Pharmaceutical Solutions

Mention 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of pharmaceutical solutions.

Lecture 1, Slide 4 & Slide 5

Mention 3 methods used for the purification of water, with one advantage and one
limitation for each method if present.
Lecture 1, Slide 10 to Slide 15

What is the definition of aromatic water, what is its main use, and what are the 2
methods used for its preparation?
- Aromatic waters (medicated waters) are clear, saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or other volatile
substances.
- They are used principally as flavored or perfumed vehicles (e.g., Peppermint water).
- Prepared by Distillation or Solution
Mention 5 different additives used in pharmaceutical solutions, with one example
for each. Buffers: (e.g., Phosphate buffer)
Isotonicity modifiers: (e.g., Nacl and dextrose).
Viscosity enhancement: (e.g., glycerin).
Antioxidant: (e.g., ascorbic acid = vitamin C).
Sweeting agent: (e.g., sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol)
Mention three applications for mouthwashes.
Antiseptic Mouthwashes
Fluoride Mouthwashes
Cosmetic Mouthwashes
What is the meaning of intranasal drug delivery?
Nasal solutions can be used for systemic administration, allowing drugs to be absorbed directly into the
bloodstream through the highly vascularized nasal mucosa.

Mention three applications for otic solutions.

Ear Infection Treatment
Earwax Removal
Pain Relief

Mention 3 benefits associated with using syrup as a pharmaceutical vehicle.

Their high viscosity
Ability to mask salty or bitter taste of drugs.
Resist bacterial growth because of the unavailability of the water
Mention 3 types of syrups.
Simple syrup - Flavored syrup - Medicated Syrup

Mention the different types of sugars used in the preparation of syrups; which one
is the most used, and when is it replaced with other sugar types?
Lecture 2, Slide 15 to Slide 18

Mention the 4 methods used for syrup preparation.

a) Solution with the aid of heat.
b) Solution by agitation.
c) Addition of medicated liquid to syrup.
d) Percolation.
Mention 2 advantages for non-aqueous solvents over aqueous solvent in
pharmaceutical solutions.
Lecture 3, Slide 3

Mention 2 pharmaceutical applications for fixed oil.

Parenteral and Oral Formulations
Liniment

Mention 3 pharmaceutical applications for alcohol in non-aqueous solutions and

write a short definition for each application and the alcohol content in each
application.
Lecture 3, Slides 15, 17 & 19

Mention 5 quality control tests used to evaluate pharmaceutical suspension and the
importance of each test.
Lecture 3, Slides 21, 22, 23
 Pharmaceutical Suspensions
Mention 2 types of disperse systems according to the size of the dispersed phase.
Colloidal dispersion & Coarse suspension

Mention 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of pharmaceutical suspension.

Lecture 4, slide 3 & 4

Make a comparison between flocculated and deflocculated suspension.

Lecture 4: slide 5 & 6

Mention 2 factors used to decrease the sedimentation rate of flocculated suspension

according to Stoke’s law and how to achieve them.
the particle size, the density and the viscosity of the dispersion medium may be adjusted.
1) A first method to reduce the sedimentation rate is particle size reduction.
2) A second method to reduce the sedimentation rate is to increase the density and the viscosity of the
dispersion medium.
What is the meaning of thixotropic and draw the curve that represents thixotropic
property.

Mention 3 types of suspending agents and write one example for each type.
Lecture 4, Slide 14

Differentiate between the 2 layers of the electric double layer and write a brief
definition for Zeta potential.
Lecture 4, Slide 17 & 19

Mention the 3 zones of DLVO theory, and write which zone is desirable for
pharmaceutical suspension.
Lecture 4, slide 23, 24 & 25
Mention 3 types of flocculating agents, one example for each type, and the
mechanism of action for each type.
Lecture 4, Slide 27, 30 & 31

Mention 3 types of wetting agents, one example for each type, and the mechanism
of action for each type.
Lecture 4, Slide 37 & 38

Enumerate 4 properties of a good pharmaceutical suspension.

Lecture 4, Slide 39

Mention 2 parameters used to determine the flocculation rate of the suspension,

write the equations of these parameters and state which one is more useful.
Lecture 5, Slide 7, 8 & 9

Mention 5 different tests used to evaluate pharmaceutical suspension and write the
method or the devise used for each test.
Lecture 5, Slide 16 to 21

Why is it desirable for Kaolin and MgCO3 to be formulated as suspension?

For drugs which are required to be present in the GIT in a finely divided form
with large surface area. E.g., Kaolin, Magnesium carbonate suspension are
used for the adsorption of toxins

What is the application of barium sulfate when formulated as rectal suspension to

be administered as enema?
Barium Sulfate for Suspension, USP, may be employed rectally (enema) as an X-ray
radiographic contrast agent for diagnostic
visualization of the GIT

Mention 4 pharmaceutical applications for suspension with one example for each.
Lecture 5, Slide 22 to 28
Pharmaceutical Emulsions
Make a comparison between O/W and W/O emulsions according to their internal
phase, continuous phase, drug release, and external use.
Lecture 6, Slide 4

Mention 4 types of emulsions.

Slide 6, Slide 3, 5, 6, 7

Mention 3 tests used to identify emulsions type.

1.Dilution test
2.Dye solubility test
3.Conductivity test

Complete with the suitable type of emulsion (O/W or W/O):

O/W
- Suitable for oral administration of fats and oils (……………….)
- Suitable for intravenous administration (……………….)O/W
- Suitable for depot therapy for water-soluble drug (……………….) W/O
- Semisolid emulsion used externally to provide a cooling effect (….……)
O/W
- Semisolid emulsion used externally for treatment of dry skin (………….)W/O
- When diluted with water, breaking occurs (………….)W/O
- When diluted with oil, emulsion is stable (………….)
W/O
- Emulsions give a negative conductivity (………….)W/O
O/W
- preferred for oral formulations as the taste of oils can be masked (………)
- Its preparation involves using an emulgent with HLB value 3:6 (…….) W/O

Make a comparison between O/W and W/O emulsions according to their internal
phase, continuous phase, drug release, and external use.
Lecture 6, Slide 4

Mention 3 different types of emulsifying agents, their mechanisms of action, and

write one example for each type.
Lecture 6, Slide 19, 20, 24
 Mention 5 different additives used for emulsions and write one example for each
type.
Lecture 6, Slide 26

Enumerate methods used for emulsion preparation indicating one key difference
between them.
Lecture 6, Slide 28 to 33

Mention three types of emulsion instability.

