Chapter 1 - Introduction To Industrial Computing
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Course: Industrial Computing
CHAPTER I
Introduction to Industrial Computing
I.1. Definitions
Computer science is a field of scientific, technical, and technological activity concerning
the automatic processing of information, via a program, by machines: computers;
embedded systems, robots, automata...etc.
Applied computing refers to the use of computing as a tool for realization.
tion of an activity in a given field.
The industry is the set of socio-economic activities focused on mass production.
of goods. It implies:
A certain subdivision of labor;
A notion of scale;
The use of machines, first manual and then automated.
Thus, we can define industrial computing as a branch of applied computing.
which covers all the design, analysis, and programming techniques of systems
formatted for industrial purposes (that are not solely based on computers):
I.2. Areas of application
Today, it would be difficult to conceive a production system without resorting to
different information technologies. Thus, industrial computing is involved in
multiple applications such as:
The Alarms
The Automobile
Aerospace
Biomedical field
Robotics
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Consumer multimedia: Mobile phone, tablet, digital television
wealth etc...
Payment terminals: Bank cards
Home Automation.
I.3 Memories in Computer Science
The term 'memory' refers to any electronic component capable of temporarily or permanently storing data.
long-term data.
We distinguish two main families of memories:
Dead memories (ROM).
RAM (Random Access Memory).
The different types of memory can be classified as shown in the diagram below:
I.3.1 DEAD MEMORY (ROM)
ROM (Read Only Memory), also called non-volatile memory, is a
permanent memory, non-volatile and read-only unlike RAM. This memory (tale-
the program or the digital data remains permanently intact, even when the computer is off.
We can distinguish several types of ROM memory:
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The classic ROM: it is a read-only memory but not modifiable.
possible to write inside). The content is recorded in the component during its
fabrication.
The PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory = Read-Only Memory
Same as the ROM, except that the manufacturer of the component of the m...
moiré, does not inscribe anything inside, and allows the possibility of writing only once a pro-
grammar or data. This process is called "programming."
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory = Read Only Memory
only programmable and erasable): It is identical to the PROM but it pre-
feels the advantage of being able to be erased and rewritten, erasure is done with the help of
of UV radiation.
The EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory = Mé-
electrically programmable and erasable read-only memory: This is the
The most advanced ROM of the four categories, as it can be written.
and erased electronically.
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FlashROM: It is a non-volatile memory, it does not lose its data after
having cut off the power. It relies on EEPROM technology, but in
having a much smaller size (density).
USB keys, memory cards for digital cameras are also made of mem-
moiré flash.
I.3.2 Alive Memory (RAM)
RAM (Random Access Memory), also called volatile memory,
is a volatile memory, which means that if the power is cut, the data it contains are
lost.
There are two main families of volatile memories:
1. Static RAM: SRAM
2. The Dynamic RAM: DRAM
LaSRAM (Static Random Access Memory = Static Random Access Memory)
Toilet): Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a
type of RAM that contains data in a static form, that is to say that
the data is retained as long as the power supply is maintained.
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SRAM allows direct and fast access to data, as it does not require
of periodic refreshment.
In summary, static RAM (SRAM) is faster, more expensive, and offers a higher storage capacity.
low, while dynamic RAM (DRAM) is slower, cheaper, and offers a greater ca-
storage capacity. The choice between the two depends on the specific requirements of an application, notably
in terms of speed, capacity, and cost.
Synchronous and asynchronous memories
Asynchronous memory: for this type of memory, the time interval
between two consecutive memory accesses is not regular. The processor therefore does not know
not when the information he is waiting for is available and must wait
(wait-state) that the memory transmits the data to him.
Synchronous memory: the output rate of information is regular.
This way, we avoid the processor wait states.
There are two types of synchronous memories:
1. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory = dynamic memory
synchronous random access): It is a type of volatile memory having an interface of
synchronous communication.
2. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)
"dynamic synchronous random access memory with double data rate": It
add the possibility of doubling the transfer rate while keeping the same frequency
operating sequence of a SDRAM.
In addition to the various types of memory previously mentioned, there is also what is called a
virtual memory which is defined as a mechanism that allows to give more memory to
processor for work, which allows to artificially increase the RAM of a computer,
by temporarily transferring data to the hard drive.
