University Questions with Answers

Unit - 1
1. List the sources of IoT development board which can be used for
prototype Development.
Sources of IoT Development Boards for Prototype Development
IoT development boards can be classified into categories based on availability,
manufacturer, and capabilities. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Open-Source Hardware Platforms

Open-source boards are widely used for IoT prototyping because they are low-
cost, easy to program, and have a large community for support.
Examples:
 Arduino Family
o Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega – Beginner-friendly, great for basic
IoT projects.
o Arduino MKR1000 / MKR WiFi 1010 – Has built-in Wi-Fi,
better for connected IoT prototypes.
o Arduino MKR GSM 1400 – Supports GSM/3G connectivity for
remote IoT applications.
o Advantages: Simple programming (Arduino IDE), huge library
support, open-source hardware.
 ESP8266 / ESP32 (by Espressif)
o ESP8266 – Low-cost Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller.
o ESP32 – Dual-core MCU, Wi-Fi + Bluetooth support, more
processing power.
o Advantages: Inexpensive, excellent for Wi-Fi-based IoT
prototypes, programmable with Arduino IDE or MicroPython.

2. Single Board Computers (SBCs)

These are mini-computers that run operating systems like Linux. Best for
advanced IoT prototypes that need data processing, AI, or real-time dashboards.
Examples:
 Raspberry Pi Family
o Raspberry Pi 4 / 5 – Quad-core processors, USB, HDMI,
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
o Raspberry Pi Zero W – Smaller, cheaper, with built-in Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth.
o Advantages: Can run full OS (Raspberry Pi OS), supports Python,
Node.js, C++, and cloud integration.
 BeagleBone Black
o Open-source SBC with GPIOs for hardware control and Linux
support.
o Suitable for industrial IoT prototyping.
 NVIDIA Jetson Nano
o Used for AI-based IoT prototypes like image recognition or edge
AI applications.

3. Commercial IoT Development Kits

Many semiconductor companies and IoT solution providers offer ready-to-use
IoT development kits that include the board, sensors, and cloud connectivity.
Examples:
 STM32 Nucleo Boards (STMicroelectronics)
o ARM Cortex-M based boards, very low power consumption, ideal
for battery-powered IoT prototypes.
o Supports various IoT stacks like LoRaWAN, ZigBee, and BLE.
 TI LaunchPad (Texas Instruments)
o Includes boards with Wi-Fi (CC3200, CC3220), ZigBee, BLE, and
Sub-1 GHz connectivity.
  Intel® IoT Development Kits (e.g., Intel® Galileo, Edison – now
discontinued)
o Previously popular for IoT prototyping, now replaced with newer
Intel edge devices.
 Particle IoT Boards
o Particle Photon (Wi-Fi), Particle Boron (LTE), Particle Xenon
(Mesh Networking).
o Offers built-in cloud platform for easy IoT deployment.

4. Wireless Module-Based Development Boards

For IoT projects that need specific wireless communication (other than
Wi-Fi/Bluetooth), you can use boards with built-in LoRa, NB-IoT, ZigBee, or
Cellular connectivity.
Examples:
 LoRa Development Boards
o Heltec WiFi LoRa 32, Adafruit Feather M0 LoRa, Seeed Studio
Wio LoRa.
o Ideal for long-range, low-power IoT networks.
 NB-IoT / LTE-M Boards
o SIMCom-based modules, Quectel modules with Arduino support.
o Used for smart agriculture, remote monitoring prototypes.
 ZigBee / Thread Development Kits
o Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840 boards (BLE + Thread +
ZigBee).
o Good for smart home and mesh-network IoT systems.

5. Maker Community & Online Sources

You can get IoT development boards and kits from:
  Online Retailers:
o Amazon, Flipkart, Digi-Key, Mouser, SparkFun, Adafruit.
 Official Manufacturer Stores:
o Arduino Store, Raspberry Pi Foundation, Espressif Store.
 Local Electronics Markets:
o If you are in India: Lamington Road (Mumbai), SP Road
(Bangalore), Ritchie Street (Chennai).

6. Cloud-Integrated IoT Kits

Some vendors provide cloud-connected kits where you can directly collect and
visualize data.
Examples:
 AWS IoT Kit – Pre-configured with Amazon Web Services IoT Core.
 Azure IoT DevKit (MXChip) – Built-in sensors, Wi-Fi, directly
connects to Microsoft Azure.
 Google Cloud IoT Starter Kit – Integrates with Google Cloud IoT Core.

UNIT - II
2. List out different applications of Raspberry Pi.

