Functions

wine >
-
ean
(X values
mput values
doman >
-
Pf :

>
range Rf output values <y values
-
:

1 .
To test for function

test ->
every ilp must field are specific opp
vertical we

eg Y

#
,

&

x
zk

proof :

at most
for * 2k >
KER ,
x2k cuts the graph ye fax
once
-:: fax) is a function.

. Test
2 m. functions
for

horizontal live test

for y2k, KER its the graph ye fax)

·
,

at most once .
fa is one-one &

f"exists
theme

determining ear of f":

. Fit
characteristics of nur
1 make faxizy
>
-
Pf2Rf 2 . make x the sub
"

Rf2 + 3. replace x ulf & y wix

Df
note :
may have to reg . Soln depends on

context of an
>
-
symmetrical about yex

common intersection pt :
yzxz fr ef"cx>
 .
3 composite fric

·
for composite fit yafgexs
,

>
Rg - Df < Rinergic = Porter firic]
-

to test for composite Int to exist ,

check Rg & Df
composite sit exists
>
- if it satisfies above ris, then

>
mtdI sketching of graphs
making
-

·
finding me of composite frit faces
>
- sub ear of glot into f(x).
replace x m glys i 80x7

4. self-im . fi

>
-
8"Ga fas , same rules

properties of self-im . free

>
-

Df" 7
Rf
Rf"2 Df

symmetry about y2x

* >
- f "ED2f(x)
88(x) = 8"f(x) = x #w>
888(x) 28 [ff"] 2 f(x) 83x]

even exx

fodd CXD2f(x)
integration
1 by parts
1 - easily diff
.
-easin intergable
>
-
ur-Jude 7 I

↑
LATE
T
diff out

e . exponential of logarithmic

(a) ema
as
Jaxdx + co

us
Jonath + 2 , no

.
3 trigo fra

& Justix ax2-ro+

I
(smx) = cosx X +
an

(WSX) -
sma Joucosesay) = -

[x]
ro+ +c

Cox) 2 seeix

& (cot x) 2 - cosex

y . products of some & coste frL

simx cosny =
-]smaenix + sm cm -m> x]
cosmo cosux =
Elws(m+n>X + ros (m-m>x]

smmx smoxz -
E[cscnty(X- wsm-n)+ ]

.
3 mut .
by substitution

Joxon-J fax du
nz ...

z ....
6. ot . In the form

It bxt
d o

1is
I sout the fractions

+
↓ complete the

faxs
square fur
↓
k, (2 x)) + ksm"1 )... k, (In/fex1) + 12 trC ...
>
2

4 (In/frx1) +
1 in ( ...
T

application of ot
.

viemman sum

>
-
overestimation
>
-
underestination

>
-
m .
of rectangles is
,
sum of areas : area under
gre
Z

Z
vectors

1 . Prove collinea

-
E 1
>
-

AB 2 KAG 7
. , common point A
,

A, B , C Collinea

.
2 Natio theorem

A X
P >
-
*b +
ma
M
OP z -
B
*+ M

M
O
-

not
.
3 Not product -
rector

B 211141 wso ,
dis badIn

=
.
z P.

↓ .
14
* .

MW2 XM(b)
C) b+ 2

OA + 0By
> test for perpendicular
~
-

= 0 <

B b* L cannot divide
=
2 =>

(i) ( *] ex + Yitz
4. cross product
x2 llision ,
o is btw & ,
i wit rector

)
=
@xb2-Bx

X =0

* XMb = XM(GXb]

~ x (Y = 2) z(@x1 + (GX & )

each others
X b =0 Ca parallel to

I /bl smo
InY1=

(i) x() 2
(i) D
2

= even uf 1 ABC = lay T

7

area of paielogram : ItXA

7
A B

was - vector form

e :
n =
(3)
-
+
x()
-
,
xe

positional directional
vector vector can
cannot factorise
facturise

cartesian from a make o the]

= parametric form =
subject
X = a, + Ad,
93
=
X -
al z -

ei y zaz + xdz
d3
z zaz + xdz
 3 . God's A &

B
verson of projection /./:
It,
=/ABX1-
muertest
to l
as from

-
/x
I BF ,
l
A

[
F

projection vector Anto

-
>
-
N
I

z F -

T.
6 . 4 to 2 lives

·
s"(Il
if an ask for acute put mod 1
,

7 .
Vis bew lives

are parallel 2 2) prove they intersect

1) prove they
.

