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FUNDAMENTALOF COMPUTER

RDS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

ANJANI KUMAR NITESH KUMAR

(DIRECTOR (ASST.DIRECTOR)

RAHUL KUMAR
(FACULTY)

RAJA(IT RAHBAR AZAM(AREA MUMTAJ

(DEPARTMENT) INCHAGE) ALAM(INCHARGE)

www.rdscomputeracademy.com
Helpline (24X7) :- 985200350
Address :- Andhara Badh Chowk (Near:-fino Bank)
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8. UserFriendly :- dEI;wVj ;wtjQzUMyh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA
9. dEI;wVj de ikoj dk ;wt djrk gSA
10. blls ge ns’k nqfu;k ls laokn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA
Weakness ( ) :-
1. NO IQ :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA ;gh
otg gS fd dEI;wVj ekuo dk xqyke gSA
2. No Feeling :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA
Brief History of Development of Computer( ):- dEI;wVj dk fodkl
dze 3000 o’kZ iqjkuk gSA phu us lcls igys x.kuk ;a= vcsdl dk vfo’dkj fd;k Fkk A ;g ,d ;kaf=d fMokbl
gSAftldk mi;ksx vkt Hkh phu tkiku ,f'k;k lfgr vU; ns”kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vcsdl rkjksa dk ,d Qzse
gksrk gSA bu rkjksa esa IykfLVd ;k /kkrq ds xksys fijks;s jgrs gSA izkjaHk esa vcsdl dk mi;ksx O;kikjh x.kuk,sad jus
ds fy; djrs FksA ;g e'khu vadks dks tksM+us ]?kVkus ] xq.kk ;k Hkkx ds fy;s mi;ksx fd tkrh gSA blds “krkfCn;ksa
ckn vU; e”khusa vadks dh x.kuk ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZA
17oha “krkCnh esa Qzkal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d vadh; x.kuk ;a= lu~ 1645 esa fodflr fd;k A bl
e’khu dks ,fMax e’khudgrs gSA
;g e’khu?kM+h vkSj vksMksehVj ds fl}kar ij dk;Z djrh FkhA blesa dbZ nkrsa;qDr pdfj;kW Fkha tks ?kwerh jgrh Fkha
A pdjh;ksa ds nkarksa ij 0 ls 9 rd ds vad Nis jgrs FksA izR;sd Pkdjh dk ,d LFkkUkh; eku gksrk Fkk A
izR;sd pdjh Loa; ls fiNyh pdjh ds ,d pDdj yxkus ij ,d vad ij ?kw erh FkhA
Cyst ikLdy ds bl ,fMax e'khu dks ikLdykbu dgrs gSA vkt Hkh dkj
;k ckbZd ds LihMksehVj esa ;gh ;a= dk;Z djrk gSA bldk fodflr :Ik 1694 esa teZu ds xf.krK o nk”kZfud
xkWVQzsM foygse okWu yscuht us rS;kj fd;k Fkk ftldk uke jsd~fuax e’khu;k yscuht pdz dgrs gSA
blds
ckn dbZ x.kuk ;=a fodflr fd;s x;sA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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(Hollerith Census Taulator)

lu~ 1890 esa dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gqbZ ] og Fkh vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z A lu~
1890 ls iwoZ tux.kuk dk dk;Z ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1880 esa “kq: dh xbZ tux.kuk esa lkr
o’kZ dk le; yxkA dl le; esa tux.kuk ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d e’khucukbZ ftlesa iapdkMZ
dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml e’khudh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk djus esa dsoy rhu o’kZ dk le;
yxkA tksfd cgqr gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 esa gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a= cukus VscqysfVax e’khudEIkuh cukbZ A lu~
1911 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj dEI;wVj VscqysfVax fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA lu~ 1924 esa bl dEiuh dk
uke cnydj vkbZ ch ,e gks x;k A ftldk iwjk uke baVjus”kyu fctusl e’khugks x;kA tks dh vkt fo”o dh
dEI;wVj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh dEIkuh gks x;h gSA