1. Flocculation and Creaming
2. Coalescence and Breaking
3. Phase inversion

What is the key difference between flocculation and coalescence, creaming and
breaking.
Lecture 6, Slide 36, 38, 41

According to Stoke’s law, mention the 3 strategies used to decrease the creaming
rate of the emulsion.
1. Decreasing the diameter of the dispersed globules, This can be achieved by the use of a homogenizer.
2. Decreasing density differences between the two phases. Creaming can be prevented if the densities of
the two phases are identical.
3. Increasing the viscosity of the external phase by adding thickeners like tragacanth.
Make a comparison between the creaming and breaking of emulsion.
Lecture 6, 39

Mention 3 factors that lead to the phase inversion of emulsions and how to
minimize their effect.
Phase inversion can be minimized by using the proper emulsifying agent in adequate concentration,
keeping the concentration of dispersed phase between 30% and 60% and storing the emulsion in a cool
place.

Mention three applications for O/W emulsions in oral, parenteral, and topical
formulations.
Lecture 6, Slide 43
Answer the following questions according to the provided figure:

- Which letter represents the creaming of O/W emulsion (...…...)

- Which letter represents the breaking of emulsion (...…...)
- Which letter represents the creaming of W/O emulsion (...…...) c
f
- Which letter represents upward creaming (...…...) d
c
- Which letter represents downward creaming (...…...)
d
- Which letter represents complete separating of emulsion (...…...) f
d
- Which letter represents downward creaming (...…...) c, d
f
- Which letter represents reversible instability of emulsion (...…...)
b
- Which letter represents irreversible instability of emulsion (...…...) e
e
- Which letter represents reversible aggregation of droplets (...…...) a
e
- Which letter represents irreversible fusion of droplets (...…...)
a
- Which letter represents irreversible fusion of droplets (...…...)
- Which letter represents phase inversion of emulsion (...…...)
- Which letter represents irreversible fusion of droplets (...…...)
- Which letter resulted from using large volume of internal phase (...…...)
Pharmaceutical Solutions
What defines a pharmaceutical solution?
a) A mixture of two or more substances without a solvent
b) A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a clear solution
c) A mixture with no advantages or disadvantages
d) A mixture requiring shaking before administration

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of pharmaceutical solutions?

a) Enhanced palatability and ease of administration
b) Rapid onset of action compared to solid dosage forms
c) Enhanced stability over time
d) Homogeneous dosage delivery without the need for additional steps

Which of the following is a disadvantage of pharmaceutical solutions?

a) Enhanced bioavailability
b) Reduced GIT irritant
c) Storage and transportation challenges
d) Rapid onset of action compared to solid dosage forms

What are the two main classifications of pharmaceutical solutions based on solvent
nature?
a) Liquid and solid solutions
b) Aqueous and non-aqueous solutions
c) Parenteral and ophthalmic solutions
d) Palatable and unpalatable solutions
Which method is used to prepare purified water for pharmaceutical use?
a) Distillation
b) Ion-exchange
c) Reverse Osmosis
d) All of the above

Which of the following is an advantage of using the distillation process to prepare

purified water?
a) High effective method
b) Chemical-free method
c) Energy-intensive method
d) All of the above

Which method is used to obtain demineralized water for pharmaceutical use?

a) Distillation
b) Ion-exchange
c) Reverse Osmosis
d) All of the above

What is the primary function of aromatic waters in pharmaceutical solutions?

a) To enhance stability
b) To resist pH change
c) To mask unpleasant odors and provide flavors
d) To increase the viscosity of the product
What is the primary function of buffers in pharmaceutical solutions?
a) To enhance stability
b) To resist pH change
c) To mask unpleasant odors and provide flavors
d) To increase the viscosity of the product

What is the purpose of an isotonicity modifier in pharmaceutical solutions?

a) To increase the viscosity
b) To maintain stability
c) To prepare an isotonic solution
d) To resist pH change

What is the purpose of preservatives in pharmaceutical solutions?

a) To increase the viscosity
b) To maintain stability
c) To prepare an isotonic solution
d) To resist pH change

Which one is considered as an example of water-soluble preservatives?

a) Methylparaben
b) Propylparaben
c) Benzyl Alcohol
d) All of the above
What type of solutions are designed for use in the ear canal?
a) Oral solutions
b) Nasal solutions
c) Otic solutions
d) Topical solutions

What primary purpose do cosmetic mouthwash solutions serve?

a) Treating tooth decay
b) Freshening breath
c) Whitening teeth
d) Eliminating cavities

Which type of the following pharmaceutical solutions can be used for systemic
administration?
a) Nasal solutions
b) Otic solutions
c) Mouthwashes
d) Topical solutions

Which type of syrup primarily serves as a vehicle for prescriptions and contains
flavored substances?
a) Simple syrup
b) Medicated syrup
c) Flavored syrup
d) Invert syrup
What is the primary purpose of syrup in pharmaceutical preparation?
a) To prevent bacterial growth
b) To serve as a sweetening agent
c) To maintain stability in sealed containers
d) To act as a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar

What is the primary function of using invert syrup?

a) To increase sweetness
b) To reduce crystal growth
c) To improve viscosity
d) To expedite microbial growth

Which of the following is a case for replacing sucrose in syrup preparations?

a) The formation of large crystals that are difficult to redissolve
b) The brown discoloration (caramelization) of syrup
c) The metabolism of sucrose to glucose in the body
d) All of the above

Which method is NOT used to prepare syrups for heat-labile substances?

a) Solution by agitation
b) Addition of medicated liquid to syrup
c) Percolation
d) Solution with the aid of heat
Which syrup preparation method involves dissolving the sugar by passing purified
water through a bed of crystalline sucrose?
a) Solution by agitation
b) Addition of medicated liquid to syrup
c) Percolation
d) Solution with the aid of heat

What is the most commonly used sugar in syrup preparations due to its purity and
sweetness?
a) Glucose
b) Fructose
c) Sucrose
d) Dextrose

When is the syrup with the aid of heat considered a suitable method for
preparation?
a) When the syrup contains a heat-labile substance
b) When the syrup contains a volatile substance
c) When there is a need for a quick preparation
d) All of the above

Which of the following is not a common type of nonaqueous solvent?

a) Glycerin
b) Olive oil
c) Water
d) Ethanol
What are the disadvantages of pharmaceutical non-aqueous solutions over
aqueous solutions?
a) Lower drug stability
b) Reduced solubility range for drugs
c) Flexibility in drug delivery routes
d) Increased cost for formulation

Which application is NOT associated with Fixed Oils in pharmaceutical use?

a) Parenteral Formulations
b) Liniments
c) Inhalation solutions
d) Oral Formulations

