3.

Although various eighteenth- and nineteenth-century

American poets had professed an interest in Native
American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native
American forms in their own works, until almost 1900,
scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study
traditional Native American poetry in native
languages.
(A) until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not
begin seriously to study
(B) until almost 1900 scholars and critics had not
begun seriously studying
(C) not until almost 1900 were scholars and critics
to begin seriously to study
(D) it was not almost until 1900 when scholars and
critics began to seriously study
(E) it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and
critics seriously began studying

7. As its sales of computer products have surpassed

those of measuring instruments, the company has
become increasingly willing to compete for the mass
market sales they would in the past have conceded
to rivals.
(A) they would in the past have conceded to rivals
(B) they would have conceded previously to their
rivals
(C) that in the past would have been conceded
previously to rivals
(D) it previously would have conceded to rivals in
the past
(E) it would in the past have conceded to rivals

30. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti

nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden
frames were essential items of military equipment,
a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows
and spears.
(A) a method to protect
(B) as a method protecting
(C) protecting
(D) as a protection of
(E) to protect
38. In 1850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on
Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equal
political and legal rights and for changes in the
married women’s property laws.
(A) arguing in a treatise for women to have equal
political and legal rights
(B) arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal
rights for women
(C) a treatise that advocates women’s equal political
and legal rights
(D) a treatise advocating women’s equal political
and legal rights
(E) a treatise that argued for equal political and
legal rights for women

50. According to some analysts, the gains in the stock

market reflect growing confidence that the economy
will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in
the year and instead come in for a “soft landing,”
followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
(A) that the economy will avoid the recession
that many had feared earlier in the year and
instead come
(B) in the economy to avoid the recession, what
many feared earlier in the year, rather to come
(C) in the economy’s ability to avoid the recession,
something earlier in the year many had feared,
and instead to come
(D) in the economy to avoid the recession many
were fearing earlier in the year, and rather
to come
(E) that the economy will avoid the recession that
was feared earlier this year by many, with it
instead coming

52. To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it

was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she remained
in France during the Second World War as a performer
and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.
(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long
before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,
(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was
fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was
her home,
(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long
before to be an expatriate was fashionable,
(D) Long before it was fashionable to be an
expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris
her home,
(E) Long before it was fashionable being an
expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker,

53. The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy

presented the results of his early experiments in
his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all
chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a
new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
(A) a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as
well as a vision of a
(B) a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle
and also his envisioning of a
(C) a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and
envisioning as well
(D) critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle
forward and also a vision of
(E) critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert
Boyle as well as his own envisioning of

57. That educators have not anticipated the impact of

microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it
is their fault: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent
students of the future, did not even mention
microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
(A) That educators have not anticipated the impact
of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
that it is their fault
(B) That educators have not anticipated the impact
of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
to be at fault
(C) It can hardly be said that it is the fault of
educators who have not anticipated the impact
of microcomputer technology
(D) It can hardly be said that educators are at fault
for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer
technology
(E) The fact that educators are at fault for not
anticipating the impact of microcomputer
technology can hardly be said
59. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the
pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred
truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed
during the festival’s month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the
festival’s month
(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for
the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during
the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that
was for the month of the festival

61. Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient

cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of
terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang,
China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife is more than
2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than
36 years to complete.
(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect
Qin Shi Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000
artisans more than 36 years to complete
(B) Qin Shi Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, was
protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta
warriors that was created more than
2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took
more than 36 years to complete it
(C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to
create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than
2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi
Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
(D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans
worked more than 36 years to create an army of
terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang,
China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
(E) more than 36 years were needed to complete
the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000
artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin
Shi Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
67. Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar,
Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout
the first half of the twentieth century because they
assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on
Algeria was always insecure.
(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was
always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never
be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they
did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about
their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if
they did not hold it
68. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at
Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for
centrally administered complex societies in northern
regions of the Middle East that were arising
simultaneously with but independently of the more
celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in
what is now southern Iraq.
(A) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell
Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence
for centrally administered complex societies in
northern regions of the Middle East that were
arising simultaneously with but
(B) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell
Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that
centrally administered complex societies in
northern regions of the Middle East were arising
simultaneously with but also
(C) having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell
Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence
that centrally administered complex societies in
northern regions of the Middle East were arising
simultaneously but
(D) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria,
yields strong evidence of centrally administered
complex societies in northern regions of the
Middle East arising simultaneously but also
(E) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria,
have yielded strong evidence that centrally
administered complex societies in northern
regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously
with but
70. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine
homeland, far outside the range of present-day
glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the
concept of an age in which great ice sheets had
existed in now currently temperate areas.
(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now
currently temperate areas
(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are
now temperate areas
(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were
areas now temperate
(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current
temperate areas
(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that
are temperate

