Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 34, No.

4 (2025), 4587-4603
DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/190326 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2024-09-16

Original Research
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional
Green Logistics Implementation: An Empirical
Analysis Based on TOE Theoretical Framework

Zhiyuan An1, Enqiu He1, Xin Wang1, Yida Liu1*, Yahui Zhao1, Junfeng Bai2
1
School of Chemical Equipment, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, 111003, Liaoning, P.R. China
2
Processing Department, Shengu Group Co. LTD, Shenyang, 110027, Liaoning, P.R. China

Received: 23 April 2024

Accepted: 21 June 2024

Abstract

With carbon emissions from the logistics industry posing a significant challenge, there’s growing
attention on sustainable development and low-carbon initiatives. Drawing from the TOE theoretical
framework, this study delves into the various factors influencing green logistics across different regions
in China, analyzing data from 30 Chinese provinces and cities. Utilizing the fsQCA method, this
paper examine the combined effects of Innovation Progress, Information Advancement, Government
Support, Economic Environment, Social Environment, and Ecological Environment to uncover
the complex mechanisms shaping regional logistics development with a focus on green and sustainability.
Our findings reveal several key insights: Firstly, no single factor stands alone as a prerequisite; rather,
it’s the interplay of multiple factors that drives the development of regional green logistics. Secondly,
pathways to high levels of regional green logistics can be categorized into two types: those driven by
technology and environment, and those centered solely on technology. Thirdly, technology emerges
as a crucial catalyst for fostering high-level development across diverse regions. Lastly, there exist
disparities in green logistics across different areas of China, highlighting the need for coordinated
development strategies tailored to each region’s unique characteristics. These discoveries contribute to
the understanding of regional studies and sustainable development by shedding light on the intricate
mechanisms behind the advancement of regional green logistics. They offer valuable insights for regions
with nascent green logistics systems and for developing countries striving for environmentally friendly,
high-quality development.

Keywords: Regional development, green logistics, sustainable logistics, regional high-quality

development, environmental management

*e-mail: yida_liu@[Link]
4588 Zhiyuan An, et al.

Introduction on its multifaceted impacts on carbon emissions across

different regions, considering factors such as economic
Across centuries, logistics activities have played growth and environmental quality. Additionally, Chen
a pivotal role in fostering human prosperity and et al. [8] underscore the pivotal role of green logistics
driving economic development worldwide. Serving transformation in achieving high-quality development
as a cornerstone of economic progress, logistics has within the logistics industry, alongside industrial
emerged as a key catalyst propelling rapid growth [1]. transformation and upgrading endeavors.
Moreover, investments in the logistics sector have been While numerous studies have explored various
instrumental in enhancing economic efficiency, resource aspects of green logistics, including its impacts on
utilization, and overall productivity [2]. Notably, energy, the environment, and the economy [9-11],
economic factors exert the most significant influence a notable research gap exists in the investigation of path
on carbon emissions within the logistics industry analysis promoting regional green logistics. This specific
[3]. While heightened logistics activities stimulate area has received scant attention in existing literature,
economic growth, they can also exert adverse effects on highlighting the need for further exploration. Therefore,
environmental and social dimensions [4]. In essence, the the primary objective of this study is to address this
development of regional logistics represents a double- gap by examining the potential influences affecting the
edged sword: while it fosters regional advancement and development of regional green logistics. Additionally,
coordinated development, it also poses challenges to we aim to elucidate the relationship between factors
sustainable development. established by the Technology-Organization-
The ecological impact of transportation and Environment (TOE) framework and the developmental
production systems holds comparable significance to the level of regional green logistics. Ultimately, our study
attainment of economic objectives [5]. Notably, logistics seeks to delineate the pathways toward achieving a high
stands out as a primary contributor to environmental developmental level of regional green logistics.
pollution. Consequently, the concept and adoption of Hence, there is a pressing need for more systematic
green logistics have garnered increasing attention, research to analyze and address the notable research
particularly amid the transition to a circular economy gap that currently persists. While traditional regression
in the current economic landscape. China, in particular, analysis methods are adept at identifying the roles
has actively engaged in various initiatives to combat played by various factors in the relationship between
global climate change and has committed to reducing regional logistics and the economy, they often treat each
carbon emissions. Aligned with the imperatives factor in isolation, potentially overlooking the interplay
of the low-carbon economy era, green logistics serves among key variables. Within the realm of green logistics
as a crucial tool for addressing significant societal research, Li et al. [2] elucidate the impacts of regional
challenges such as energy consumption and global green logistics performance on carbon emissions across
warming, thereby advancing sustainable development different areas. Furthermore, regional development
[6]. Thus, regional green logistics endeavors to contexts vary widely [1]. Therefore, to further explore
simultaneously pursue both economic and environmental the relationship between potential conditions and the
objectives, thereby playing a pivotal role in fostering developmental level of regional green logistics, this
regional high-quality and sustainable development. study employs the Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative
The discourse surrounding low-carbon, sustainable Analysis (fsQCA) configuration method. Unlike
logistics, green supply chains, and related concepts conventional research approaches, this study adopts
has emerged as a focal point in regional studies. At the a configurational analysis perspective to elucidate the
governance level, the State Council has issued several myriad factors and their combinations that influence
directives, including the “Medium and Long-term regional green logistics. Unlike traditional regression
Plan for the Development of the Logistics Industry analysis techniques, configuration methods can classify
(2015–2020)” and instructions on actively promoting and assess configurations based on the simultaneous
the “Internet+” action. These initiatives underscore consideration of multiple interdependent factors [1].
the imperative of vigorously developing green logistics In essence, configuration methods have the capability
in China, aimed at reducing energy consumption and to examine multiple potential factors contributing to
emissions and alleviating traffic congestion while substantial disparities in their collective impact on
delineating the overarching developmental trajectory the outcome. These factors may either complement
of the logistics industry [7]. From a societal standpoint, or substitute for one another, resulting in significant
Mesjasz-Lech [5] emphasizes that green logistics variations in their combined influence on regional green
encompasses activities directly or indirectly linked to logistics.
environmental preservation. Direct activities encompass In this study, we construct a systematic analytical
initiatives such as promoting renewable energy, pollution framework to comprehensively evaluate the impacts
reduction, and noise prevention, while indirect efforts of green logistics development, considering multiple
involve tackling congestion and modernizing urban factors based on the TOE framework, including
infrastructure. Analyzing the growth and environmental Innovation Progress (IP), Information Advancement
implications of green logistics, Li et al. [2] shed light (IA), Government Support (GS), Economic Environment
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4589