In Elixirs, what are the alcohol and water ratio ranges typically used?
a) 80-100% alcohol
b) 30-50% alcohol
c) 3-40% alcohol
d) 10-20% alcohol

Spirits are described as containing a higher concentration of volatile substances

due to:
a) Low alcohol content
b) Higher solubility of volatile substances in water
c) Greater solubility of volatile substances in alcohol
d) No volatile substances
Which solvents are stable in solution and do not support microbial growth?
a) Fixed oils
b) Polyethylene glycols
c) Ethanol
d) Glycerin

Which solvent is often included in cough syrups as a soothing agent for the throat?
a) Fixed oils
b) Polyethylene glycols
c) Ethanol
d) Glycerin

Which solvent can’t be used as a co-solvent in combination with water?

a) Fixed oils
b) Polyethylene glycols
c) Ethanol
d) Glycerin

What quality control test ensures that the solution flows properly and can be
administered as intended?
a) pH Measurement
b) Viscosity
c) Stability studies
d) Specific gravity
What quality control test is used to prevent contamination or leakage?
a) pH Measurement
b) Viscosity
c) Stability studies
d) Container-Closure Integrity

What is the purpose of dissolution testing in quality control?

a) To assess microbial contamination
b) To measure specific gravity
c) To determine drug release rate and extent
d) To examine appearance and clarity

Pharmaceutical Suspensions
What characterizes a suspension?
a) Homogeneous mixture
b) Biphasic system with solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle
c) Completely dissolved particles
d) Transparent solution

Based on the size of the dispersed phase, suspensions are classified into:
a) Colloidal dispersion and capsules
b) Micro dispersion and macroparticles
c) Coarse dispersion and colloidal dispersion
d) Micelles and macromolecules
What is the advantage of suspensions over solid dosage forms in terms of
bioavailability?
a) Solutions > Suspension > Capsules > Tablets
b) Tablets > Solutions > Suspension > Capsules
c) Capsules > Tablets > Solutions > Suspension
d) Suspension > Capsules > Solutions > Tablets

What describes flocculated suspensions?

a) Easily redispersible by moderate shaking
b) Exist as separate entities and have a low rate of sedimentation
c) Rapid formation of sediment forming a hard cake
d) Form loose aggregates and have a low rate of sedimentation

How can particle size reduction be achieved in suspensions?

a) Increase the density of the dispersion medium
b) Use larger particles to avoid rapid sedimentation
c) Employ a colloid mill or homogenizer
d) Decrease the viscosity of the dispersion medium

According to Stoke’s law, which variables can be varied to decrease the

sedimentation rate?
a) The density of the dispersion medium
b) The viscosity of the dispersion medium
c) The particle size of the dispersed particles
d) All of the above
What role do suspending agents play in pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) Enhancing the sedimentation rate
b) Reducing the viscosity of the suspension
c) Increasing the stability of dispersed particles
d) Augmenting the viscosity and reducing sedimentation rate

What is the importance of wetting agents in pharmaceutical suspensions?

a) They decrease the stability of the suspension
b) They regulate the sedimentation rate
c) They improve wetting of solid particles by the liquid vehicle
d) They enhance the dispersibility of particles within the suspension

According to Stoke’s law, which variables can’t be varied to decrease the

sedimentation rate?
a) The density of the dispersion medium
b) The viscosity of the dispersion medium
c) The particle size of the dispersed particles
d) The density of the dispersed particles

What is the primary difference between a flocculated suspension and a

deflocculated suspension?
a) Flocculated suspensions sediment slowly
b) Deflocculated suspensions form hard cakes
c) Flocculated suspensions exhibit clear supernatant
d) Deflocculated suspensions are easily redispersible
How does rheology impact the characteristics of pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) Enhances the settling of the suspended particles
b) Affects the color and taste of the suspension
c) Regulates the flow properties of the suspension
d) Determines the particle size distribution

Which suspending agent is commonly used to enhance thixotropic features in

pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) Natural polysaccharides
b) Semi-Synthetic cellulose derivatives
c) Hydrated Silicates
d) All of the above

What is the significance of zeta potential in colloidal systems?

a) Predicts the overall energy of interaction between particles
b) Measures the sedimentation rate of particles
c) Determines the particle size distribution
d) Indicates the strength of the electrostatic repulsion force between particles

How do electrolytes function as flocculating agents in suspensions?

a) By forming bridges between the particles
b) By increasing the zeta potential
c) By neutralizing the charge
d) By increasing the viscosity of the dispersion medium
What is the key purpose of wetting agents in pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) To increase the sedimentation rate
b) To improve the dispersibility of solid particles
c) To maintain the pH of the suspension
d) To act as surfactants to prevent foaming

What characterizes a good pharmaceutical suspension?

a) Rapid sedimentation of particles
b) Prevent formation of a hard cake
c) Inconsistent particle size during storage
d) Instability during the shaking process

How is controlled flocculation achieved in pharmaceutical suspensions?

a) By increasing the sedimentation rate of particles
b) By increasing the zeta potential of the deflocculated suspension
c) By increasing the viscosity of the dispersion medium
d) By decreasing the stability of the dispersed particles

Why are suspending agents such as magnesium aluminum silicate and xanthan
gum used together in certain suspensions?
a) To reduce sedimentation rate
b) To increase the contact angle between particles
c) To accelerate the flocculation process
d) To create a synergistic effect and improve suspension stability
Which technique can be used for particle size reduction in large-scale
manufacturing of suspensions?
a) Pestle and mortar
b) Colloid mill
c) Sedimentation
d) Viscosity analysis

What role does the slipping plane play in the electric double layer surrounding a
particle in a dispersed phase?
a) It indicates the size of the particles
b) It influences the zeta potential
c) It defines the density of the medium
d) It regulates the sedimentation rate

How does sedimentation volume impact the pharmaceutical suspension?

a) It determines the rate of flocculation
b) It regulates the density of the particles
c) It determines the size of the particles
d) It can influence the viscosity and pouring characteristics

What is the primary function of thixotropic properties in pharmaceutical

suspensions?
a) To increase sedimentation rate
b) To decrease the viscosity during storage
c) To maintain a hard cake formation
d) To show increased viscosity during storage
Which of the following describes a critical factor for ensuring a pharmaceutical
suspension remains stable over an extended period?
a) High sedimentation rate
b) Constant particle size distribution
c) Rapid formation of a hard cake
d) Quick separation of phases upon shaking

How do natural polysaccharides like alginate and xanthan gum contribute to

pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) By improving particle sedimentation
b) By providing a structured vehicle
c) By increasing the contact angle between particles
d) By reducing the zeta potential of the particles

How does viscosity affect the administration of pharmaceutical suspensions?

a) It aids in maintaining the formation of a hard cake
b) It influences the sedimentation rate of particles
c) It ensures a rapid separation of phases
d) All of the above

Why is the contact angle between the solid and liquid phases a crucial factor in
pharmaceutical suspensions?
a) It regulates the zeta potential
b) It influences wetting and dispersion of solid particles
c) It determines the sedimentation volume
d) It accelerates the rate of flocculation
Which point represents zeta potential?

a) Point a
b) Point b
c) Point c
Which curve represents the favorable rheological properties of suspension?

a)

b)

c)

d)
 According to DLVO theory, which zone is desirable for pharmaceutical
suspension?

a) Zone a
b) Zone b
c) Zone c

Which figure represents poor wetting properties?