73. Combining enormous physical strength with higher

intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for
facing any obstacle the environment could put in their
path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during
the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt
to some environmental change led to their extinction.
(A) appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the
environment could put in their path,
(B) appear to have been equipped to face any
obstacle the environment could put in their path,
(C) appear as equipped to face any obstacle the
environment could put in their paths,
(D) appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the
environment could put in their paths,
(E) appeared to have been equipped for facing any
obstacle the environment could put in their path,

74. A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United

States reduced the amount of phosphates that
municipalities had been allowed to dump into the
Great Lakes.
(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that
municipalities had been allowed to dump
(B) reduced the phosphate amount that
municipalities had been dumping
(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities
have been allowed to dump
(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that
municipalities are allowed to dump
(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for
dumping by municipalities

78. Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in

1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the
earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles Islands.

(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at

34 million years old, made it the earliest known
mammal of
(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has
been dated at 34 million years old, thus making
it the earliest mammal known on
(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was
dated at 34 million years old, making this the
earliest known mammal of
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been
dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth
the earliest known mammal on
(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was
dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the
earliest known mammal of

79. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their

clients’ misconduct stemmed from a reaction to
something ingested, but in attributing criminal or
delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the
perpetrators are in effect told that they are not
responsible for their actions.

(A) in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to

some food allergy,
(B) if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to
an allergy to some food,
(C) in attributing behavior that is criminal or
delinquent to an allergy to some food,
(D) if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of
criminal or delinquent behavior,
(E) in attributing a food allergy as the cause of
criminal or delinquent behavior,
86. The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures
are evident in its profi ts, which increased 5 percent
during the fi rst 3 months of this year after it fell over
the last two years.

(A) which increased 5 percent during the fi rst

3 months of this year after it fell
(B) which had increased 5 percent during the fi rst
3 months of this year after it had fallen
(C) which have increased 5 percent during the fi rst
3 months of this year after falling
(D) with a 5 percent increase during the fi rst
3 months of this year after falling
(E) with a 5 percent increase during the fi rst
3 months of this year after having fallen

88. Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and

composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the
stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and
Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from
the mainstream jazz repertory.

(A) Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and

composer, produced a body of work both rooted
(B) Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer,
produced a body of work that was rooted both
(C) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk,
who produced a body of work rooted
(D) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk
produced a body of work that was rooted
(E) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk
produced a body of work rooted both

101. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of

action, especially if it has worked well in the past,
makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or
misinterpret them when they do appear.

(A) Heavy commitment by an executive to a course

of action, especially if it has worked well in the
past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient
trouble or misinterpret them when they do
appear.
(B) An executive who is heavily committed to a
course of action, especially one that worked well
in the past, makes missing signs of incipient
trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they
do appear.
(C) An executive who is heavily committed to a
course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret
signs of incipient trouble when they do appear,
especially if it has worked well in the past.
(D) Executives’ being heavily committed to a course
of action, especially if it has worked well in the
past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient
trouble or misinterpreting them when they do
appear.
(E) Being heavily committed to a course of action,
especially one that has worked well in the past,
is likely to make an executive miss signs of
incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they
do appear.

118. The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global

warming, a phenomenon most scientists agree to be
caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels, will
create havoc among migratory birds by altering the
environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

(A) a phenomenon most scientists agree to be

caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,
(B) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is
caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,
(C) a phenomenon that most scientists agree is
caused by human beings’ burning of fossil fuels,
(D) which most scientists agree on as a phenomenon
caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,
(E) which most scientists agree to be a
phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by
human beings,

119. New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of

asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in
the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages,
splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and
great volcanic eruptions.