(EE1), Social Environment (SE), and Ecological Literature Review and Research Framework
Environment (EE2). Furthermore, the fsQCA method is
employed, which integrates quantitative and qualitative Regional Green Logistics
approaches to elucidate the necessity and sufficiency
of causal relationships among various variables. The notion of green logistics was initially
To this end, we select 30 Chinese provinces and cities introduced by Western scholars towards the end
(excluding Xi Zang, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) of the last century. However, academia has yet to
as research samples and utilize the fsQCA method to establish a definitive definition for this concept. Wu
investigate the influencing mechanisms of joint effects and Dunn [12] characterized green logistics as a bi-
on the development of regional green logistics. The directional logistics system encompassing both forward
objective is to discern pathways for enhancing the and reverse flows. They emphasized its distinction
developmental level of green logistics within diverse from traditional logistics systems, which primarily
areas. This framework will facilitate the assessment of focus on cost minimization and profit maximization
the potential for regional green logistics development without considering environmental responsibility.
across different regions, employing both quantitative Ping [13] expanded on the concept of green logistics,
and qualitative methodologies. incorporating various green principles such as green
According to the above analysis, the proposed study production, green consumption, and green marketing.
tries to answer the following research questions: They argued that these principles collectively contribute
RQ1. Which factors contribute to the developmental to environmental sustainability and stimulate economic
level of regional green logistics? development through modern logistics practices.
RQ2. How can those conditions promote the regional Additionally, Zaman and Shamsuddin [9] proposed that
green logistics progress? green logistics constitutes a critical sub-component of
RQ3. Are there any differences or disparities between green supply chain management. This prominence has
each region? What are the reasons for them? surged over the past decade, driven by factors such as
Our study contributes to enhancing the globalization, market competition, evolving consumer
existing literature by introducing a systematic and preferences, and the exploration of new markets.
comprehensive theoretical framework grounded in the Irrespective of the varied interpretations, the
TOE framework. This framework enables the integrated overarching goal of green logistics remains consistent: to
exploration of the relationship between multiple factors foster sustainability by mitigating external impacts and
and regional logistics sustainability from various achieving a more balanced alignment of environmental,
perspectives. Furthermore, we employ the fsQCA economic, and social objectives [14]. In essence, green
method, characterized by configuration thinking as logistics is rooted in the fundamental principles of
opposed to traditional empirical methods, to analyze sustainability [4]. Thus, it can be inferred that green
the synergistic effects in regional green logistics. logistics serves as a catalyst for achieving all facets of
This method facilitates a shift from uni-dimensional to sustainable development. Specifically, its objective is
holistic perspectives in related research, allowing for the to holistically manage all logistics and transportation
identification of multiple solutions to adequately explain activities with the primary aim of striking an optimal
the same outcome and the analysis of configurations of balance between minimizing adverse economic and
various condition variables leading to specific results. environmental impacts, thereby mitigating conflicts
Ultimately, our paper aims to provide scientifically between cost and social objectives.
informed recommendations based on the analysis results In recent years, there has been a surge in research
to advance China’s transition to a high level of regional attention towards green logistics, with a predominant
green logistics. Additionally, we seek to delve deeper focus on the micro level. Specifically, studies have
into the mechanisms underlying the high developmental delved into various aspects such as governmental
level of regional green logistics, offering valuable policies, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and
insights for regions with underdeveloped green logistics public ecological awareness [4-6, 14, 15]. Driven by
and for developing countries aiming for low-carbon and external pressures and the desire to enhance their market
high-quality development. positioning, an increasing number of organizations are
The paper is structured as follows: After the transitioning from conventional logistics practices to
introduction, Section 2 delves into a comprehensive sustainable ones. Roy and Mohanty [4] contend that
literature review of regional green logistics, establishing the adoption of green logistics not only facilitates the
the research framework based on previous studies and attainment of sustainable objectives and minimizes
related theories. In Section 3, we provide essential the adverse impacts of waste and hazardous materials
details encompassing variables, data collection, but also serves to uphold corporate reputations,
and methodology. The empirical findings and their ethical standards, and competitiveness. By voluntarily
discussion are presented in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 integrating sustainable practices into their logistics
encapsulates the study’s conclusions and provides policy operations, organizations demonstrate their commitment
implications. to stakeholders and collaborate with suppliers and
customers.
4590 Zhiyuan An, et al.

Moreover, Shoaib et al. [15] identified 21 key enablers the TOE framework to scrutinize the shifts in circular
for sustainable green logistics and prioritized critical economy implementation and the factors driving these
factors for implementing sustainable practices based changes in Quebec, Canada. Similarly, Meng et al.
on the triple bottom line (i.e., social, environmental, [18] explored the role of industrial parks in fostering
and economic aspects). Their findings revealed that industrial and technological agglomeration, employing
customer demands, external management support, top the TOE framework as a foundational basis for their
management backing within organizations, government investigation. Additionally, Chen and Hu [19] leveraged
regulations, and public and consumer pressure were Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to examine
among the most influential enablers of sustainable green data sourced from 25 provincial governments, focusing
logistics. Additionally, Tsai and Wang [6] developed on government data openness through the lens of the
a human resources performance evaluation system for TOE theory.
low-carbon logistics enterprises to assess the low-carbon In the realm of regional studies and the development
competencies, job performance, and work attitudes of of green logistics, the TOE model offers a holistic
their staff members. research perspective. This study integrates the TOE
In addition, certain studies have taken a macroscopic theoretical framework with extant academic research
approach to green logistics. For instance, Zaman and and the practical landscape of regional green logistics
Shamsuddin [9] investigated the impact of green logistics in China, discerning the condition variables stemming
performance indices and their dynamic relationships on from technological, organizational, and environmental
a national scale, encompassing factors such as energy, dimensions. The specific details are outlined
environment, and economic health across 27 European in Table 1.
countries from 2007 to 2014. Their findings underscored
the significant correlation between logistics indices
and national economic indicators, advocating for the Technology Context
adoption of green supply chain management practices
at the regional level. Similarly, Li et al. [2] conducted The relationship between green logistics and
an analysis of the growth and environmental effects of technological innovation is profoundly significant,
green logistics performance in countries participating in constituting a symbiotic nexus essential for progress
the One Belt and Road Initiative (OBRI) from 2007 to [20]. According to Chen et al. [8], the efficacy of green
2019. Their study revealed that enhanced green logistics logistics in China is intricately tied to the level of
performance contributed to economic growth across technological integration, with advancements therein
various countries while also improving environmental pivotal for efficiency augmentation. This underscores
quality in specific regions. Furthermore, Chen et al. [8] how scientific and technological breakthroughs
examined green logistics from both macro and micro directly address challenges within the logistics sector,
perspectives. Their findings elucidated the challenges fostering green initiatives and bolstering operational
and opportunities present in different regions of China, efficiency. It’s evident that the practical implementation
shedding light on the complexities inherent in regional of cutting-edge technology stands as a linchpin in
green logistics development. achieving green logistics objectives; lacking access to
These studies provide valuable insights into regional such advancements poses considerable hurdles in goal
green logistics through diverse strategies and measures; realization. Consequently, the continuous development
they examine further the development of regional green and innovation of technologies, whether through the
logistics. However, those current works seldom explore introduction of novel solutions or the enhancement
how to promote the development of green logistics of existing ones, emerge as indispensable drivers for
in diverse regions and to achieve the specific path to fostering regional sustainability and propelling the
attain a high development level of green logistics in evolution of green logistics.
different regions. The TOE theoretical framework is to This paper separates technology into types of
be included in the present work, and all potential paths innovation progress (IP) and information advancement
have been employed to investigate the developmental (IA), respectively.
level of regional green logistics. Innovation progress not only drives industrial
productivity but also wields influence over carbon
Construction of the Framework emissions within the logistics sector. As highlighted
by Chen et al. [8], the progression of technology
The TOE theoretical framework, initially proposed stands as a linchpin in fostering the efficiency of
by Tornatzky et al. [16], delineates the factors influencing green logistics, thus underscoring its pivotal role in
the adoption of technological innovations by enterprises shaping the trajectory of environmental impact within
or organizations across three dimensions: technology, supply chain operations. The findings not only validate
organization, and environment. Over recent years, this the significance of technical progress in enhancing
framework has found applicability beyond the realm of green logistics efficiency but also hint at the broader
business and corporate contexts, extending into various implications for mitigating environmental footprints
fields [17-19]. For instance, Chembessi et al. [17] utilized across the entire logistics spectrum.
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4591

Table 1. Variables and indicators.