Which flocculating agent acts by forming bridges between particles?

a) Electrolytes
b) Ionic surfactants
c) Polymers
d) All of the above
The following figure shows the effect of Addition of monobasic potassium
phosphate (-ve flocculating agent) to a suspension of bismuth subnitrate (+ve
charged particles).

According to the provided figure:

Which zone represents the charge reversal of the suspended particles?
a) Zone (a)
b) Zone (b)
c) Zone (c)
d) All of the above
Which zone represents a noncaking zone of the suspension?
a) Zone (a)
b) Zone (b)
c) Zone (c)
d) All of the above
In which zone does complete charge neutralization occur?
a) Zone (a)
b) Zone (b)
c) Zone (c)
d) All of the above
Which zone represents the highest sedimentation volume in the suspension?
a) Zone (a)
b) Zone (b)
c) Zone (c)
d) All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a sweetening agent used in pharmaceutical

formulations for taste masking?
A) Sodium saccharin
B) Aspartame
C) Acacia
D) Mannitol

What is the primary purpose of incorporating flavoring agents into

pharmaceutical formulations?
A) Increasing viscosity
B) Enhancing drug solubility
C) Increasing patient acceptance
D) Reducing sedimentation
Which of the following is NOT a natural source for coloring agents in oral
suspensions?
A) Amaranth
B) Annatto seeds
C) Brilliant blue
D) Sodium saccharin

What is the role of humectants in pharmaceutical suspensions?

A) Absorbing moisture and preventing degradation
B) Enhancing drug taste
C) Increasing sedimentation rate
D) Decreasing the stability of the suspension

What are two sugar alcohols used as sweetening agents?

A) Glucose and mannose
B) Sorbitol and mannitol
C) Sodium saccharin and aspartame
D) Acacia and anise oil

How is the sedimentation volume (F) of a suspension measured?

A) Through the addition of colorants
B) Using a spectrophotometer
C) By calculating Vu / Vo
D) Measuring drug content
Which type of suspension has a sedimentation volume close to 1?
A) Flocculated
B) Deflocculated
C) Homogenized
D) Colloidal

What is the ratio used to determine the degree of flocculation (β) of a suspension?
A) β = (Vo / Vu) Flocculated / (Vo / Vu) Deflocculated
B) β = (Vu) Flocculated / (Vu) Deflocculated
C) β = (Vo / Vu) Flocculated / (Vu / Vo) Deflocculated
D) β = (F) Deflocculated / (F) Flocculated

What is the minimum value for the degree of flocculation (β)?

A) 0
B) 0.5
C) 1
D) 2

What method is used for determining the particle size in suspensions?

A) Dissolution test
B) Laser diffraction
C) Electrophoresis
D) Hydrometer
Why are oral suspensions usually packaged in wide-mouth containers?
A) To prevent drug degradation
B) To enhance particle size distribution
C) To facilitate thorough mixing and ease of pouring
D) To increase drug potency

What does the labeling of oral suspension recommend?

A) Freezing the product
B) Storing at varying temperatures
C) A and B
D) Shaking before use

What is the primary reason for formulating drugs as suspensions for inhalation
therapy?
A) To increase drug potency
B) To enhance particle size distribution
C) To improve taste masking
D) For drug delivery to the lungs

Which type of suspensions are meant for external application?

A) Oral suspensions
B) Parenteral suspensions
C) Lotions
D) Rectal suspensions
Why are sweetening agents insufficient for complete taste masking in
pharmaceutical formulations?
A) Due to their inability to enhance drug solubility
B) Since they lack flavor
C) Because they don't interact with the drug particles
D) They generally have a bitter taste

What is the role of humectants in suspension?

A) To decrease sedimentation
B) To increase the stability of the suspension
C) To add a pleasant flavor to the suspension
D) To absorb moisture and prevent API degradation

What are the components of a structured vehicle in suspension preparation?

A) Wetting agents
B) Flocculating agents
C) A and B
D) None of the above

Why is the density of a suspension measured?

A) To determine the colorant concentration
B) To measure the solubility of the drug
C) To understand the volume adjustment required
D) To check for air entrapment
What is the primary purpose of dissolution testing for suspensions?
A) To measure drug content uniformity
B) To evaluate sedimentation rate
C) To understand the rate of drug release
D) To calculate the viscosity

What are rectal barium sulfate suspensions primarily used for?

A) Diagnosing X-ray radiography of colon
B) Treating skin irritation
C) Relieving itching and pain
D) Administering hydrocortisone

Why should purified water be used in reconstituting oral suspension dry powders?
A) To decrease stability
B) To avoid impurities affecting the stability
C) To enhance taste
D) To reduce drug bioavailability

What method is commonly used to determine the viscosity of a suspension?

A) Dissolution apparatus 1
B) Brookfield's viscometer
C) Density meter
D) Zetasizer
How is the degree of flocculation (β) calculated?
A) By determining the colorant concentration
B) By using the Zetasizer instrument
C) By measuring sedimentation volume (F)
D) By the ratio of flocculated to deflocculated sedimentation volumes

Why are suspensions usually packaged in containers with adequate airspace?