2
equate Whs test
,
1 .: v Xd, x me
=
a + ,
constant X , i value
12 :
v =
q2 + m .

dy
d,
zk
-

.
3 2) skew mys

they fail Parneld intersection test

>
-
do parallel test , then into test
planes

F
= parametric form

↑: 2+ & +
MG XIMER
-

generat
pt

2 Scala

~: product

↓ ↓
severel
point on
paint
plane
on A

= contesion from

- () -(3)
7)
:. 2 ax + by + Cz =
N

God's A 2 oB

in
terjection lAR
>
/
a
shortest dist 1 B to a
.
z IAB .
(AB .
>
-
rect RB 2
 - bow & &

btw 21 e, &e2
>
- bow 27 , A, Az/< ,

"I
I >
-
add for
o cost acute

>
- bter & l

ou"I da
vis bar R& A

1. paramel e not

:
e z@ + & & Nin 12k.

creas d. I zo , if they are not, they are intersecting

2 . Point was on a

if & was on a
nz k ,

it I do not we ad but is U 0 a
1 *K ,

its bow As

1. Paramel
a :
1 ,
z
,
: 1 .

12 - K2

if 2 > KER
,

2 As are paramel

D are
if , then minsect
my
comment both to
cutesion equ
& solve
ax + by + cz zk
for intersection
complex .
no

i = F
z zX + iY , xzReCzs , y = (m(z)
*
z zx -

iy

company coefficients

a + bi =p + gi

a =
p b =
, q

simultaneous
soling ear

1 .
identify less & isolate
complicated umex no
.

2 .
Sub new ear & net remaining complex no be z-x+ in

3 .
Solve first complex no . Then and urphey .
me

polymonial eaus

>
- complex coring att not theorems
bis roots
applicable when all coefficients I >
- zz ca +
7
z
Y
Z
zz (a -
bi)
eat

argand diagram
un(z)
0 =ten" (5)
1 ist a
Y -
and > =P-mm" (5)

-
2d =) 02 - P + ren" (5)
uth ) 02 -tan" (3)
30
↓
7 Re(z)
X

171zvag( 7770 :

exponential - zz
reio pole => z =
rcrosp + ismo)
 1 zN12 /ZIX I WI > -ong(z)
2) & agCz
ay(z) + agCW
= ag(zw) =

org (E) 2
ag Czs-agIW)
1z41 = izin
ery (Ins =
narg (1)
*
17 12 1Z1

DRV (Starts 3)
z

)
=
0[p(X2x) 11 for anx

= [P(X2x) =
1

= ECX) =
mem = [x PCX2x)

G Eca) en

z (ax) = aE(X)
& laXEb) = a E(X) eb

& (aXI b7) z nECT: bE(Y)

Va(X) > ECXS-EX] = 52

2 E(X - u]2 = E(X) -

12

5 = Farms

vo(n) zr

var(ax) = a
?
Var(X)

Va (aXIbY) = a
:
Vor(X) + b2Varly)
 Binomial distribution (starts 4)

how to identify => assumptions

>
- Rixed no of trans >
- Xv B(n , PS

>
-
independent events
>
-
same a constant probability
pubderity of occuring
>
- two outcomes

how to solve

> 1 3 unknown :
↑ (X)
=
Il - ,

4 end graph -> table with

XwB(n , p)
12 2
>
-
unknown :

use such untel

z
Y
+
-pyn
-

P(Xzx) = "Gp c

>
- 4 unknown :

binom colf or bimempey

mode of binomial distribution

for XNBC n , P)
>
-
we wh highest probability
E(x) z up
X2X
Var(X) znpCl-p>

2
z(X)(1 p]
 Normal distribution (starts 5)

1 probability z area under graph

has equal chance
.
2 total probability =1 random sampling
>
- create to context of
ans
.
3 assumption : events are independent
68-95-99 7 whe
4. empirical rule >
- .

