Md.

Roisul Ajom Ruku

Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, BAUET
e-mail: [email protected]
Phone: +8801793936855
TRANSFORMER
Transformer
It is a static electrical device that transfers the electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
electrical circuit through magnetic coupling without changing the frequency and power while changing
the voltage and current level.

It is used to step up the voltage that minimizes the line losses and to step down the voltage for
distribution.

Construction

There are three basic parts of transformer.

 Primary Winding
 Secondary Winding
 Core

Primary Winding
The primary winding is the coil of wire connected to the input voltage source. When an alternating
current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it produces a varying magnetic field in the core.

Secondary Winding
The secondary winding is the coil of wire connected to the load or the device receiving the transformed
electrical energy. The varying magnetic field induced by the primary winding causes a voltage to be
induced in the secondary winding.
Core
The core is usually made of laminated iron or other magnetic materials. Its purpose is to provide a low-
reluctance path for the magnetic flux generated by the primary winding. This magnetic flux induces a
voltage in the secondary winding.

Turns Ratio
The turns ratio is the ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in the
secondary winding. It determines the voltage transformation ratio between the primary and secondary
sides.

Turns ratio, a =

Types of Transformer
We can classify the transformer according to some basis

 On the basis of core construction

 On the basis of winding number
 On the basis of coolant

On the basis of core construction, it has two types.

 Core type
 Shell type

Core type
In core type transformer the core surrounds the windings.

Shell type
In shell type transformer the winding surrounds the core.
On the basis of winding number, it has three types.

 Step up transformer
 Step down transformer
 Isolated transformer

Step up transformer
If the number of turns of secondary coil is higher than the primary coil then it is called step up
transformer i.e. Np < Ns

Step down transformer

If the number of turns of primary coil is higher than the secondary coil then it is called step down
transformer i.e. Np>Ns

Isolated Transformer
If the number of turns of secondary coil is equal to the primary coil then it is called isolated transformer.
i.e. Np=Ns

On the basis of coolant, it has mainly two types

 Oil cooled. (where the coolant is oil)

 Air cooled. (where the coolant is air)

Operating Principle

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and
mutual induction. There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high
mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes through the primary coil, it creates a
varying magnetic flux. As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this change in
magnetic flux induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked to the
core having a primary coil. This is mutual induction and in secondary coil an EMF is induced
which is called mutual induced EMF. Now if any loads are connected across the secondary coil
then current will flow through it.

Ques. What will happen if a dc (flat) source is applied in primary winding?

Derivation of RMS value of EMF at secondary coil

Let ,
N= Number of turns at secondary coil
f = frequency
Φ= Φmax sinωt= Mutual flux cut by secondary coil
E= EMF at secondary coil
Now, according to faraday’s law, the induced emf at secondary coil will

Now derive the same parameter for primary coil.

Voltage Transformation Ratio

We know, the induced emf at primary coil is and the induced emf at secondary coil is . Now the
ratio of induced emf will and this relation is known as voltage transformation ratio.
Besides we know power at both side of transformer is same so , S1= S2 or e1*i1=e2*i2 or . We
can write the equation as
Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit diagram of ideal transformer

Now we can transfer the load from the secondary side to primary side. Id the load is Z2 then after
transferring into primary , it will Z2/n2

Here, R1 is the winding resistance, and X1 is the leakage reactance, which is raised due to leakage flux at
the primary winding and is unusable for transferring power to the secondary winding. R0 and X0 are
raised due to the core. R2 and X2 are also winding resistance and leakage reactance, respectively, for the
secondary winding. I1 is the primary winding current, I0 is the no-load current, and I2' is the current at

Fig.1. The equivalent circuit diagram for practical transformer

the primary side due to the secondary winding. I2 is the current at the secondary winding. E1 and E2 are
the induced EMFs at the primary and secondary winding, respectively.
Losses in Transformer
Electrical transformers experience various losses. These losses can be categorized into different
types:

Copper Losses
Description: Occur in the transformer windings due to the resistance of the copper conductors.
As current flows through the windings, it encounters resistance, leading to the conversion of
electrical energy into heat.
Effect: Copper losses contribute to the overall temperature rise of the transformer and reduce
its efficiency. They are proportional to the square of the current (I²) and can be minimized by
using conductors with lower resistance or by increasing the size of the conductors.