A) To decrease drug potency
B) To prevent drug degradation
C) To permit thorough mixing by shaking
D) To reduce particle size distribution

Pharmaceutical Emulsions

Emulsions are:
a) Uniphasic homogeneous systems
b) Biphasic heterogeneous systems
c) Multiphasic heterogeneous systems
d) Completely solid systems

Emulsions are stabilized by the addition of:

a) Thickeners
b) Emulsifying agents
c) Coloring agents
d) Sweetening agents
Oil in water (O/W) emulsions are characterized by:
a) Oil as the dispersed phase and water as the dispersion medium
b) Water as the dispersed phase and oil as the dispersion medium
c) A greasy texture that's easily washed by water
d) Used to prevent evaporation of moisture from the skin

Water in oil (W/O) emulsions are known for:

a) Being easily washed from the skin surface
b) Being used externally to provide a cooling effect
c) The external phase being oil
d) The internal phase being composed of water droplets

Microemulsions are defined as:

a) Opaque dispersions of water, oil, and surfactants
b) Clear dispersions of water, oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants
c) Emulsions with large droplet sizes
d) Emulsions requiring high shear conditions for formation

Self-emulsifying systems are:

a) Anhydrous products that don't form emulsions
b) Emulsions with large droplet sizes
c) Systems that form emulsions spontaneously when added to water
d) Emulsions requiring high shear conditions for formation
Complex emulsions, also called multiple emulsions, are developed to:
a) Hasten the release of an active ingredient
b) Contain a single phase for easy absorption
c) Delay the release of an active ingredient
d) Administered exclusively intravenously

Which of the following is an advantage of O/W emulsions?

a) Decreasing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs
b) Delay the release of water-soluble drug
c) Administered intravenously to patients unable to ingest food
d) Releasing oil-soluble drugs faster

The tests used to differentiate between O/W and W/O emulsions include:
a) Dilution test, staining test, and conduction test
b) Dye solubility test, temperature test, and freezing test
c) Conductivity test, aroma test, and staining test
d) Viscosity test, surface tension test, and color test

The dilution test is used to differentiate emulsions by:

a) Observing their odor
b) Testing their temperature resistance
c) Seeing how they react to dye
d) Checking their stability on dilution with oil or water
Which dye solubility test result indicates an O/W emulsion?
a) Water-soluble dye: Continuous phase is colored, disperse phase is colorless
b) Oil-soluble dye: Disperse phase is colorless, continuous phase is colored
c) Water-soluble dye: Disperse phase is colored, continuous phase is colorless
d) Oil-soluble dye: Disperse phase is colored, continuous phase is colored

Conductivity tests indicate O/W emulsions as:

a) Giving a negative conductivity test
b) Giving a positive conductivity test
c) Being poor conductors of electricity
d) Having a non-uniform composition

The choice of emulsion type according to its use is based on:

a) The preference of the manufacturer
b) The density of the emulsion
c) The intended route of administration
d) The specific color of the emulsion

The choice of oil phase in an emulsion is influenced by:

a) The primary flavor of the emulsion
b) The type of container used
c) The intended concentration of the emulsion
d) The specific characteristics of the oil
Emulsifying agents are substances added to:
a) Improve the color of the emulsion
b) Prevent aggregation of the dispersed phase globules
c) Increase the density of the dispersed phase
d) Decrease the viscosity of the emulsion

The Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) system is based on:

a) The taste balance of the emulsion
b) The color stability of the emulsion
c) The balance between the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of the surfactant
d) The viscosity of the continuous phase

Natural emulsifying agents include:

a) Solid particles
b) Synthetic materials
c) Glycerol esters
d) Hydrocolloids from vegetable and animal sources

Which property is not characteristic of nonionic emulsifying agents?

a) They ionize in aqueous solutions
b) They are stable over a wide range of pH
c) They do not readily ionize in aqueous solutions
d) They are suitable for oral and parenteral administration
The primary function of emulsifying agents is to:
a) Enhance the flavor of the emulsion
b) Form a protective barrier around the dispersed globules
c) Decrease the viscosity of the emulsion
d) Increase the aggregation of droplets

Theories of emulsification include all of the following except:

a) Mono-molecular adsorption
b) Multi-molecular adsorption
c) Solid particle adsorption
d) Improving the stability of the emulsion

Which of the following is not the role of preservatives in emulsions?

a) Prevent microbial contamination
b) Maintain the stability of the emulsion
c) Have a high oil–water partition coefficient
d) All of the above

What purpose does an antioxidant serve in emulsions?

a) Improves the flavor of the emulsion
b) Prevents microbial contamination
c) Protects oils from degradation by oxidation
d) Enhances the viscosity of the external phase
How is the quantity of the emulsifying agent determined?
a) Based on the color of the emulsion
b) By the phase inversion point
c) According to the type of oil and the quantity of the emulsion
d) All of the above

The preparation of an emulsion involves which two stages?

a) Primary emulsion formation and labeling
b) Secondary emulsion formation and storage
c) Primary emulsion preparation and dilution of the primary emulsion
d) Primary emulsion preparation and transportation

It is used to reduce the evaporation of water from skin surface after application:
a) Antioxidant
b) Osmotic agent
c) Humectant
d) All of the above

Which method is used to prepare an emulsion containing volatile oil?

a) Continental method
b) English method
c) Forbes method
d) All of the above
In which method is the emulsifying agent triturated with the oil first for the
preparation of the primary emulsion?
a) Continental method
b) English method
c) Forbes method
d) All of the above

In which method is the emulsifying agent triturated with the water first for the
preparation of the primary emulsion?
a) Continental method
b) English method
c) Forbes method
d) All of the above

Which method is NOT used to prepare an emulsion containing viscous oil?

a) Continental method
b) English method
c) Forbes method
d) All of the above

What are the two main instabilities in emulsions?

A. Flocculation and Creaming
B. Coalescence and Breaking
C. Phase Inversion
D. All of the above
Which factor can decrease the rate of creaming in an emulsion, according to
Stoke's equation?
A. Increasing density differences between the two phases.
B. Decreasing the viscosity of the external phase.
C. Decreasing the diameter of the dispersed globules.
D. Adding common solvents.

What distinguishes creaming from breaking in emulsions?

A. Creaming is irreversible; breaking is reversible.
B. Creaming involves complete separation of the dispersed phase; breaking does not.
C. Creaming forms a layer of flocculated dispersed globules, breaking results in
complete separation of the phases.
D. Creaming is caused by phase inversion; breaking is caused by coalescence.

What measures can minimize phase inversion in emulsions?

A. Adding substances that alter the solubility of the emulsifying agent.
B. Increasing the internal phase volume to over 60%
C. Using proper emulsifying agents and keeping the dispersed phase concentration
between 30% and 60%
D. All of the above

What is the primary cause of breaking in emulsions?

A. Addition of emulsifying agents of the same type
B. Decomposition of the emulsifying agent due to microbial action
C. Optimum storage temperature
D. Addition of a preservative
Which statement best defines phase inversion in emulsions?
A. It involves the merging and fusion of emulsified particles.
B. It is the complete separation of the dispersed phase from the continuous phase.
C. It occurs when a W/O emulsion changes to an O/W emulsion or vice versa.
D. It is caused by the addition of emulsifying agents.

