.
 Geometrical Construction
Problem 4. To divide a circle of a given radius into N equal parts

• Given a circle of radius R, to divide it into 12 equal parts along its

circumference, the geometric construction procedure is as follows.
I. Draw two diagonals AB and CD at right angles to each other
cutting the circle at A, B and C, D.
II. With A as center, and radius equal to the given radius of the
circle, draw arcs cutting the circle at 2 and 7.
III. Similarly, with B as center, and with the given circle radius,
draw arcs to cut the circle at 3 and 6.
IV. Similarly, from points C and D as center, and with the given
radius of circle, draw arcs to cut the circle at 1, 4 and 5, 8
respectively.
V. Thus, dividing it at the cuts are the required twelve equal
parts of the circle.
 Geometrical Construction
Problem 5. To bisect a given angle

• Let ABC be the given angle.

I. With B as center and any radius, draw an arc
cutting AB at D and BC at E.
II. With centers D and E and the same or any
convenient radius, draw arcs intersecting each
other at F.
III. Draw a line joining B and F. BF bisects the angle
ABC, i.e. ABF = FBC.
 Geometrical Construction
Problem 6. To construct a regular polygon, given the length of its side.

• A regular pentagon with equal sides may be constructed by using exterior angle
720 . Following steps illustrate the procedure. The example considered here is
Pentagonal plane (namely ABCDE) with size of side 40 mm, as an object.
I. Draw a line AB with given size (i.e., 40 mm) horizontally.
II. Draw a line BC (with given size) inclined at 720 (Exterior angle) to the line
AB from point B.
III. Similarly, draw a line AE (with given size) inclined at 720 (Exterior angle) to
the line AB from point A.
IV. Using the compass, radius equal to the size of the side and point C as
center, draw an arc (far away from the opposite side AB).
V. Using same setting of the compass, point E as center draw another arc
such that it intersect on previous arc. The point of intersection is Point D.
VI. Draw line CD and similarly line ED.
Thank You !