Variable Type Variable Name Measures
Outcome Variable
Green Logistics Development Level Energy consumption intensity, Freight turnover, and Freight mileage
Conditional Variables
Innovation Progress Ratio of R&D expenditure to the GDP of each region
Technology Revenue from information technology services and Total
Information Advancement
telecommunications business volume
Organization Government Support Ratio of fiscal expenditure on transport to regional GDP
GDP per capita and proportion of the added value in tertiary industry
Economic Environment
to GDP
Environment Ratio of expenditure on education, healthcare, arts, and sports to GDP
Social Environment
and illiteracy rate
Ecological Environment Park green area per capita and Waste harmless treatment rate

Moreover, the intricate interplay between innovation In this paper, we utilize the revenue from information
progress and industrial practices underscores the technology services and total telecommunications
potential for transformative change in logistics carbon business volume as key indicators in this part.
emissions. As technological advancements continue Proposition 2. The level of information advancement
to permeate various facets of the supply chain, from acts as a catalyst for regional green logistics initiatives.
transportation modes to warehouse operations, the
opportunity for emission reduction and efficiency gains
becomes increasingly pronounced. This convergence Organization Context.
of innovation and sustainability imperatives not only
propels the evolution of regional green logistics but Government support plays a pivotal role in fostering
also underscores its pivotal role in shaping a more regional green logistics development by serving as a
environmentally responsible future for the industry. In catalyst for implementing policies and initiatives aimed
this paper, we use the ratio of Research and Development at promoting sustainability within the logistics sector.
(R&D) expenditure to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) This support encompasses various aspects, including
of each region to represent innovation and development. investments in infrastructure and environmental
Proposition 1. Innovation progress significantly initiatives, regulatory frameworks, incentives,
contributes to the advancement of green logistics across and partnerships. Among these, the ratio of fiscal
various domains. expenditure on transport to regional GDP stands out as
Information advancement stands as a pivotal a crucial metric for assessing the level of government
implementation factor in green logistics, primarily due commitment to advancing green logistics agendas.
to its proximity to the flow of goods, thereby facilitating This indicator not only reflects the financial resources
cost savings throughout logistics activities [15]. This allocated towards transportation infrastructure but
assertion has garnered widespread support. For instance, also signifies the priority given to environmental
Kumar [14] highlights the role of information and sustainability within the broader economic strategy.
communications technology (ICT) practices in specific In this context, the ratio of fiscal expenditure on
logistics activities, underscoring their contribution transport to regional GDP represents the government’s
to sustainable development. Similarly, Geiger [21] crucial support for the development of logistics
emphasizes the significance of communication infrastructure, which forms the backbone of regional
technologies in fostering environmentally sustainable green logistics initiatives. By allocating resources to
transportation of goods, leading to reduced consumption transportation projects and environmental programs,
in freight logistics activities and facilitating the high- governments actively contribute to shaping the
quality development of regional logistics. From a trajectory of sustainable logistics practices within a
governance standpoint, Du and Li [20] argue that region. This tangible representation of government
governments across different regions drive green support underscores its multifaceted role in catalyzing
logistics development through strategic leadership. and sustaining the momentum toward greener and more
Hence, information advancement holds the potential sustainable logistics operations.
to curtail resource consumption and costs, thereby Proposition 3. Government support is indispensable
enhancing regional logistics services and fostering the for advancing green logistics initiatives.
high-quality development of regional green logistics.
4592 Zhiyuan An, et al.

Environment Context it often receives less attention in studies concerning

regional logistics development.
In the realm of green logistics, the predominant Kara et al. [23] demonstrate the significant impact
focus of research tends to be on environmental of social infrastructure investments and education
concerns, with relatively fewer studies delving into expenditures on regional income and advancement, as
other dimensions. As noted by Lehtonen [22], while evidenced by empirical analysis conducted in Turkey.
there has been a surge in research attention towards Social investments encompass government allocations
the environmental dimension, the social dimension has in education, healthcare, the arts, and other related
often been overshadowed, with minimal exploration domains. Logistics operations globally contribute to
into the interconnections between these dimensions. air and water pollution, with more pronounced effects
Kara et al. [23] argue fostering regional development observed in developing nations. Adoption of green
and competitiveness hinges on two key categories: practices presents a viable solution to mitigate several
economic and social investments. Economic investments environmental and social challenges. Moreover, the
typically encompass infrastructure development, implementation of green practices enables governments
while social investments extend to areas such as to exercise better control over prevalent health issues
education and healthcare. Thus, within the context of [27]. Consequently, favorable social conditions within
regional green logistics, the crux of the challenge lies regions can foster the development of green logistics
in understanding the synergies and trade-offs inherent initiatives. Consequently, we employ the ratio of
in sustainability pursuits. In this paper, we aim to expenditure on education, healthcare, arts, and sports
address this gap by examining the relationship between to GDP and the illiteracy rate as metrics to gauge the
regional green logistics and three pivotal factors within correlation between the social environment and the
the environmental aspect: environmental, social, developmental level of regional green logistics.
and economic considerations. Through this analysis, Otherwise, the impact of population dynamics on
we seek to elucidate the intricate dynamics at play green logistics is widely acknowledged. Particularly,
and offer insights into how these factors interact to shape rural-to-urban migration can reshape the demographic
the landscape of sustainable logistics practices. landscape of a region, leading to increased energy
When the economic environment undergoes consumption and transportation usage [28].
enhancements, it paves the way for increased investments Therefore, it is imperative to consider social development
in environmental protection and governance, thereby when examining its correlation with regional green
fostering the development of green logistics. Regional logistics.
economic development not only provides the financial Proposition 5. Social development is essential for the
resources necessary for social advancements but also advancement of regional green logistics.
facilitates the enhancement of public transportation The ecological environment plays a pivotal role in
infrastructure and support facilities, as noted by [24]. regional sustainable development. Firstly, a healthy
These improvements directly and indirectly contribute ecological environment ensures the availability of
to the advancement of regional logistics capabilities. natural resources that can be sustainably utilized in
Moreover, the degree of openness in the regional the construction of logistics infrastructure, facilitating
economy also plays a pivotal role in both economic environmentally friendly logistics activities. Conversely,
development and environmental improvement. Import a degraded ecological environment, characterized
trade, in particular, facilitates the absorption of foreign by issues such as air pollution and excessive carbon
advanced technology and management practices, thus emissions, directly impacts human health and
contributing to the transition towards greener logistics quality of life. This, in turn, escalates the demand for
operations [25]. Therefore, the interplay between medical and social services, ultimately hindering the
regional economic development and environmental attainment of high levels of green logistics development
sustainability underscores the critical role of economic across different regions and exacerbating ecological
factors in driving the evolution of green logistics within degradation in specific areas [24].
a region. In summary, the state of the ecological environment
In this study, we utilize indicators such as GDP directly influences the level of development in green
per capita, the proportion of the added value of the logistics within regions. The advancement of sustainable
tertiary industry to GDP, and proportion of total import practices and the preservation of ecological balance
and export volume to regional GDP to gauge regional are fundamental pillars for fostering low-carbon and
economic development, financial backing, and openness high-quality regional logistics. To assess the ecological
level [26]. environment, this study utilizes two key metrics: Park
Proposition 4. Economic development plays a crucial green area per capita and Waste harmless treatment
role in fostering regional green logistics. rate. Specifically, Park green areas per capita serve
The social environment encompasses various aspects as a measure of residential green space and ecological
of regional livelihood, including cultural and educational conservation status, while the Waste harmless treatment
opportunities, healthcare facilities, quality of public rate reflects the efficacy of environmental governance
transportation, and living conditions. Unfortunately, [24].
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4593

Fig. 1. Research Framework: Configurational Effects on Regional Logistics Development using the TOE Framework.