What action leads to irreversible instability in emulsions?

A. Coalescence
B. Flocculation
C. Phase inversion
D. Creaming

To decrease the likelihood of phase inversion, which factor should be considered?

A. Using improper emulsifying agents.
B. Keeping the concentration of the dispersed phase above 60%
C. Storing the emulsion in a warm place.
D. Maintaining the concentration of the dispersed phase between 30% and 60%

Why should emulsions be stored in a cool place?

A. To increase the viscosity of the continuous phase.
B. To minimize creaming.
C. To accelerate the breaking process.
D. To encourage coalescence.
What should the label on an emulsion product mention regarding usage?
A. Mention the ingredients in detail only.
B. Advise against shaking the product before use.
C. Indicate that the product is meant for internal use only.
D. Advise shaking thoroughly before use.

Which type of emulsion is preferable for oral formulations for medicated oils in
pharmaceutical applications?
Both A. & B. are true.
A. O/W emulsions due to faster absorption Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira
B. O/W emulsions as the taste of oils can be masked.
C. W/O emulsions for slower absorption of medicinal agents
D. W/O emulsions for better stability

What role do W/O creams play in cosmetic applications?

A. They are used for faster absorption of medicinal agents.
B. They are employed for dry skin treatments.
C. They act as water-washable bases.
D. They are primarily used in depot injections.

How can coalescence be defined in the context of emulsions?

A. It's the reversible merging of dispersed particles.
B. It's the process of the complete separation of the dispersed phase.
C. It's the fusion of emulsified particles forming larger particles.
D. It's the flocculation of dispersed phase particles.
What is the primary purpose of mentioning the need to shake an emulsion before
use on the label?
A. To activate the ingredients.
B. To ensure stability.
C. To avoid phase inversion.
D. To achieve a uniform dispersion.

Why are O/W emulsions preferred for bedridden patients receiving essential
nutrients intravenously?
A. They have larger globule sizes for better absorption.
B. They facilitate faster absorption due to the small globule size.
C. They offer stability during storage.
D. They allow for the intravenous injection of nutrients.

Pharmaceutical Solutions

True or False: Pharmaceutical solutions involve a solute dissolved in a solvent to create

an optically clear solution.

True or False: Non-aqueous solutions always refer to solvents other than water, such as
fixed oils and alcohols.

True or False: Potable water is suitable for pharmaceutical compounding due to its
purity and safety for consumption.

True or False: Distillation is an energy-intensive process used for the preparation of

purified water in pharmaceutical applications.
True or False: Aromatic waters can be prepared using both distillation and solution
processes.

True or False: Isotonicity modifiers in pharmaceutical solutions are used primarily to

resist pH changes.

True or False: Water-insoluble preservatives, like parabens, are commonly used in

injectable medications due to their effectiveness against microorganisms.

True or False: The solution process for aromatic water involves heating the plant
material with water to produce the volatile aromatic compounds.

True or False: Buffers in pharmaceutical solutions are primarily used to prevent

microbial contamination.

True or False: Many mouthwashes are not recommended for children under the age of
six or seven.

True or False: Nasal solutions are primarily intended for long-term use to relieve nasal
congestion without the risk of rebound congestion.

True or False: Otic solutions are exclusively used for treating bacterial ear infections
and not for earwax removal or pain relief.

True or False: Topical solutions are not applicable for direct application onto the skin to
address various conditions or provide symptom relief.

True or False: Syrup solutions contain a concentrated aqueous solution of salt.

True or False: Simple syrup, flavored syrup, and medicated syrup are different types of
syrup based on their ingredients and intended use.
True or False: Sucrose is the sugar most frequently used in syrups due to its purity,
sweetness, and lack of color.

True or False: Invert syrup is used to avoid the crystallization problem of sucrose upon
storage and use in syrup preparation.

True or False: Artificial sweetening agents like aspartame and sorbitol are not used as
substitutes for sucrose in syrup formulations for diabetic patients.

True or False: Fixed oils, such as Almond oil and Olive oil, are often used as carriers
for hydrophilic drugs due to their stability.

True or False: Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are used mainly in parenteral formulations
and have limited use in other pharmaceutical preparations.

True or False: Glycerin is hygroscopic, and if stored in tightly closed containers, it

prevents the absorption of water from the environment.
True or False: Liniments are internally administered pharmaceutical solutions applied
externally to the skin.

True or False: Elixirs are hydro-alcoholic solutions, and poorly water-soluble

ingredients require a higher proportion of alcohol.

True or False: Spirits contain fewer volatile substances than aromatic water due to the
low alcohol content in their composition.

True or False: Tinctures, typically containing a high alcohol content, are mainly used
for oral administration.
True or False: Stability studies in quality control aim to determine the shelf-life and
stability of a solution over a short period.

True or False: Viscosity testing is unnecessary for pharmaceutical solutions, especially

for thick solutions.

True or False: Microbial Contamination Testing in quality control is performed to ensure

that the solution is free from harmful microorganisms and contaminants.

Pharmaceutical Suspensions

True or False: Flocculated suspensions show a high rate of sedimentation due to the fast
formation of a hard cake upon settling.

True or False: Deflocculated suspensions demonstrate a rapid sedimentation rate, and

the sediment formed is easy to redisperse.

True or False: The electric double layer phenomenon affects the stability of colloids, as
a lower zeta potential indicates a more stable dispersion.

True or False: According to Stokes' law, reducing the particle size and increasing the
dispersion medium's density and viscosity help in decreasing the sedimentation rate.

True or False: The purpose of a wetting agent in pharmaceutical suspensions is to

enhance the interfacial tension between solid particles and the liquid phase.

True or False: Nonionic surfactants can either neutralize the charges on the particle
surface or form bridges between particles, thereby assisting in flocculation.
True or False: According to DLVO theory, deflocculated systems with a primary
maximum zone demonstrate higher repulsive forces.

True or False: Electrolytes act as flocculating agents by neutralizing the charges on the
particles' surface, thereby reducing the zeta potential and causing flocculation.

True or False: The size of the suspended particles in a pharmaceutical suspension should
not remain constant during long periods of standing for optimal stability.

rue or False: Suspensions are generally considered biphasic, consisting of a

homogeneous dispersion of solid particles in a continuous liquid phase.

True or False: Flocculated suspensions display a low sedimentation rate, forming a hard
cake upon settling, making them difficult to redisperse.

True or False: The correct degree of flocculation in a suspension is achieved by adding

deflocculating agents that increase the zeta potential.

True or False: Wetting agents such as surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, or solvents act
by increasing the interfacial tension between drug particles and the liquid phase, which
enhances wetting.