1. Aiken and Mark 1 (vkbdsu vkSj ekdZ & 1):- Lku~ 1940 esa Electromechanical Computing vius
f’k[kj ij igqWp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj “kh’kZ bathfu;jksa o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu us lu~ 1944 esa ,d e’khudks
fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn esa bl
e’khudk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo’o dk lcls igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA blesa
500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic Connection FksA ;g 6 lsd.M esa ,d xq.kk vkSj 12 lsd.M
esa ,d Hkkx dh fdz;k dj ldrk FkkA
2. ABC :- vkbdsu vkSj vkbZ ch ,e ds ekdZ &1 dh rduhdh ubZ bysDVkWfuDl rduhdh vkus ls iqjkuh gks
x;h Fkh AubZ bysDVkWfuDl rduhdh esa dksbZ ;kaf=d iqtkZ lapkfyr djus dh vko”;drk ugha Fkh A tcfd
ekdZ &1 ,d fo|rq e’khuFkhA

3. The ENIAC (1993-46):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square feet
room ds cjkcj Fkk blesa 18000 fuokZr uyh;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d tksM 200
micro seconds esa djrk FkkA vkSj Hkkx 2000 Micro Sceconds esa A
4. The EDVAC (1946 - 52):- bl dk iwjk uke Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer FkkA ;g igyk fMftVy dEI;wVj FkkA
Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)
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Second Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&
1. blesa Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
2. bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ls cgqr vf/kd Fkh A
3. budh lkbt NksVh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd bles transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k Xk;k FkkA
4. bles vLksEcyh ,oa gkbZ ysfcy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
5. ;g de xeZ gksrs FksA
6. budks pykuk vklku FkkA
7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

Third Generation (1964 -1975) :- dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl
tujs’ku esa vkbZ lh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dk iwjk uke Integrated Circuit gSA IC dk fodkl
1958 esa Jack Kilby us fd;k FkkA
Third Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&
1. blesa IC Technology(SSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA SSI dk iwjk uke Small Scale Integration
gSA bl fpi ij 10 ls 20 rRo LFkkfir gksrs FksA
2. ;g izFke ,oa f}rh; ih<+h ls cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs FksA
3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA
4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd fo’olhuh;s FksA
5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA
7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

Fourth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr 1975 ls 1989 rd ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs’ku
esa vkbZ lh dh vk/kqfud rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dh ;g rduhdh VLSI Fkh bldk iwjk uke
Very Large Scale Integration gSA bl vkbZ lh fpi ij nl ls chl gtkj
Components dks ,d fpi ij yxk;k Fkk ftl ds dkj.k budh xfr rhljh ih<+h dh vkis{kk cgqr vf/kd Fkh
Fourth Generation dh fo’ks"krk,sa%&
1. blesa IC Technology(VLSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Very Large Scale Integration gSA
bl fpi ij 10000 ls 20000 Elements LFkkfir gksrs FksA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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vyx vyx vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA
Type of Computer Base on Application: - ,Iyhds’ku ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs
gSA tSls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr djrs gSA ;g dEI;wVj nks
ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA tSl FkEkkZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugh djrk fdUrq ;g ikjs ds lacaf/kr
izlkj dh rqyuk dj rkieku crkrk gSA ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa
Engineering ds {kS= e fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksa fd bu {kS=ksa esa ifjeki dk iz;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSA

2. Digital Computer :& ;g dEI;wVj vadks dh x.kuk djrs gA fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izksxzke dks
0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA vf/kdk’kar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj fMfyVy
dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA

3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuka dk dk;Z djrs gSA hybrid
computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh
x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

Type of Computer Base on Purpose: mns’; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. General Purpose computer
2. Special Purpose Computer

1. General Purpose computer :- ;g os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftlls lekU; dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA tSls i=
ys[ku MkVkcsl ls lacf/kr dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa nqdkuksa fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Special Purpose Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA buds lhih;w
lekU; dEI;wVj dh vkis{kk eagxs gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx fuEu {kS=ksa esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)
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;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA

 Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa j[kdj
pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs ,oa ctu esa gYds gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk
gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de
gksrh gA

 Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs gSA ftudks
xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk
gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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4. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj
ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk Mini Computer ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj
ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh¼24X7 days½ gSA budk gkMZos;j
ehuh dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs
gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dN Mainframe Computer
fuEu gSA
IBM 4381, ICL 39,CDC Cyber etc.

5. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks"k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj ea vusd lhih;w dks ,d lekUrj
dze esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj ije gSA lqij
dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&
1 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s
2 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s
3 high resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;s
4 ;q} ds fy;s

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
 CU
 ALU
 MEMORY
 INPUT UNIT
 OUTPUT UNIT

1. CU :- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA blds }kjk iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrh
gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA

2. ALU :- bldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds }kjk
dEI;wVj esa lHkh xf.krh; ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA

3. Memory:- Computer esa nks izdkj dh eseksjh gksrh gSA

A. Primay Memory B. Secondary Memory

A. Primary Memory: - Computer ;g eseksjh Main Memory gksrh gSA ;g eseksjh vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh
gSA bldh LihM yxHkx izkslslj ds cjkcj gksrh gSA ;g lkbZt esa NksVh ,oa eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA RAM and
ROM dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSaA

B. Secondary Memory:- ;g dEI;wVj dh LFkkbZ esekjh gksrh gSA bldh LihM Primary Memory ls de
gksrh gSA ;g lkbZt esa cMh ,oa lLrh eseksjh gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa secondary Memory ds rkSj ij gkMZfMLd Vsi
vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

3. Input unit:- dEI;wVj dh os ;wfuV ftuds }kjk MkVk ,oa dekWM dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA buiqV
;wfuV dgykrh gSA buiqV ;wfuV dbZ izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls dhcksMZ ] ekml ] LdSuj vkfnA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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Memory :- ;g Computer dh LVksjst ;wfuV gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk ]
izksxzke vkfn dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSA blesa MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV¼0]1½ esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bldks ukius
dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;wfuV gSA tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa VsjkckbZV blesa lcls NksVh
;wfuV ckbZV ,oa lcls cMh ;wfuV VsjkckbZV gksrh gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory:- bl eseksjh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
A. RAM
B. ROM
RAM (Randam Access Memory)
bldk iwjk uke Randam Access Memory gSA bldh fuEu fo’ks"krk,W gksrh gSA

 bldks dEI;wVj dh izeq[k eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA

 ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA ftldk
iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g LkkbZt esa NksVh gksrh gSA tSls 512 MB , 1 GB
 ;g Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA
 blh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA
 ;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls feydj cuh memory gksrh gSA
 ;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls SRAM , DRAM SD RAM etc.
SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA
blfy; ;g de Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh
gSA bldh data Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g LFkkbZ eseksjh
gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting gksrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij
LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls miyC/k ugh gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ
ds LkkFk vkrh gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gA
1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM

1. PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izksxzke LVksj fd;k
tk ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
2. EPROM:- - bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA ;g fpi us
PROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa lq/kkj djus
ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcSxuh (ultraviolet Ray ) ds lkeus j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls fpi esa LVksj
izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke dks LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa
eagxh izfdz;k FkhA

3. EEPROM: - bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl
fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke ,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fo/kqr dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA ;g ,d ljy
,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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Key board ( )
;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vkuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds fl)kar ij dk;Z
djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA ,d LVsaMZ dhcksMZ esa
105 dh gksrh gS multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh gksrh gSaA
dhcksMZ dh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA
1. .Function key 2. Alfa – numeric keypad 3.Numeric key pad 4. Special key

1. Function key: - ;g dh dhcksMZ esa lcls Åij gksrh gSaA budh la[;k ckjg ( F1 –F12 )gksrh gSA budk dk;Z
vyx vyx izksxzke esa vyx vyx gksrk gSA bu ds dk;Z dks ;wtj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gS
2.Alfa – Numeric keypad:- ;g dh dhcksMZ ds e/; dk fgLlk gksrk gS ;g dh lcls egROkiw.kZ dh gksrh gSA
bu ls vYQkosV ,oa U;wesfjd uEcj ds lkFk fo’ks"k fpUgksa dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bUgsa
vYQk U;wesfjd dh dgk tkrk gSA blls A TO Z ,a TO z, 0 TO 9 ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( )
3.Numeric key:- ;g dh cksMZ esa nk;sa rjQ gksrh gSaA blesa dqy 17 dh gksrh gSaA blls uEcj ,oa ,sjks dh nksuksa
rjg ls dke djrh gSA ;fn Num key on gksrh gS rks uEcj buiqV gksrs gS vkSj ;fn ;g can gksrh gSA rks ;g ,sjks
dh rjg dke djrh gSaA
4.Special key:- budh la[;k dh cksMZ esa de gksrh gS buls dEI;wVj ds special dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls screen
printing , scroll lock, insert, power button ,home ,End, Insert etc.
VsduksykWth ds vk/kkj ij dh cksMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gS
1. Wired keyboard :- bl dhcksMZ dks dEI;wVj ls connect djus ds fy;s rkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bl fy;s bls wired keyboard dgk tkrk gSA