Proposition 6. The ecological environment serves

as a prerequisite for achieving a high level of green
logistics development. (2)
Following the previous conversation, the research
framework for this study has been set up and is clearly 2. Calculate the entropy of each indicator.
depicted in Fig. 1. For the i-th indicator, the entropy Ei is calculated
using the following formula:

Research Methodology and Data Collection

Entropy Weight Method (3)

Shannon first introduced entropy to information Here, pij represents the standardized value of
theory, Shannon [29], a concept that has found indicator i for the j-th evaluation object, and n represents
widespread application across various fields, including the number of evaluation objects.
engineering and socioeconomics. The essence of the 3. Determine the weightings of each indicator.
entropy weighting method (EWM) lies in determining For the i-th indicator, the weighted entropy Wi is
objective weights based on indicator variability. calculated using the following formula:
In essence, when the entropy Ei of an indicator is
smaller, it signifies greater variability in the indicator
value and hence provides more informative content.
(4)
Consequently, such indicators exert a greater influence
on comprehensive evaluations, leading to larger assigned Here, m represents the total number of indicators.
weights. Conversely, if the entropy Ei of an indicator is 4. Calculation of comprehensive evaluation
larger, it suggests less variability in the indicator value indicators.
and therefore provides relatively less information. The formula for calculating the comprehensive
Consequently, these indicators play a smaller role in evaluation indicator is as follows:
comprehensive evaluations, resulting in smaller assigned
weights. The detailed process is shown below.
1. Standardized processing of original data (Min-
Max Normalization).
(5)
Given the original data for the i-th indicator as xi,
and its corresponding standardized data as x'i, positive
Here, Vj represents the comprehensive evaluation
indicators are treated using Formula 1, while negative
indicator value for the j-th evaluation object, Wi
indicators are handled with Formula 2. The commonly
represents the weighted entropy for the i-th indicator,
employed min-max normalization formula is represented
and x'i represents the standardized value for the i-th
as follows:
indicator.

(1)
4594 Zhiyuan An, et al.

FsQCA it from diverse angles. From the perspective of the

supply chain, Kumar [14] deconstructs the concept of
Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis green logistics into five distinct practices, including
(fsQCA), developed by sociologist Charles Ragin, is green transport, green warehousing, green packaging,
a method of set-theoretic causal analysis that offers a green procurement, and waste management. This
means to explore causal relationships between conditions study evaluates regional green logistics performance
and outcomes [30]. Unlike conventional correlation- using specific indices for each province in China. To
based quantitative methods like traditional regression probe into the driving forces behind regional green
analysis, fsQCA aims to establish logical connections logistics development, we examine several factors.
between causal conditions and outcome combinations. Firstly, we delve into energy consumption intensity
This approach allows for the examination of intricate, within the local logistics sector, as it gauges a region’s
interactive relationships among multiple variables energy efficiency, serving as a significant indicator of
in diverse contexts, where different combinations of logistics development within regions [33]. Moreover,
causative factors can lead to the same anticipated energy consumption per unit in logistics explores the
outcome. By employing fsQCA, researchers can correlation between energy consumption intensity and
delve deeper into the phenomena under investigation, carbon emissions in the logistics domain [34]. Secondly,
unraveling the complex interplay among various we employ Freight turnover to assess logistics industry
influencing factors [19]. Additionally, fsQCA is adept at performance, reflecting the industry’s vitality [8]. As
analyzing small-n data [31], a capability that facilitated freight turnover generates carbon emissions during
the examination of a sample comprising 30 provinces transportation and distribution processes, increased
and cities in this study. The analysis was conducted Freight mileage leads to higher energy consumption in
using fsQCA4.0 software. logistics, consequently augmenting its carbon footprint.
These metrics collectively provide a comprehensive
Data Collection, Measurement, overview of the development level and capability of
and Calibration green logistics within each region [8].
Regarding the calculation of energy consumption
Previous research indicates that a multitude of intensity in regional logistics, numerous methods are
factors play a role in shaping the trajectory of regional available. Such as the emission coefficient method
green logistics development. In this section, we identify based on direct energy consumption, the indirect input-
these factors within the organizational, technological, output method, the life cycle method, and others [3].
and environmental dimensions, drawing upon the TOE This study employs the widely used and acknowledged
framework and existing literature. Subsequently, we IPCC emission coefficient method. Carbon emission
construct the framework for fsQCA analysis, comprising calculations primarily rely on energy consumption data
one outcome variable and six condition variables. obtained from statistical sources, utilizing standard
The specifics of these variables are delineated coal coefficients and carbon conversion coefficients for
in Table 1. various energy sources [34]. The calculation formula is
as follows:
Data Collection and Preprocessing

The data for both the outcome and conditional

variables were selected in the year 2021 and sourced (6)
from governmental reports and statistical yearbooks
accessible via the National Bureau of Statistics of (7)
China website ([Link] as well as
from local statistical yearbooks of 30 provinces and In the context of our analysis, C represents the
cities (excluding Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao, and estimated carbon emissions (unit: ten thousand tons);
Taiwan). Furthermore, the data on carbon emissions i denotes the energy source category (e.g., coal, coke,
is selected from the CEADs ([Link] crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, natural
a professional research team. All the data we collected gas); Ei signifies the consumption of energy source i
are normalized using the min-max method during the (unit: ten thousand tons of standard coal); Xi represents
preprocessing stage. the CO2 emissions from energy source i (unit: ten
thousand tons); Hi denotes the average low calorific
Outcome Variables value of energy source i (unit: kJ/kg); Fi indicates the
carbon content per unit calorific value of energy source
Various academic perspectives exist regarding the i (unit: tons of carbon/kJ); Oi is the carbon oxidation
measurement of regional green logistics. Many scholars, rate of energy source i. Taking into account the energy
both domestic and foreign, predominantly assess regional consumption structure of the logistics industry, we
logistics from a single standpoint: the environment [8, consider eight distinct energy types (refer to Table 2)
32]. However, there are limited studies that examine to estimate carbon emissions in the logistics sector.
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4595

Table 2. The carbon emission of 30 provinces and cities in China’s logistics industry in 2021 (Unit: ten thousand tons).
Average low calorific Carbon content per unit calorific value Carbon oxidation rate CO2 emission Factor
Fuel item
value (kJ/kg) (tons of carbon/ kJ) (%) (kg – CO2 / kg)
Coal 20908 26.37 0.94 1.9003
Coke 28435 29.50 0.93 2.8604
Crude oil 41816 20.10 0.98 3.0202
Gasoline 43070 18.90 0.98 2.9251
Kerosene 43070 19.50 0.98 3.0719
Diesel oil 42652 20.20 0.98 3.0959
Fuel oil 41816 21.10 0.98 3.1705
Natural gas 38931 15.30 0.99 2.1622
Note: The data are from The General Rules for Calculation of Comprehensive Energy Consumption and Provincial Guidelines for
Compilation of Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Additionally, all CO2 emission factors for various energy software. Calibration results for each variable and their
types are detailed in the table. descriptive statistics are presented in Table 4.
Based on Formula 6 and statistical data, the carbon
emissions resulting from various energy sources in
China’s logistics industry, along with the total carbon Empirical Analysis and Results Discussion
emissions in each region, are calculated as presented in
Table 3. In this study, we utilized both fsQCA4.0 and SPSS
software to analyze our data. After calibrating the
Conditional Variables models, we examined the necessity conditions related
to four condition variables: Innovation Progress
In this section, we identify potential factors and (IP), Information Advancement (IA), Government
categorize them into organizational, technological, Support (GS), Economic Environment (EE1), Social
and environmental dimensions, drawing upon the Environment (SE), and Ecological Environment
TOE framework and existing research. Subsequently, (EE2). Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive
we construct the analysis framework, comprising an sufficiency analysis focusing on different configurations,
outcome variable and condition variables. While the followed by a rigorous assessment of the robustness of
specific measurements selected are detailed in Table 1, our findings.
they have been referenced in the preceding section and
are not reiterated here. Necessary Condition Analysis