merral
one
> an the 199 7 % s vies
population
m

↓
- .
-

uI30-
-
about
-
95 % was in the
-
n =
20
merval 68 to
-
lies in T
intervey

99 7 %
.
-> M = 30

93 % >
-
M 1 20

68% -
> M15 M-mean r-standard deviation
-7-variance
properties of Normal distribution

52 aX-brN(am + b 9322
1 XNN (M , , then ,

E(ax1b) = aE(x) Ib

zaMlb
4
P
Var(aX[b) = a Va(x) + o

2952n

.
2 events X & Y are independent

+3 >& Yon (M2 5)

X ~N (M,
,
=

6283
2
aX 1 bY NN(aM , 1 bMy1935 ,
+

3 . if X , , ...,
Xn independent observations
,

(i) nXw N(nm , na2

(i) X, + ... + YnvN(nM , not

* vandom sumde
1 equal chance of being selected
of one independent of selection of any or
·

.
2 selection

ob. being selected

solving ans
unknows
0 Q 1 2

XNN ( M , 52) standardisation

>
-
,

P(X(x)
= zwN(0 , 1)

⑤ z -
M

3. unknow check left , right ,

centre tevil
= int norm ->

4 unknow

>
- binompdf

Sampling I stats 6)

unbaised estimate of pop . mean

1

*
= 2
.
2 unbaised estimate of pop. Var
.

> not provided in

5
variance
sample
-

x
MF26
U

x o

sample mem X NN(m , 2zy

X, +... + xn - -(nM , no2)

(m
* ,
- n X n N(n M , n282
distribution is normal
if an did not state
.
3 Central vinut theorem >
-

when population sufficiently large

size >
-
n 0
,

*
~N (M , approx

X , +.. + YnNN (nM , no approx -

unknow
if population var .

↑ ~N (m >
**
S2
w 2
# (E- ) 2M526)
 of mey. Mo
Hypothesis testing (starts 1) .
def >
-
10s : probability
when it is actually true
A. steps to solving and

1. Define X & M

vet X be or denoting
...
let M be vr
demoting
... resting to against M
,

2 . Define Ho& H, H : M < Mo zu Hi :

My Mp
>
- left til >
- center tail
No > nmi
-

hypothesis > over

estimate
-

,
H -
> alternative hypothesis
Hi : M7 Mo
test No : M2 I
>
-
right toil
against H : M. >
-
under estimate

.
3 state distribution
M
XNN(M ,

I
under to

pop mean if >30, Cht, Yo (M , approx.

M > by

I
-

-> pop verience/

unbaised est.
of pop Variance
.

t
n > sample size
↓
-

.
4 state test start,

=M we ,

3 some

pramePLZAzcal] ZEM
.

critical
(a) (b) E test -
> keyMGC value

>
- When no unknow/ >
- an other uknows

Los unknown >

-
compare ul critical value wl
>
-
compare prate ul inVmorm
Los
critical * repends whether
if pC LOS at x %,
Eco
>
-
value,
>
-
night ten
nue sufficient end to reject to
have sufficient end or eff
Creft tewl]
to reg Mo .
tem
> E
-

calc > rule,

critical
if p > LOS at X %,
have insufficient end , cannot
msufficient
have end
reject to , right
foul
& cannot veg No .
 pvalue calculation >
-
Pure : smallest revel of significance for

hul
which mypothesis do can be
I
zM .
rejected
I
-
2
use Gt
stats -
> Tests >
-
z-test

key values >

-
calculate for Eac

if
.
3 we reject
No prame < LOS , there is sufficient end to reject to
cases
M: MC Mo
(i) test Ho
: Mz Mo against
use normal odf
prare = p(Z[Eca] >
-

M20 o z1
,

his rest Ho : Mz No against Hi : M > Mo

prance = p(zx Zcalc)

(iii) test Mo: M = No against H :

ME No

prome =
p((z1 > (Eca
2 P(zc-zcalc) + P(z > Econc]

proue of C tall test ex prome of corresponding I fewl test

Econc . Ccritical regin mid

-·
wan"
I I
critical region

LOS do
critical met >
-

region reject Ecalc MM

.

Mo critical region
,
L

Ecalc We in
.
reject
No

in reject to