Iron or Core Losses

Description: In the transformer's magnetic core, there are two main types of losses:
Hysteresis Losses: Energy is lost as the magnetic domains in the core material undergo
repeated cycles of magnetization and demagnetization.
Eddy Current Losses: Circulating currents induced within the core material create localized
heating.
Effect: These losses contribute to the heating of the transformer core and decrease its overall
efficiency. The choice of core material, its design, and the operating frequency influence the
magnitude of these losses.

Efficiency
It defines the ratio of output power consumed by load to the input power supplied by souce of
transformer.

But input power= output power+ losses= output power+ core loss+ copper loss. So the equation can be
written as

The efficiency of a electrical transformer is (96-99)%. So it is more efficient to use transformer in

electrical energy conversion.

You have to do some numericals on this topic.

Voltage Regulations
Voltage regulation in a transformer refers to the ability of the transformer to maintain a relatively constant
output voltage despite variations in the input voltage or changes in the load. It is expressed as a
percentage and calculated using the formula:

Voltage Regulation (%) =

where:

- is the transformer's secondary voltage at no load (when there is no connected load).

- is the transformer's secondary voltage at full load (when the rated load is connected).

For ideal transformer, VR=0%

For practical transformer, VR >0%

For inductive, resistive load VR is positive but for capacitive load it is negative ( Ferranti effect)

A lower percentage of voltage regulation indicates better performance, as it reflects less variation in
output voltage under-load and no-load conditions. Transformers with good voltage regulation are essential
for maintaining stable electrical supply systems.
Ques. Why do transformer is rated in KVA?

Numerical
Type 1: Turns ratio, voltage transformation ratio and voltage transformation

Formula:

Turns ratio=; voltage transformation ratio=; and ==

Problem 1: A transformer with 200 turns on the primary (input) side and 50 turns on the secondary
(output) side. Calculate the turns ratio (Np/Ns) and voltage transformation ratio for this transformer.

Soln: We know,

Turns ratio=Np/Ns=200/50=4

Voltage transformation ratio=Ns/Np=50/200=1/4

Problem 2: If in prob 1, the induced emf at primary is 200V and current is 2A then determine the
secondary induced emf and current.

Soln:
 We know,

==4

Or e2=4*200=800V

Again,

==

Or i2==0.5A

Problem 3: Show that in primary and secondary coil total power is constant.

Soln:

As condition,

S1=S2

or e1*i1=e2*i2

or 200*2=800*0.5

or 400 VA=400 VA

(proved)

Type 2: Equivalent Impedance

 Total equivalent resistance, Z01=z1+z2’=z1+z2/n^2 where z1=primary winding impedance and z2=
secondary winding impedance

Problem 4: If the N2/N1=2 and Zs=2+3i then determine the total equivalent impedance at primary side.

Soln:

We know,

Z01=z1+z2’=z1+z2/n^2

=2+3i+20/42

=7+3i ohm

Now complete the circuit diagram and determine the primary side current

Type 3: Determination different parameters from equivalent circuit

Where

Vp(t)=primary winding voltage

Vs(t)=secondary winding voltage

Z1=primary winding impedance

Z2=secondary winding impedance

Zload=load impedance

==

i1(t)=i0(t)+i12(t) (all are vector quantity) R0= resistance for core

or i12=i02+i122
Xm=magnetizing reactance
i0(t)=iw +iu (all are vector quantity)
or i02=iw2+iu2 so we can write that i1(t)=primary current
iw=i0cosθ and iu= i0sinθ
i2(t)=secondary current

i0(t)=no load current

i () i d d l d
Type 4: Efficiency calculation
%η==

But if we determine efficiency at x load i.e. current will x fractional times of full load current (not in full
load) then efficiency will