True or False: Hydrophilic colloids, such as acacia, bentonite, and cellulose derivatives,
can act as wetting agents, enabling better penetration of the liquid into the particle
surface pores.

True or False: The primary concern with a good suspension is the rapid formation of a
hard cake upon settling, as it ensures ease of redispersion.

True or False: Controlled flocculation is achieved by maintaining a balance between

attractive and repulsive forces in the suspension system.
.Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira
True or False: Flocculated suspensions display a high rate of sedimentation, as the
particles settle slowly upon standing.

True or False: If the particles in a suspension show a low zeta potential, they are likely
to repel each other, resulting in a stable colloidal system.

True or False: Adding too much polymer as a flocculating agent in a suspension may
lead to enhanced flocculation and reduced stability.

True or False: A suspension that displays thixotropic properties exhibits higher viscosity
during storage and lower viscosity upon shaking.

True or False: Flocculated suspensions are characterized by high stability due to the
formation of hard cakes that are easy to redisperse when shaken.

True or False: Sweetening agents such as ginger and anise oil are primarily used for
taste masking of bitter drug particles.

True or False: Flavoring agents are incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations to

decrease patient acceptance.

True or False: Humectants absorb moisture and prevent degradation of the active
pharmaceutical ingredient by moisture.

True or False: The degree of flocculation (β) is calculated as a ratio of the sedimentation
volume of the flocculated suspension to the same suspension when deflocculated.

True or False: The lower limit of β is equal to 1, indicating good flocculation.

True or False: Suspension stability is often tested through the determination of zeta
potential only.
 True or False: Particle size in suspensions is commonly measured using hydrometers.

True or False: Oral suspensions should be packaged in containers having inadequate

airspace above the liquid.

True or False: Labels on suspensions might advise not to freeze the product.
.Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Oral suspension should be stored at varying temperatures to maintain

stability.

True or False: Inhalation suspensions are typically used for drug delivery to the skin.

True or False: Topical suspensions are meant for external application and should contain
gritty particles.

True or False: Barium sulfate rectal suspensions are used to diagnose X-ray radiography.

True or False: Parenteral suspensions are formulated to improve the rate of absorption
of the drug for parenteral administration. .Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Suspension products for vaccinations are generally prepared as solutions
for quick action.

True or False: Dry powders for oral suspension are generally intended to be suspended
in tap water before oral administration.

True or False: The density of suspension should not be measured to avoid air entrapment
in the bulk fluid.
Pharmaceutical Emulsions

True or False: Emulsions are Uniphasic homogeneous systems.

True or False: Emulsions are stabilized by the addition of emulsifying agents.

True or False: Oil in water (O/W) emulsions have water as the dispersed phase.

True or False: Water in oil (W/O) emulsions are used externally to provide a cooling
effect.

True or False: Microemulsions appear as opaque dispersions of water, oil, and

surfactants.

True or False: Self-emulsifying systems form emulsions spontaneously after addition to

excess water without too much agitation.

True or False: Complex emulsions are designed to hasten the release of active
ingredients.

True or False: Water-soluble drugs are more quickly released from W/O emulsions.

True or False: Dye solubility tests are not effective in distinguishing between O/W and
W/O emulsions.

True or False: O/W emulsions are preferred for intravenous administration.

True or False: Emulsifying agents have only a lipophilic part in their structure.
True or False: The Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) system is based on the
balance between the lipophilic and hydrophilic portions of the surfactant.
.Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Natural emulsifying agents include glycerol esters.

True or False: Nonionic emulsifying agents ionize readily in aqueous solutions.

True or False: The primary function of emulsifying agents is to decrease the aggregation
of droplets. .Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Multi-molecular adsorption is a theory associated with surfactants

reducing interfacial tension.

True or False: Antioxidants in emulsions protect oils from degradation by oxidation.

True or False: The dilution test distinguishes emulsions by their response to temperature
changes.

True or False: Coalescence is the process by which emulsified particles separate from
each other.
True or False: Phase inversion is the process when O/W emulsions change to W/O
emulsions. .Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Emulsions should be stored at higher temperatures to reduce creaming.

True or False: Freezing is recommended to maintain the stability of emulsions.

True or False: Emulsions should be labeled clearly to state they don't require shaking
before use.
True or False: Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include use in oral, parenteral,
and topical products.

True or False: Dry gum or Continental method is used for preparing emulsions
containing volatile and non-viscous oils.

True or False: Flocculation and creaming lead to a reversible process in emulsions.

True or False: Creaming and breaking are two processes that describe emulsion
instability. .Ns2l el Doctor = Ask Dr Kira

True or False: Changes in storage temperature can't affect the stability of emulsions.

True or False: Preservatives in emulsions support microbial growth.

True or False: Coalescence leads to the formation of small particles, not larger ones.

Pharmaceutical Solutions
Give name: The process involving the elimination of impurities and contaminants from
water. Purification

Give name: Water that is safe for drinking but unsuitable for pharmaceutical
compounding. Potable water

Give name: High-quality, highly purified water used in pharmaceuticals with strict
purity specifications. Purified water

Give name: The method involving the heating and cooling process to obtain highly
purified water. Distillation
Give name: The type of water used as a flavored or perfumed vehicle in pharmaceutical
solutions. Aromatic water

Give name: Agents used to prevent oxidation of substances such as oils and fats in
pharmaceutical solutions. Antioxidants

Give name: Agents used to resist pH changes in pharmaceutical solutions. Buffers

Give name: Additives used to mask bitter taste in pharmaceutical solutions. Sweeting agent

Give name: Additives to prevent microbial contamination in pharmaceutical solutions.

Preservatives

Give name: The process involving forcing water through a semipermeable membrane
under high pressure. Reverse Osmosis

Give name: An additive to increase the viscosity of the product in pharmaceutical

solutions. Viscosity Enhancer

Give name: The method involving the exchange of ions in water to remove impurities.
Ion exchange

Give name: Water-insoluble preservatives effective against a broad spectrum of

microorganisms, often used in topical preparations.