Applications of Raspberry Pi
1. Education and Learning
Raspberry Pi was originally designed to teach programming and
computer science in schools.
 Programming Practice: Learn Python, C, C++, Java, or Scratch.
 Operating System Basics: Experiment with Linux (Raspberry Pi OS).
 STEM Education: Used in robotics competitions, coding boot camps,
and DIY electronics projects.

2. IoT and Home Automation

Raspberry Pi is a great controller for smart home and IoT systems.
 Home Automation Hub: Control lights, fans, appliances via Wi-Fi or
ZigBee.
 Smart Doorbell / Security System: Use a Pi camera and motion sensors
to build CCTV or smart doorbell systems.
 Environmental Monitoring: Monitor temperature, humidity, and air
quality and send data to the cloud.
 Voice Assistants: Build your own Alexa/Google Assistant clone using
open-source libraries.

3. Media Center & Entertainment

Because Raspberry Pi can connect to HDMI and run multimedia
software, it’s perfect for entertainment setups.
 Home Media Center: Install software like Kodi or Plex to stream
videos, music, and TV shows.
 Retro Gaming Console: Run emulators (RetroPie) to play classic games
(NES, Sega, PlayStation).
 Internet Radio / Music Player: Build a dedicated streaming radio or
Spotify player.

4. Networking Projects
Raspberry Pi can act as a low-cost network device.
 Personal Web Server: Host your own website using Apache/Nginx.
 Network-Attached Storage (NAS): Turn an external hard drive +
Raspberry Pi into a cloud storage solution.
 VPN Server: Create a secure remote connection to your home network.
 Pi-hole: Block ads network-wide by running a DNS-based ad blocker.

5. Robotics & Automation

Raspberry Pi is often used as the “brain” for robotics projects.
 Autonomous Robots: Build line-following robots, obstacle-avoiding
cars, or drones.
 AI & Computer Vision: Use OpenCV or TensorFlow Lite to detect
objects, faces, or gestures.
 Industrial Automation: Monitor and control sensors, motors, and PLC
systems for prototyping.
 6. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
Raspberry Pi supports lightweight ML models for edge computing.
 Face Recognition Systems: AI-powered security systems.
 Voice Recognition Projects: Build voice-controlled devices.
 Predictive Maintenance: Collect data from sensors and run ML models
locally for decision-making.

7. Research & Prototyping

Researchers and students use Raspberry Pi to quickly prototype new
ideas.
 Data Collection: Log sensor readings in real time.
 Edge Computing: Process data locally instead of sending everything to
the cloud.
 Low-Cost Experimentation: Use multiple Raspberry Pis for distributed
computing experiments.

8. Industrial & Commercial Applications

While it started as an educational tool, Raspberry Pi is now used in real-
world products.
 Digital Signage: Powering displays in malls, airports, and offices.
 Kiosks & Point-of-Sale Systems: Small, reliable computer for payments
and menus.
 Predictive Analytics Gateways: Collecting and processing IoT data on
factory floors.

9. Scientific and Hobby Projects

 Weather Stations: Collect and visualize weather data.
 Astronomy Projects: Automate telescope tracking or capture time-lapse
images of the night sky.
 Smart Agriculture: Monitor soil moisture and control irrigation systems.

10. Cybersecurity & Ethical Hacking

 Penetration Testing: Install Kali Linux to test network security.
 Honeypot System: Detect unauthorized network activity.
 Security Labs: Simulate cyberattacks for research and learning.
3. Explain Arduino. What are the things need to be considered for
developing on the Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. It is designed for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
 Hardware: Refers to the Arduino board (like Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega,
Due, etc.) which has a microcontroller (usually an ATmega series from
Microchip).
 Software: Refers to the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) which is used to write, compile, and upload programs
(called "sketches") to the board.

Key Features of Arduino

 Open-source & beginner-friendly – Great for students, hobbyists, and
engineers.
 Affordable – Boards are low-cost and widely available.
 Plug & Play – Connect to PC via USB and start coding immediately.
 Supports Sensors & Actuators – Can read data (inputs) and control
devices (outputs).
 Large Community & Libraries – Ready-made code for most
sensors/modules.

Common Arduino Boards

 Arduino Uno – Most popular, great for beginners.
 Arduino Nano – Smaller version of Uno, perfect for compact projects.
 Arduino Mega – More I/O pins and memory, suitable for complex
projects.
 Arduino MKR Series – Designed for IoT, has built-in Wi-Fi, GSM, or
LoRa connectivity.