Variable Calibration Following the calibration of fuzzy set variables,

it is essential to conduct necessary condition tests for
The initial step in fsQCA analysis involves data each variable, as emphasized by prior research [37].
calibration, a fundamental procedure akin to calibrating Additionally, importing sample data fuzzy membership
measuring instruments in natural sciences like chemistry, scores into the fsQCA 4.0 software is a critical step
astronomy, and physics to recognized standards [35]. in the analysis process. In this study, we identified
Two primary methods are employed for data calibration necessary conditions for the outcome variable by
in QCA: direct and indirect calibration. The direct considering antecedent conditions with a consistency
method utilizes three directly determined anchor points, level greater than 0.9 and a coverage level exceeding
while the indirect method bases calibration on sample 0.5, consistent with established criteria [38]. Conversely,
distribution and theoretical knowledge. In the absence antecedent conditions with lower consistency levels are
of external standards or substantive research, calibration deemed insufficient to constitute necessary conditions.
can rely on sample percentiles [36]. Regardless of the As shown in Table 5, the necessary conditions are not
method, calibrated values typically range between 0.0 found.
and 1.0. In line with Ragin’s guidance [35], this study
adopts the direct calibration method, setting three Constructing the Truth Table
anchor points to structure a fuzzy set: full membership
(95%), full non-membership (5%), and non-membership Following the necessity testing, it is imperative to
(50%). Original data was transformed into membership establish thresholds for sufficient conditions. Sufficient
using the calibrate (x, n1, n2, n3) function in fsQCA 4.0 conditions indicate that specific causal factors, either
4596 Zhiyuan An, et al.

Table 3. Total carbon emission of each Chinese region’s logistics industry in 2021 (Unit: Million tons).
Crude Natural Total
Coal Coke Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Oil Fuel Oil
Oil Gas Emissions
Shandong 557.121 117.810 1.538 20.393 3.138 34.636 1.786 46.311 1682.639
Inner Mongolia 677.817 56.421 0.286 11.895 1.176 14.895 0.062 13.215 1563.599
Jiangsu 397.618 126.213 0.021 29.059 3.509 29.273 4.304 62.376 1451.597
Hebei 297.856 243.457 0.380 16.379 0.317 15.174 0.729 35.913 1439.372
Guangdong 321.168 26.822 0.885 37.095 11.049 42.082 17.873 61.453 1151.982
Liaoning 244.506 97.855 0.471 24.135 1.047 32.785 5.496 15.821 972.907
Shanxi 328.665 80.239 0.000 6.471 1.159 12.535 0.048 20.447 959.735
Xinjiang 390.412 18.439 1.184 8.486 1.458 16.068 0.016 28.729 939.431
Henan 263.217 44.455 0.232 22.706 2.725 34.689 0.213 23.958 862.707
Zhejiang 261.513 8.214 0.000 25.715 4.711 21.499 4.275 36.741 769.695
Anhui 247.616 39.199 0.020 20.447 0.375 22.360 0.718 13.003 743.308
Hubei 168.632 30.990 0.200 28.399 2.451 31.734 3.977 14.898 643.365
Shaanxi 208.989 21.109 1.311 8.698 2.516 9.813 0.219 19.982 568.931
Hunan 134.100 28.604 0.029 29.706 3.129 31.948 3.305 8.662 561.353
Sichuan 88.105 33.893 0.000 27.336 5.137 28.620 0.470 46.307 550.332
Fujian 165.851 24.697 0.047 15.810 3.558 13.290 5.952 11.888 528.845
Heilongjiang 196.468 10.951 0.000 14.682 1.610 11.716 1.724 10.020 515.964
Guangxi 123.621 45.103 0.019 8.929 0.714 14.005 0.403 8.286 454.855
Guizhou 139.225 7.419 0.000 17.461 1.511 22.536 0.026 10.352 433.742
Ningxia 191.073 15.914 0.051 0.616 0.002 3.753 0.006 5.261 433.591
Shanghai 66.215 17.586 0.036 14.194 16.766 14.327 20.500 18.120 417.786
Yunnan 98.092 32.640 0.020 15.221 2.815 20.713 0.001 3.213 404.078
Jiangxi 118.550 27.119 0.000 12.202 0.527 13.509 0.348 7.617 399.559
Jilin 135.424 19.392 0.169 4.788 0.993 12.325 0.148 7.563 385.362
Gansu 120.504 15.555 0.531 6.547 0.228 7.707 0.051 7.303 334.756
Tianjin 56.967 21.295 0.672 8.520 2.848 10.463 1.495 25.175 296.431
Chongqing 72.869 9.802 0.000 12.183 2.246 12.095 0.418 21.061 293.351
Beijing 2.002 0.003 0.000 14.049 15.063 4.043 0.019 39.991 190.225
Qinghai 25.769 6.817 0.074 2.398 0.018 5.187 0.005 10.759 115.101
Hainan 19.561 0.001 0.028 3.629 3.404 2.869 1.281 7.259 86.965

individually or in combination, have the ability to PRI consistency scores are re-encoded based on
effectively lead to the desired outcome. Upon completing observed breaks in the distribution of consistency
the calibration process using the fsQCA4.0 software, scores [39]. When the PRI consistency is greater than or
a truth table is generated, serving as a crucial tool for equal to 0.7, the result variable 1 is retained; otherwise,
reflecting the intricate causal relationships within the it is manually changed to 0 for the corresponding
system [35]. The frequency threshold is set at 1.5% of combination [7]. Finally, complex, parsimonious, and
the sample size, while the original consistency threshold intermediate solutions are obtained, and the intermediate
is set to 0.8. Logical condition combinations with a solution is nested within the parsimonious solution for
sample size greater than or equal to 1 and an original comparison. The resulting configuration outcomes are
consistency greater than 0.8 are retained. Additionally, summarized in Table 6.
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4597

Table 4. Variable calibration results and descriptive statistical analysis.

Calibration Results Descriptive Statistics
Variable Full membership Full non-membership Mean Median Standard deviation Min Max
IP 0.730 0.113 0.014 0.441 0.302 0.03 0.98
IA 0.932 0.452 0.058 0.457 0.319 0.03 0.97
GS 0.559 0.116 0.013 0.471 0.324 0.03 1.00
EE1 0.722 0.149 0.079 0.452 0.291 0.03 0.99
SE 0.649 0.280 0.051 0.487 0.303 0.02 1.00
EE 0.849 0.570 0.312 0.303 0.299 0.02 0.99
GL 0.600 0.249 0.048 0.502 0.303 0.04 0.99

Table 5. Analysis of necessary conditions.

High development level Non-high development level
Variable Consistency Coverage Consistency Coverage
IP 0.725 0.825 0.490 0.554
~IP 0.628 0.545 0.845 0.753
IA 0.740 0.811 0.464 0.506
~IA 0.550 0.508 0.827 0.759
GS 0.490 0.522 0.751 0.794
~GS 0.807 0.765 0.548 0.516
EE1 0.684 0.760 0.568 0.627
~EE1 0.664 0.607 0.783 0.711
SE 0.503 0.518 0.791 0.810
~SE 0.815 0.797 0.530 0.514
EE2 0.709 0.755 0.591 0.624
~EE2 0.647 0.614 0.768 0.724
Note: The symbol (~) indicates the negation of the attribute.