(A) splitting apart continents

(B) the splitting apart of continents
(C) split apart continents
(D) continents split apart
(E) continents that were split apart

123. She was less successful after she had emigrated

to New York compared to her native Germany,
photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small
group of discerning admirers, and her photographs
were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries
across the United States.

(A) She was less successful after she had

emigrated to New York compared to
(B) Being less successful after she had emigrated
to New York as compared to
(C) Less successful after she emigrated to New
York than she had been in
(D) Although she was less successful after
emigrating to New York when compared to
(E) She had been less successful after emigrating
to New York than in
124. Found throughout Central and South America,
sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and
sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough
that two species of algae grow on its coat and
between its toes.

(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and

sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs,
they sleep 15 hours a day, and with such
infrequent movements
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from
trees, sleep 15 hours a day, and move so
infrequently
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery
limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so
infrequently
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery
limbs, sleeps 15 hours a day, and it moves
infrequently enough

128. Australian embryologists have found evidence that

suggests that the elephant is descended from an
aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving as a
kind of snorkel.

(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended

from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally
evolving
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended
from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally
evolving
(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended
from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally
evolved
(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended
from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally
evolved
(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from
an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally
evolved

131. Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France

derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just
over 33 percent.

(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent

(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over
33 percent
(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over
33 percent of the energy produced in Germany
(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy
comes from nuclear power in Germany
(E) compared with the energy from nuclear power in
Germany, where it is just over 33 percent

133. Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to

take some credit for the resurgence of the rare
Kemp’s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with
laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on
shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.

(A) requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on

shrimp nets protect
(B) requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets
is protecting
(C) that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp
nets protect
(D) to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets
are protecting
(E) to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets
is protecting

134. Recently implemented “shift-work equations” based

on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced
sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift
workers, and have raised production efficiency in
various industries.

(A) fatigue among shift workers, and have raised

(B) fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(C) and fatigue among shift workers while raising
(D) lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised
(E) and fatigue among shift workers was lowered
while raising

135. Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Müller

began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship
as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually
every honor that European governments and
learned societies could bestow.

(A) Müller began his career in an unpromising

apprenticeship as
(B) Müller’s career began in an unpromising
apprenticeship as
(C) Müller’s career began with the unpromising
apprenticeship of being
(D) Müller had begun his career with the
unpromising apprenticeship of being
(E) the career of Müller has begun with an
unpromising apprenticeship of
138. In no other historical sighting did Halley’s Comet
cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in
1910–1911.

(A) did its return in 1910–1911

(B) had its 1910–1911 return
(C) in its return of 1910–1911
(D) its return of 1910–1911 did
(E) its return in 1910–1911

140. Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid

about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that
eradicated the dinosaurs has been dated to be 3.47
billion years old and thus is evidence of the earliest
known asteroid impact on Earth.

(A) has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and

thus is
(B) has been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus
(C) have been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and
thus are
(D) have been dated as being 3.47 billion years old
and thus
(E) have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and
thus are
1. D
2. D
3. E
4. E
5. A
6. E
7. E
8. A
9. E
10. B
11. D
12. E
13. A
14. A
15. E
16. B
17. D
18. C
19. D
20. E
21. A
22. D
23. C
24. E
25. E
26. E
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. D
32. B
33. A
34. B
35. C
36. A
37. A
38. E
39. D
40. E
41. D
42. A
43. E
44. C
45. B
46. B
47. A
48. B
49. D
50. A
51. B
52. D
53. A
54. E
55. B
56. E
57. D
58. E
59. D
60. E
61. A
62. E
63. B
64. A
65. C
66. A
67. B
68. E
69. E
70. B
71. D
72. A
73. B
74. D
75. C
76. D
77. E
78. D
79. B
80. E
81. C
82. E
83. B
84. B
85. A
86. C
87. C
88. D
89. B
90. B
91. A
92. B
93. A
94. E
95. C
96. C
97. C
98. A
99. D
100. B
101. E
102. A
103. B
104. D
105. C
106. C
107. A
108. A
109. A
110. C
111. C
112. D
113. B
114. C
115. C
116. C
117. E
118. C
119. B
120. D
121. A
122. D
123. C
124. D
125. B
126. A
127. D
128. E
129. C
130. B
131. C
132. D
133. B
134. C
135. B
136. A
137. C
138. C
139. B
140. E