Give name: High effective, energy-intensive method involving the removal of

impurities and contaminants from water. Parabens

Give name: A pharmaceutical preparation used to treat ear infections and to relieve pain
in the ear. Otic solutions
Give name: A type of solution designed for use in the nasal passages, helping to
moisturize or decongest. Nasal solution

Give name: Liquid products used for oral hygiene, varying in their purposes such as
antiseptic or cosmetic uses. Mouthwashes

Give name: Viscous pharmaceutical preparation used as a vehicle for pediatric

medication. Syrup

Give name: Systemic administration through the nasal mucosa. Intranasal drug delivery

Give name: Type of syrup where water is used alone with sucrose in its formulation.
Simple syrup

Give name: Method of preparing syrups quickly without damaging heat-labile

components. Solution by agitation

Give name: Method used to avoid the crystallization of sugar in syrup upon storage.
Invert syrup

Give name: Sugar frequently used in syrups, known for its purity and sweetness. Sucrose

Give name: Process involving condensing solvent vapor on the container's inner
surfaces and then drips back into the syrup, creating a diluted layer. Surface dilution

Give name: Process involving passing solvent through a solid material to dissolve
components for syrup preparation. Percolation

Give name: Oleaginous Solutions used for direct topical application with massage to
relieve pain and discomfort in muscles and joints. Liniment
Give name: Clear, sweetened, and flavored solutions containing active ingredients
dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and water. Elixir

Give name: Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances used mostly as

flavoring agents. Spirits

Give name: Alcoholic extracts or hydroalcoholic solutions used as antiseptics and

medicinal preparations. Tinctures

Give name: Solutions used for extracting crude drugs due to their selectivity and
dissolution capabilities. Ethanol

Give name: Solutions with a high alcohol content, acting mainly as flavored vehicle and
sometime used via inhalation. Spirits

Pharmaceutical Suspensions

Give name: Heterogeneous disperse systems with suspended insoluble solid particles.
Suspension

Give name: Type of suspension with loose aggregates of particles that are easily
redispersible but sediment rapidly. Flocculated suspension

Give name: Suspensions with dispersed particles existing as separate entities, leading to
slow sedimentation. Deflocculated suspension

Give name: Natural or synthetic compounds used to increase the viscosity of the
suspending medium. Suspending agent = Thickening agent = Structured Vehicle

Give name: Type of electrical phenomenon affecting the stability of colloidal systems
in suspensions. Electric Double Layer
Give name: The electric potential at the outer slipping plane. Zeta-potential

Give name: Important parameter to evaluate the electrostatic repulsive forces. Zeta-potential

Give name: Theory evaluating the balance between attractive and repulsive forces in a
suspension. DLVO theory

Give name: Zone where particles possess higher repulsion forces, likely remaining
deflocculated. Primary Maximum Zone

Give name: Zone where particles showing higher attraction but limited magnitude,
forming floccules in a suspension. Secondary Minimum Zone

Give name: It is the ratio of sedimentation volume (F) of the flocculated suspension to
that of the same suspension when deflocculated. Degree of flocculation (β)

Give name: It is the ratio of the ultimate volume of the sediment to the original volume
before settling. sedimentation volume (F)

Give name: It involves the movement of a charged particle through a liquid under the
influence of an applied potential. Electrophoresis

Give name: An evaluation test used to ensure the uniform distribution of the drug
particles within the suspension. Drug Content Uniformity

Give name: Formulations are intended to be suspended in distilled water prior to oral
administration. Dry Powders for oral suspension
Give name: A suspension of particles in the propellent. Aerosol formulations

Give name: Components used to diminish the interfacial tension between drug particles
and the liquid in a suspension. Wetting agent

Give name: Agents used to ensure good wetting of suspended particles within the
dispersion medium. Wetting agent

Give name: Devise used for determination of the viscosity and type of flow in a
suspension. Brookfield's viscometer

Give name: Devise used to determine the density of a suspension. Precision hydrometer

Give name: Devise used to determine the zeta potential of the suspended particles.
Zetasizer

Give name: Agents must be used for deflocculated suspension. Flocculating agent

Pharmaceutical Emulsions

Give name: A type of emulsion where the dispersed phase is oil, and the continuous
phase is water. O/W Emulsion

Give name: An emulsifying agent known to be a hydrocolloid sourced from animals.

Gelatin

Give name: A method used to differentiate between oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil
(W/O) emulsions by observing their behavior when diluted with the opposing phase.
Dilution Test or Miscibility Test

Give name: The emulsion type that has smaller-sized droplets and appears as a clear,
transparent solution. Microemulsion
Give name: An example of a synthetic emulsifying agent that does not ionize in aqueous
solutions. Spans ( Sorbitan fatty acid ester)
Tweens (Poly oxyethylene Sorbitan fatty acid ester)
Glyceryl monostearate(glycerol esters )

Give name: The method used for preparing emulsions that contain volatile and non-
viscous oils. Forbes Bottle Method

Give name: A specific emulsification theory describing the reduction of interfacial

tension through adsorption of surfactants at the oil-water interface.
Mono-molecular adsorption

Give name: The type of emulsion instability characterized by the fusion and merging of
emulsified particles to form larger particles. Coalescence

Give name: A method for determining if an emulsion is oil-in-water or water-in-oil by

observing its behavior with dyes in a microscope. Dye Solubility Test or Staining Test

Give name: The type of emulsion used for oral formulations to mask the taste of oils.
Oil-in-water emulsion

Give name: A disadvantage associated with emulsions, often requiring shaking before
use to ensure a uniform dose. Creaming

Give name: A method for preparing emulsions in which the emulsifying agent is
triturated with oil in a dry porcelain mortar. Dry gum or Continental method

Give name: It involves a change from oil-in-water to water-in-oil or vice versa.

Phase inversion

Give name: A property distinguishing a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion from an oil-in-

water (O/W) emulsion. greasy and not easily washed

Give name: An emulsion type known for providing a cooling effect and is used
externally (e.g., vanishing cream). O/W emulsion
Give name: A method of preparation for emulsions containing volatile and non-viscous
oils. Forbes Bottle Method

Give name: An emulsion known to exhibit a more stable and transparent appearance
compared to regular emulsions. Microemulsion

Give name: The phase of emulsion instability that involves the complete separation of
the dispersed phase from the continuous phase. Breaking

Give name: A category of emulsifying agents derived from animal sources, known for
forming protective multi-molecular layers around oil droplets. Natural emulsifying agents

Give name: The emulsion type preferred for intravenous administration.

Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Give name: The test to distinguish between oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions by
measuring their conductivity. Conductivity test

Give name: An emulsion type used to provide a cooling effect and used externally, such
as in vanishing cream. Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Give name: A method of emulsion preparation that involves the trituration of the
emulsifying agent with water to form mucilage. Wet gum or English method

Give name: anhydrous products that when added to excess of water form emulsions
spontaneously without requiring too much agitation. Self-emulsifying systems

Give name: In these types of emulsions three phases are present and the drug present in
the innermost layer phase. Complex emulsions (multiple emulsions)

Give name: In this, the small spheres of dispersed phase join together to form clumps
or flocs which rise or settle in the emulsion. Flocculation