Things to Consider for Developing on Arduino

When developing on Arduino, you should carefully plan and consider the
following points:

1. Select the Right Arduino Board

 Project Requirement:
 o Small/simple project → Arduino Uno/Nano.
o More I/O pins or memory → Arduino Mega.
o IoT project → Arduino MKR1000, MKR WiFi 1010, or Nano
RP2040 Connect.
 Connectivity: Do you need Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, LoRa?
 Power Consumption: Battery-powered projects should use low-power
boards.

2. Understand the Microcontroller Limitations

 Processing Speed: Most Arduinos run at 16 MHz (not as powerful as
Raspberry Pi).
 Memory: Limited SRAM (2 KB on Uno) → be careful with large arrays
or strings.
 Storage: Sketch size must fit into Flash memory.
 No Operating System: Arduino runs a single program at a time, no
multitasking.

3. Choose the Right Sensors & Modules

 Check voltage compatibility (5V for Uno/Mega, 3.3V for MKR series).
 Choose modules with existing Arduino libraries (e.g., DHT11, HC-
SR04, MPU6050).
 Consider power requirements (some sensors may need external power).

4. Use Arduino IDE & Libraries

 Install Arduino IDE or use Arduino Web Editor.
 Add required libraries (e.g., for Wi-Fi, OLED display, servo motor).
 Use example sketches provided in the IDE to get started.

5. Power Supply Considerations

 USB Power: For development and small projects.
 External Power: For stand-alone projects (7–12V via barrel jack or Vin
pin).
 Ensure voltage regulators are used if powering external components.

6. Circuit Design & Safety

 Use breadboards for prototyping, then move to soldered PCB.
  Add resistors, diodes, or transistors where necessary (e.g., to protect
pins).
 Avoid overloading GPIO pins (max 40 mA per pin).

7. Code Optimization & Debugging

 Keep the code efficient to avoid memory overflow.
 Use Serial Monitor for debugging and printing sensor values.
 Modularize code (use functions) for better readability.

8. Uploading & Testing

 Select correct Board and COM Port in Arduino IDE.
 Compile and upload the sketch.
 Test iteratively – start small (blink LED) then add more components step
by step.

9. Community Support & Documentation

 Arduino has a huge online community with tutorials, forums, and
GitHub repositories.
 Make use of documentation and datasheets for components.

10. Scalability for Production

 If you want to move beyond a prototype:
o Consider using Arduino-compatible microcontrollers directly on
custom PCBs.
o Optimize code for efficiency.
o Use low-power modes for battery-operated products.

UNIT - III
4. Write a Python program for Keyboard interfacing.
# Keyboard Interfacing Example in Python
# Install the keyboard library before running:
# pip install keyboard

import keyboard
print("Keyboard interfacing started.")
print("Press 'a' to print a message, 'q' to quit.")

while True:
# Check if 'a' key is pressed
if keyboard.is_pressed('a'):
print("You pressed 'a'!")

# Check if 'q' key is pressed to exit

if keyboard.is_pressed('q'):
print("Quitting program...")
break
Output:
Keyboard interfacing started.
Press 'a' to print a message, 'q' to quit.
You pressed 'a'!
You pressed 'a'!
Quitting program...

UNIT - IV
5. List out different authorization of devices in IoT along with
examples.
What is Authorization in IoT?
Authorization is the process of deciding what a device, user, or application is
allowed to do after it has been authenticated (identity verified).
In IoT, devices interact with other devices, cloud servers, and users.
Authorization ensures only permitted actions are performed (e.g., a
thermostat can control the heater but not access your CCTV feed).

Types of Authorization in IoT

Here are the different authorization mechanisms commonly used in IoT
systems:

1. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

Concept:
 Devices or users are assigned roles.
 Each role has a set of permissions.
 Authorization is granted based on the role.
Example:
 Smart Home Hub:
o Admin role: Can add/remove IoT devices, change Wi-Fi
password, update firmware.
o Guest role: Can turn lights on/off but cannot modify network
settings.
o Device role: Smart bulb can only accept ON/OFF commands,
cannot send data to other devices.
Advantages:
Easy to manage permissions for groups of devices/users.
Good for medium-sized IoT networks.
Limitation:
Not very fine-grained — all devices with same role get the same permissions.

2. Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

Concept:
 Authorization is based on attributes of devices/users, context, and rules.
  More fine-grained than RBAC.
Example:
 Smart Building:
o Attribute = “Location” → Door lock only unlocks for a user when
physically near the door (detected via Bluetooth).
o Attribute = “Time” → Lights automatically turn on for cleaning
robots only during 12 AM – 5 AM shift.
o Attribute = “Device Type” → Temperature sensors can only
publish data, not send control commands.
Advantages:
Very flexible, supports context-aware security.
Useful in dynamic IoT environments.
Limitation:
More complex to implement and maintain.

3. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

Concept:
 The owner of a device or resource decides who gets access and at what
level.
 Often implemented with Access Control Lists (ACLs).
Example:
 Smart Camera App: The camera owner shares live video feed with
specific family members via an app.
 The owner can revoke access any time.
Advantages:
Simple to implement and understand.
Works well for personal IoT systems.
Limitation:
Security depends on the owner’s decisions — might lead to accidental over-
permissions.
4. Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Concept:
 Central authority defines policies that cannot be altered by end-users or
devices.
 Common in military, industrial, or critical IoT systems.
Example:
 Industrial IoT Factory:
o Safety sensors are configured to always report emergency data to
control center, no matter what.
o Devices cannot override this behavior even if an admin tries.
Advantages:
High level of security and policy enforcement.
Prevents accidental or malicious permission changes.
Limitation:
Not flexible — every change requires central approval.
5. Capability-Based Authorization
Concept:
 Devices are given capability tokens that specify exactly what actions
they can perform.
 These tokens are checked by the server or peer device before executing
requests.
Example:
 Smart Agriculture System:
o Soil sensor gets a capability token: read_sensor_data.
o It cannot use irrigation commands because its token does not have
that capability.
o The irrigation pump gets a token: start_pump, stop_pump — but
cannot access temperature data.
Advantages:
Least-privilege principle — each device only gets necessary permissions.
Tokens can expire, improving security.
Limitation:
Requires token management infrastructure.
6. OAuth 2.0 / Token-Based Authorization
Concept:
 Widely used in cloud-connected IoT devices.
 Device gets an access token after authentication, which is used for
authorized communication with cloud/server.
Example:
 Fitness Tracker:
o When you pair the tracker with the app, it gets a token to upload
data to the cloud.
o Without token, it cannot send or retrieve any data.
Advantages:
Works well for API-based communication.
Can easily revoke tokens if device is compromised.
Limitation:
Needs internet or secure token refresh system.

UNIT V
6. List out different IoT devices used in Banking sectors in detail.

IoT is revolutionizing banking by enabling real-time monitoring, smart

customer service, and improved security. Below are the main IoT
devices used in banking:

1. Smart ATMs
o Equipped with IoT sensors to monitor cash levels, detect
tampering, and send real-time alerts.
 oCan perform predictive maintenance by reporting faults before
breakdown.
 Example:
o ATM notifying bank staff when cash is running low or card reader
is malfunctioning.

2. Biometric Devices
o Fingerprint scanners, iris scanners, and face recognition devices for
secure customer authentication.
 Example:
o IoT-enabled biometric scanners at bank branches or kiosks to allow
secure transactions without passwords or cards.

3. Connected POS (Point of Sale) Terminals

o Smart POS machines connected to the cloud for real-time
transaction processing and fraud detection.
 Example:
o Retail shop POS devices sending transaction data to the bank
instantly for settlement.

4. Smart Surveillance Cameras

o IoT-enabled CCTV cameras monitor ATMs, bank branches, and
cash vans.
o Can send instant alerts on suspicious activities using AI + IoT
integration.
 Example:
o Motion detection triggering a security alarm if ATM is accessed
outside business hours.
5. Wearable Devices for Banking
o Smartwatches and fitness bands integrated with banking apps for
quick balance check, payments, and alerts.
 Example:
o Customer receives transaction notifications on their smartwatch in
real time.

6. Smart Queuing Systems

o IoT-based token and display systems manage queues in branches.
 oNotify customers via mobile when their turn is near.
 Example:
o Smart token dispenser integrated with customer’s phone app to
reduce waiting time.

7. IoT-Enabled Kiosks
o Self-service kiosks for account opening, passbook printing, and
loan applications.
o Connected to cloud for real-time data sync with core banking
systems.
 Example:
o Customer updates passbook without teller assistance, data instantly
synced.

8. Environmental Sensors
o Monitor temperature, humidity, and power conditions inside server
rooms, ATMs, and data centers.
 Example:
o IoT temperature sensor alerts bank IT team if server room
overheats.

9. Cash-in-Transit Tracking Devices

o GPS trackers in cash vans for real-time tracking and route
monitoring.
 Example:
o Bank security can track vehicle carrying cash and get alerts on
deviation from planned route.

10. NFC (Near Field Communication) Devices

o Allow contactless payments between smartphones, cards, and
terminals.
 Example:
o Customer taps NFC-enabled phone on a POS terminal to make
payment.