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I.4 The different types of programmable circuits
1.4. 1 Definition
A programmable logic circuit, or programmable logic array, is an integrated circuit
logic that can be reprogrammed after its manufacture. It is composed of many cells
basic logics that can be freely assembled.
1.4. 2 Types of programmable circuits
Programmable circuits can be classified into four main families such as the
show the organization chart below:
A. ASIC circuits: (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
suitable for an application) are specialized circuits designed from their conception for an application-
given action. The most common circuits are:
The Graphics Card: A graphics processor, or GPU Graphics Processing
Unit 'graphics processing unit' is an integrated circuit performing functions
of display calculation to relieve the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
The DSP (Digital Signal Processor 'digital signal processor' or 'digital processing')
Digital signal processing: It is a microprocessor optimized to execute applications
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applications of digital signal processing (filtering, signal extraction, etc.) the
as quickly as possible and in real time.
Example:
They can be found in modems (PSTN modem 'Public Switched Telephone Network',
ADSL modem (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
asymmetric bit'), mobile phones, multimedia devices (MP3 player), the
GPS sensors (Global Positioning System ...) etc.
Co-processor: It is an electronic circuit designed to add a function to a
classical processor. There are arithmetic coprocessors (for calculation
in floating point), graphics (to accelerate 2D or 3D rendering) and co-
specialized successors in encryption. For example, one can mention the copro-
mathematical coprocessor at the beginning of the computer era (Pentium 8087).
B. The PLD (Programmable Logic Device 'programmable logic circuit'):
A programmable logic circuit is a circuit containing a set of logic gates.
elementary wiring, interconnection is left to the care of the end user in
view to create the desired function. This type of electronic component is commonly referred to
characterized by various English acronyms including:
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array 'programmable gate network'): this
are electrically programmable and erasable logic circuits, the most
the responses are: Xilinx FPGA and Altera FPGA;
EPLD (Erasable Programmable Logic Device ' Programmable Logic Circuit
erasable': These are eclectic and erasable programmable logic circuits
cables, either by ultraviolet or electrically;
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device 'programmable logic circuit')
complex
PAL (programmable array logic)
GAL (Generic Array Logic).
C. Micro-programmed circuits
In the family of microprogrammed circuits, there are mainly two types:
microprocessors and microcontrollers.
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Microprocessors
The microprocessor or processor or also CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(processing) is a complex component that can perform mathematical operations of cal-
But also operations for reading and writing to the outside.
He is the instigator of the data exchanges laden with information on the map.
It consists of:
A control unit that reads the instructions and decodes them;
A processing unit (UAL - arithmetic and logic unit) that executes the ins-
tructions ;
A set of memory called registers;
An external data bus;
An external address bus;
An external command bus;
An internal data bus connecting the control unit, the ALU, and the registers.
Current general-purpose processors are divided into two main categories called CISC
(Complex Instruction Set Computer 'Computer with complex instruction set') that offer more
of instructions therefore coded on more bits but performing more complex processes and RISC (Re-
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) whose instructions are thus
encoded on a reduced number of bits, which speeds up execution. The processors of these two categories
are distinguished by the design of their instruction sets.
Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit primarily comprising a microprocessor and its memory.
and custom elements according to the application. There are several families of microcontrollers,
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differentiating by the speed of their processor and by the number of devices that compose them.
All these families have one thing in common: it is to bring together all the essential elements of a structure at
microprocessor base on the same chip. Among the most used microcontrollers, we find the
famous PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller).
Two possible architectures for a microprocessor or microcontroller system are:
Von Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
The difference between the two architectures lies in the separation or not of the m
memories programs and data. The Harvard structure allows for the transfer of data and instructions
simultaneously, which allows for a performance gain.
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D. SoC circuits (System on a Chip)
It is a complete system embedded on a single chip, capable of understanding...
memory, one or more microprocessors, interface peripherals, or any other
necessary component for the realization of the expected function. We can mention a few
examples of use of the SoC circuit:
Canon DIGIC image processor or Nikon EXPEED;
ARM Architecture: All chips containing ARM Cortex-A processors;
Raspberry Pi, one of the many single-board computers featuring a SoC
of ARM architecture;
Cell processor of the STI consortium.