Results configurations. The overall coverage rate is 0.599,

suggesting that the configuration analysis results
To determine the core conditions of each solution, encompass 59.9% of actual cases. Conversely, in the
we examine the nesting relationship between the non-high development path, the overall consistency
intermediate and parsimonious solutions. Conditions reaches 0.887, signifying that about 88.7% of regions
present in both the intermediate and parsimonious display non-high-level development of green logistics
solutions are identified as core conditions, while those among cases meeting the configuration. The overall
exclusively found in the intermediate solution are coverage rate is 0.664, indicating that the configuration
considered marginal conditions. The experimental analysis results cover 66.4% of cases.
findings reveal three main paths: path 1, path 2, and We categorize the configurations representing
path 3. Path 2 represents the high development path of high (Type I and Type II) and non-high (Type III)
regional green logistics and comprises two subtypes: development levels into three distinct types, as outlined
path 2a and path 2b. Path 3 represents the non-high below:
development path and includes two subtypes: path 3a Type I: driven by technology-environment. This
and path 3b. In the high development path, the overall configuration demonstrates a remarkably high level of
consistency reaches 0.940, indicating that approximately consistency, reaching 0.950, and encompasses 44.5%
94.0% of regions exhibit high-level development of of the membership in the outcome. Identified by path1,
green logistics among cases meeting these two high this type combines the core presence of Information
4598 Zhiyuan An, et al.

Table 6. Configuration combinations for the development path of regional green logistics.
High Development Path Non-high Development Path
Configuration 1 2a 2b 3a 3b

IP
• • ⊗ ⊗
IA
• • ⊗ ⊗

GS ⊗ ⊗ ⊗
• •
EE1
• ⊗ ⊗ ⊗

SE ⊗ ⊗ • • •
EE2
• ⊗ • ⊗

Consistency 0.950 0.963 1.000 0.910 0.892

Raw coverage 0.445 9.393 0.239 0.541 0.600
Unique coverage 0.189 0.123 0.001 0.440 0.103
Solution consistency 0.940 0.877
Solution coverage 0.599 0.664

•
Notes: ( ) indicate the presence of a condition, (⊗) indicate absence, and blank spaces indicate “don’t care”. Large circles indicate
core conditions; small ones, peripheral conditions.

Advancement (IA), Economic Environment (EE1), and Its coastal location has facilitated robust infrastructure
Ecological Environment (EE2), while Government development and societal progress, forming a strong
Support (GS) and Social Environment (SE) are deemed base for innovative initiatives. By emphasizing
core absence conditions. This suggests that in regions information technologies, Guangdong has streamlined
where other variable conditions exist, a high level of logistics processes, improving efficiency and lessening
regional green logistics can be achieved irrespective of environmental impact. Type II: driven by technology.
investments in infrastructure construction and social This type comprises two configurations with slight
development. The rationale behind this phenomenon variations, namely path2a and path2b. Path2a constitutes
lies in the geographical location of these regions in the the majority of cases (39.3%) and demonstrates
eastern coastal areas, where infrastructure and societal a relatively high consistency level of 0.963. Meanwhile,
development have already reached significant levels. path2b exhibits the highest consistency level of 1.000
Consequently, these regions prioritize investments and covers 23.9% of the membership in the outcome.
in information technologies, economic well-being, In Type II, characterized by the core presence of the
and ecological preservation. Thus, the integration of innovation process (IP) and the absence of the Economic
economic, ecological, and informationization factors Environment (EE1), regional green logistics can achieve
promotes a high level of green logistics. Representative a high level of development. This finding suggests that
cases of this type include Guangdong, Jiangsu, Fujian, even in regions where economic development is lacking,
Shandong, Zhejiang, and Anhui. advancements in technology, particularly the innovation
The geographic context of these regions, primarily process (IP), can significantly enhance the level of
along the eastern coast, sheds light on why this pattern green logistics. Hence, this configuration underscores
occurs. Benefiting from well-established infrastructure the critical importance of regional technological
and societal structures, these areas prioritize advancement for green logistics. Representative cases in
investments in information technologies, economic this path include Shaanxi, Henan, and Hebei.
growth, and environmental conservation. This strategic As far as Shaanxi is concerned, the strategic
alignment of economic, ecological, and technological embrace of innovative processes emerges as a decisive
factors not only maintains their developmental driver. Despite prevailing economic challenges,
momentum but also drives them toward greater Shaanxi’s directed emphasis on technological
efficiency in green logistics. Guangdong, as a prime advancements, particularly within the realm of
example, encapsulates this synergy among technology, innovation processes (IP), has catalyzed the transition
economy, and environment, fostering green logistics. towards sustainable logistics practices. This exemplifies
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4599

Table 7. The analysis result of the robustness test.

High Development Path Non-high Development Path
Configuration 1 2a 2b 3a 3b

IP
• • ⊗ ⊗
IA • • ⊗ ⊗

GS ⊗ ⊗ ⊗
• •
EE1
• ⊗ ⊗ ⊗

SE ⊗ ⊗ • • •
EE2
• ⊗ • ⊗

Consistency 0.922 0.889 0.986 0.880 0.832

Raw coverage 0.369 0.174 0.093 0.414 0.487
Unique coverage 0.308 0.106 0.021 0.074 0.147
Solution consistency 0.908 0.940
Solution coverage 0.851 0.561

the catalytic potential of technology in mitigating of technological progress, inadequate investment in

economic impediments while fostering environmental logistics infrastructure, and limited social development
sustainability. Specifically, Shaanxi has implemented pose challenges to promoting the development of
targeted measures to bolster its green logistics regional green logistics. Representative cases in
infrastructure. These include the adoption of eco- this category include Qinghai, Gansu, Jilin, Hainan,
friendly transportation systems, notably electric Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Yunnan,
vehicles, alongside initiatives promoting the integration Guizhou, and Heilongjiang, which are primarily situated
of renewable energy sources within logistics operations. in remote areas of China.
Moreover, Shaanxi has directed substantial investments In remote areas of China, the lack of Government
towards infrastructure development, exemplified by the Support (GS) and a limited Social Environment (SE) act
construction of green warehouses outfitted with energy- as significant obstacles to green logistics advancement.
efficient technologies and the strategic establishment of The absence of tailored governmental initiatives
logistics hubs aimed at curbing carbon emissions. hampers progress, while the region’s limited social
Furthermore, collaborative endeavors involving development may impede the adoption of sustainable
governmental entities, industry stakeholders, and practices due to a lack of human capital and societal
academic institutions have played a pivotal role awareness. However, Innovation Progress (IP) presents
in fostering the adoption of sustainable logistics a vital opportunity for overcoming these challenges.
practices. Such collaborations manifest through policy By leveraging technological advancements, these
frameworks that incentivize technological innovation, regions could potentially mitigate the impact of absent
alongside knowledge dissemination initiatives aimed government support and limited social development.
at disseminating best practices throughout the logistics Yet, without concerted efforts to address these absent
ecosystem. conditions, regions under this type, alongside other
Type III: hindered by organization-environment. regions in the hindered organization-environment
This type of configuration encompasses both path3a configuration, may struggle to enhance their regional
and path3b, with slight variations between the two. green logistics capabilities.
Notably, path3a demonstrates a relatively high level of
consistency at 0.880, covering 41.4% of the membership, Robustness Test
while path3b exhibits a consistency level of 0.832,
covering 48.7% of the membership. In this configuration, To ensure the reliability of our research findings,
Government Support (GS) and Social Environment we will conduct a robustness analysis. Schneider
(SE) are identified as core absence conditions, and Wagemann [40] proposed three operations for
while Innovation Progress (IP) emerges as the core conducting such an analysis: calibrating changes,
presence condition. This indicates that the absence modifying the consistency threshold, and adding or
4600 Zhiyuan An, et al.

deleting cases. In this study, we utilized the fsQCA 3. Technology is the key to promoting high-level
4.0 software to adjust the alternative calibration values development because it appears in all high-development
to 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25. The results revealed the same paths, which is in line with the previous studies [20,
three configurations in the high development path, 33, 41]. For the eastern coastal provinces, technology
albeit with slight alterations in consistency (0.908) and development (information advancement) is the main
coverage (0.851). Similarly, two configurations in the contributor to the high level with the combination of
non-high development path exhibited minor changes, environment (economic and ecological). For the inland
with an increase in consistency (0.940) and coverage high-level areas, technology (innovation progress) can
(0.561). The outcomes, detailed in Table 7, closely enable the high development of green logistics. Thus,
align with those presented in Table 6. These findings technology plays a great role in the development of
affirm the consistency between the conditional and green logistics.
original configuration outcomes, with no significant 4. Government support may not be necessary
deviations in consistency and coverage. Therefore, for green development in regional logistics. This
the conditional configurations outlined above can be result is consistent with previous analysis [4]. Chen
considered reliable, underscoring the robustness of the et al. [8] investigate the factors influencing green
study’s conclusions. logistics through empirical analysis. They find that the
unbalanced and polarized phenomenon in the regional
green logistics within the different areas of China
Conclusions depends on the bottleneck of the overall development
caused by the technological process. Compared with
This paper proposes a framework for analyzing coastal regions in China, investment in logistics is
regional green logistics based on the TOE theory. more important for the inner areas of China because
The framework considers multiple factors related to the benefit of the expanded investment is much greater
technology, organization, and environment, including in relatively poor-developed regions [11]. Thus, more
Innovation Progress, Information Advancement, investment in infrastructure may contribute to more
Government Support, Economic Environment, Social environmental pollution in developing and related poor
Environment, and Ecological Environment. Utilizing regions to some extent, which hinders the promotion of
the fsQCA method, the study analyzes the influencing higher levels of green logistics in regions.
factors and configurations associated with different
levels of development in regional green logistics in Policy Recommendations
China. The analysis uncovers the complex impact
mechanisms of various conditions on the high-level Based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward
and non-high-level development of regional logistics. the following policy recommendations for provinces and
Two paths representing highly developmental levels and cities to improve the developmental level of regional
one path representing non-highly developmental levels green logistics.
in regional green logistics are identified. The findings 1. Encourage the promotion of green logistics
support the six research propositions of the study. Based technology.
on the experimental results and analysis, the following Encouraging the promotion of green logistics
conclusions are drawn: technology is crucial in addressing the current
1. Achieving high-level and non-high-level challenges faced by China’s logistics sector. Presently,
sustainable development in regional logistics requires the technical capabilities of logistics enterprises in
the convergence of multiple factors; no single factor China remain relatively low, characterized by outdated
alone can elevate the level of development. Put and inefficient modes of operation that fail to meet the
differently, the advancement of regional green logistics increasing demand for high-quality logistics services.
is the culmination of synergistic interactions among To address this, substantial investments in logistics
various factors. and technical technologies are necessary at both the
2. When considering the combination of influencing enterprise and regional developmental levels. By
factors, the attainment of a high-level developmental embracing technological innovation, logistics efficiency
status in regional green logistics reveals multiple can be significantly enhanced, meeting the evolving
equivalent configuration paths, each comprising distinct demands for high-quality logistics services and
factors. Specifically, there exist two avenues to achieve promoting sustainable development on a regional scale.
high-level green logistics development: one emphasizing Logistics-related technological innovation should be
technology and the environment, and another focusing prioritized across various aspects, including equipment
solely on technology. Conversely, a hindrance to manufacturing, planning, and management. This entails
high-level development stems from an emphasis on leveraging advancements in technology to streamline
organization and the environment. These influencing operations, reduce costs, optimize vehicle utilization,
mechanisms emerge from the interplay among and decarbonize warehousing operations [33]. Moreover,
technology, organization, and environment. Robustness strengthening the promotion of green logistics practices
tests validate the effectiveness of all configurations. is essential in light of China’s vigorous efforts to
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4601

promote energy conservation and emission reduction implementation of sustainable logistics solutions on
[8]. Logistics enterprises must heighten their awareness a larger scale. From a supply chain perspective, effective
of environmental protection and take proactive measures collaboration requires joint decision-making on key
such as promoting packaging recycling, optimizing aspects such as green product design, cost-sharing for
transport routes, and transitioning to environmentally implementing environmentally friendly practices and
friendly new energy vehicles. establishing long-term commitments with suppliers to
From a corporate perspective, advancing green ensure continuity and reliability [5].
logistics requires a multifaceted approach that combines In essence, the synergy between sustainable
behavioral changes within logistics enterprises with development and logistics relies on recognizing and
the adoption of innovative technologies. This involves addressing regional disparities while capitalizing on
instilling a culture of environmental responsibility unique strengths. Through coordinated efforts, regions
among employees and stakeholders, as well as investing can drive progress towards more environmentally
in cutting-edge technologies to enhance operational friendly and efficient logistics systems, thereby
efficiency and reduce environmental impact. contributing to overall sustainable development goals
On a macro level, technological progress is and fostering a more resilient and equitable global
instrumental in driving the transition towards greener economy.
logistics systems. Collaboration between governments, 3. Develop policies and regulations on green
industry associations, and international organizations is logistics.
essential to foster innovation and research in sustainable More attention should be focused on low-carbon
transportation technologies. This includes developing development in logistics by implementing relevant
advanced vehicle propulsion systems like electric and regulations, for example, by incorporating green logistics
hydrogen fuel cell technologies, as well as implementing in government plans [33]. Governments can incentivize
smart logistics solutions to optimize supply chain and enforce environmental standards for logistics
efficiency while minimizing environmental footprint. operations, encouraging companies to adopt sustainable
Policymakers should also incentivize the adoption of practices. This may include offering subsidies or tax
these technologies through regulatory frameworks, breaks for the purchase and use of environmentally
subsidies, and investment incentives to accelerate the friendly vehicles, providing grants for implementing
transition towards a more sustainable transportation recycling programs and imposing penalties for non-
ecosystem. compliance with environmental regulations [6].
2. Promote the coordinated development between Moreover, government-led initiatives can promote
sustainable development and logistics. research and development in green logistics technologies,
It is imperative to address existing disparities fostering innovation and driving the adoption of more
in logistics development across regions [34]. efficient and eco-friendly solutions. By investing in
These variations, are attributed to to differences in infrastructure improvements, such as expanding public
resource endowments, economic infrastructure, and charging stations for electric vehicles and developing
technological foundations among different regions. For smart transportation systems, governments can create
example, regions with abundant natural resources may an enabling environment for the widespread adoption of
have an advantage in certain aspects of logistics, while green logistics practices.
those with well-developed economic infrastructure may Collaboration between the public and private sectors
excel in others. In addition, variations in technological is also essential for advancing green logistics agendas.
capabilities further contribute to these disparities, Public-private partnerships can facilitate knowledge
impacting the efficiency and effectiveness of logistics sharing, resource pooling, and joint investment in
operations. sustainable infrastructure projects. By working together,
To effectively address these differences, regions governments and logistics enterprises can overcome
must undertake a comprehensive assessment of their barriers to green logistics implementation and accelerate
unique advantages and strengths. This process involves progress towards a more environmentally sustainable
not only identifying areas where they excel but also transportation system.
understanding how these strengths can be leveraged to
promote sustainable logistics practices. For example, Limitations and Future Research
regions with advanced technological progress may focus
on implementing cutting-edge logistics technologies to This study delves into path analysis to assess the
minimize environmental impact, while those with strong influence on regional green logistics across various
economic development may invest in infrastructure provinces and areas in China. While it offers valuable
upgrades to enhance logistical efficiency. insights, it is not without limitations. The analysis
Furthermore, fostering further coordinated is based on data from the most recent year, providing
development is essential for overcoming individual results from a static perspective. To address this
challenges and advancing green logistics initiatives [1]. limitation, future research could adopt a multi-year,
Collaboration among regions allows for the sharing of long-term approach. By doing so, it can not only
resources, expertise, and best practices, facilitating the identify the specific pathways of development for each
4602 Zhiyuan An, et al.

region but also track and analyze changes over time. panel data in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 426,
This longitudinal approach would enable a deeper 138871, 2023.
investigation into the dynamics of regional development 12. WU H.-J., DUNN S.C. Environmentally responsible
in green logistics, thereby making a more significant logistics systems. International journal of physical
distribution & logistics management, 25 (2), 20, 1995.
contribution to the overarching goal of regional high-
13. PING L. Strategy of green logistics and sustainable
quality development. development.
14. KUMAR A. Green Logistics for sustainable development:
an analytical review. IOSRD International Journal of
Acknowledgments Business, 1 (1), 7, 2015.
15. SHOAIB M., ZHANG S., ALI H. Assessment of
The authors appreciate and thank the constructive sustainable green logistics enablers: A robust framework
comments from the reviewers. using fuzzy DEMATEL and ISM approach. International
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20 (10),
11407, 2023.
16. TORNATZKY L.G., FLEISCHER M., CHAKRABARTI
Conflict of Interest A.K. The processes of technological innovation, 27, 1990.
17. CHEMBESSI C., BEAURAIN C., CLOUTIER G.
The authors declare no conflict of interest. Analyzing technical and organizational changes in circular
economy (CE) implementation with a TOE framework:
Insights from a CE project of Kamouraska (Quebec).
References Circular Economy and Sustainability, 2 (3), 915, 2022.
18. MENG X., CHENG Y., XUAN Y. Multiple paths of
1. AN Z., HE E., DU X., SUN B. Path analysis of regional green and low-carbon development in industrial parks:
logistics and economy coordinated development: An group analysis based on the TOE framework. Frontiers in
fsQCA approach. Plos one, 19 (2), e0297441, 2024. Environmental Science, 12, 1361598, 2024.
2. LI X., SOHAIL S., MAJEED M.T., AHMAD W. Green 19. CHEN X., HU M. Identifying factors and configurations
logistics, economic growth, and environmental quality: influencing the effectiveness of government data openness
evidence from one belt and road initiative economies. in China based on fsQCA. Data and Information
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 30664, Management, 100071, 2024.
2021. 20. DU G., LI W. Does innovative city building promote
3. QUAN C., CHENG X., YU S., YE X. Analysis on the green logistics efficiency? Evidence from a quasi-natural
influencing factors of carbon emission in China‘s logistics experiment with 285 cities. Energy economics, 114,
industry based on LMDI method. Science of the Total 106320, 2022.
Environment, 734, 138473, 2020. 21. GEIGER C. ICT in green freight logistics. Springer, 127,
4. ROY S., MOHANTY R.P. Green logistics operations and 205, 2016.
its impact on supply chain sustainability: An empirical 22. LEHTONEN M. The environmental–social interface
study. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33 (2), of sustainable development: capabilities, social capital,
1447, 2024. institutions. Ecological economics, 49 (2), 199, 2004.
5. MESJASZ-LECH A. Urban air pollution challenge for 23. KARA M.A., TAŞ S., ADA S. The impact of infrastructure
green logistics. Transportation Research Procedia, 16, 355, expenditure types on regional income in Turkey. Regional
2016. Studies, 50 (9), 1509, 2016.
6. TSAI S.-B., WANG K. Using a novel method to evaluate 24. WENG Q., LIAN H., QIN Q. Spatial disparities of the
the performance of human resources in green logistics coupling coordinated development among the economy,
enterprises. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 26 environment and society across China’s regions. Ecological
(4), 629, 2019. Indicators, 143, 109364, 2022.
7. PAN X., GUO S., LI M., SONG J. The effect of technology 25. CHEN L., ZHANG X., HE F., YUAN R. Regional green
infrastructure investment on technological innovation- development level and its spatial relationship under the
A study based on spatial durbin model. Technovation, 107, constraints of haze in China. Journal of cleaner production,
102315, 2021. 210, 376, 2019.
8. CHEN B., LIU F., GAO Y., YE C. Spatial and temporal 26. CHEN Y., XU S., LYULYOV O., PIMONENKO T. China’s
evolution of green logistics efficiency in China and digital economy development: Incentives and challenges.
analysis of its motivation. Environment, Development and Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29
Sustainability, 26 (2), 2743, 2024. (2), 518, 2023.
9. ZAMAN K., SHAMSUDDIN S. Green logistics and 27. KHAN S.A.R., JIAN C., ZHANG Y., GOLPı̂ RA H.,
national scale economic indicators: Evidence from a KUMAR A., SHARIF A. Environmental, social and
panel of selected European countries. Journal of cleaner economic growth indicators spur logistics performance:
production, 143, 51, 2017. from the perspective of South Asian Association for
10. SAINI M., HRUŠECKÁ D. Influence of logistics Regional Cooperation countries. Journal of cleaner
competitiveness and logistics cost on economic production, 214, 1011, 2019.
development: an FsQCA qualitative approach. E & M 28. WANG S., MA Y. Influencing factors and regional
Ekonomie a Management, 24 (2), 2021. discrepancies of the efficiency of carbon dioxide emissions
11. ZENG S., FU Q., HALEEM F., HAN Y., ZHOU L. in Jiangsu, China. Ecological Indicators, 90, 460, 2018.
Logistics density, E-commerce and high-quality economic 29. SHANNON C.E. A mathematical theory of
development: An empirical analysis based on provincial communication. The Bell system technical journal, 27 (3),
379, 1948.
Influencing Factors and Path Analysis of Regional... 4603

30. RAGIN C.C. The comparative method: Moving beyond fundraising instrument: A configurational analysis of
qualitative and quantitative strategies. Univ of California contingency factors that lead to crowdfunding success and
Press, 2014. failure. Journal of Business Research, 115, 348, 2020.
31. BEYNON M.J., JONES P., PICKERNELL D. Country- 37. FISS P.C. Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set
based comparison analysis using fsQCA investigating approach to typologies in organization research. Academy
entrepreneurial attitudes and activity. Journal of Business of management journal, 54 (2), 393, 2011.
Research, 69 (4), 1271, 2016. 38. DOUGLAS E.J., SHEPHERD D.A., PRENTICE C. Using
32. ZHANG X., TIAN M., CHEN H., ZHAO Z. Multiple fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis for a finer-
Concurrent Causation and Multiple Paths of Regional grained understanding of entrepreneurship. Journal of
Green Logistics in the Context of High-quality Business Venturing, 35 (1), 105970, 2020.
Development. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University 39. SCHNEIDER M.R., SCHULZE-BENTROP C.,
(Social Sciences Edition), 23 (1), 2024. PAUNESCU M. Mapping the institutional capital of high-
33. YANG J., TANG L., MI Z., LIU S., LI L., ZHENG J. tech firms: A fuzzy-set analysis of capitalist variety and
Carbon emissions performance in logistics at the city level. export performance. Journal of International Business
Journal of cleaner production, 231, 1258, 2019. Studies, 41, 246, 2010.
34. GUO X., WANG D. Analysis of the spatial relevance and 40. SCHNEIDER C.Q., WAGEMANN C. Set-theoretic
influencing factors of carbon emissions in the logistics methods for the social sciences: A guide to qualitative
industry from China. Environmental Science and Pollution comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Research, 29, 2672, 2022. 41. LIU S., HE N., SHI Y., LI G. The roles logistics
35. RAGIN C.C. Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and agglomeration and technological progress play in air
beyond. University of Chicago Press, 2009. pollution–New evidence in sub-regions of Chongqing,
36. DE CRESCENZO V., RIBEIRO-SORIANO D.E., COVIN China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128414, 2021.
J.G. Exploring the viability of equity crowdfunding as a