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Mechanical Mouse(;kaf=dh ekml):- bu ekml dk iz;ksx 1990 ds n’kd esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d jcj
dh xsan gksrh Fkh tks ekml ds [kksy ls FkksMh ckgj fudyh jgrh FkhA tc ge ekml dks lrg ij ?kqekrs Fks ftlls
mlds vUnj ds lsUllZ dEI;wVj dsk ladsr Hkstrs FksA bu ladsrksa esa ckWy ds ?kw.kZu dh nwjh fn’kk rFkk xfr lfefyr
gksrh Fkh A bl MkVk ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij IokbaVj dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk FkkA

Optical Mouse(izdk’kh; ekml):- optical mouse ,d u;s izdkj ds ekml gS vktdy bu ekml dk iz;ksx
lcls T;knk gks jgk gSA bUgsa non mechanical mouse Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa izdk’k dh ,d fdj.k uhps dh
lrg ls mRlftZr gksrh gSA ftlds ijkoRrZu (reflection of light) ds vk/kkj ij ;g vkWCtsDV dh nwjh fn’kk rFkk
xfr r; djrk gSA

Cordless Mouse:- ;g vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx ds ekml gSaA ;g ekml QzhDosUlh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrs gSAblesa
nks izeq[k dEiksusUVl transmitter and receiver gksrs gSaA;g electromagnetic signal ds :Ik esa ekml dh
xfr rFkk fDyd djus dh lwpuk Computer dks Hksth tkrh gS fjlhoj dEI;wVj esa tksMk tkrk gSA rFkk blesa
blds Driver dks dEI;wVj esa install djuk iMrk gSAvkt ds dEI;wVjvksa esa ;g bu fcYV Hkh gksrk
gSA

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LdSuj esa Source page dsk LdSuj dh lery lrg ij j[k fn;k tkrk gSA blesa yxs ysUl vkSj izdk’k L=ksr ds
}kjk fp= dks QksVkslsUl djds ckbujh dksM esa cnydj dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa igqWpk fn;k tkrk gSA ftls dEI;wVj
dh Ldzhu ij fn[kkrk gSA LdSu fd;s x;s MkVk esa Editing dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

OMR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij isfUly ;k
isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA blesa dkxt ij izdk’k Mkyk tkrk gSAvkSj ijkofrZr
izdk’k dks tkWpk tkrk gSA tgkW fpUg mifLFkr gksxk] dkxt ds ml Hkkx ls ijkofrZr izdk’k dh rhozrk de gksxhA
;g Machine dsoy OMR sheet dks tkWprh gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh
answer book dks Check fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA

OCR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis dSjsDVjlZ
ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dSjsDVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk VkbZijkbZVj ] gkFk ls fy[ks
iqjkus ys[k vkSj dzsfMV dkMZ ds dSjDs Vj i<+ ysrk gSA
Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)
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FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER
Trackball:- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh gqbZ xsan gksrh
gSA vkSj nks ;k rhu cVu gksrs gS bldh xsan dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi esa ekml dk dk;Z
djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ksjrk gSA bles dsoy xsan dks ?kqekuk iMrk gS]
iwjh trackball device dks ugh A

Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls dEI;wVj Ldzhu
ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks tkrh gSA ykbZVisu dk
iz;ksx ehuw vkI’ku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk gSA

Touch Screen :- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa dSVykWx Qkby
dks <w<us esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp Ldzhu ekWfuVj esa ,d lsulhfVo Ldzhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa ls
feydj curh gSA ftUgsa ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk gSAftlls MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj
buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g rduhdh ;wtj QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk vklku gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk
dk;Z vkWxqyh djrh gSA ftl vkWI’ku dks flfyDV djuk gksrk gSA mls vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs gSA

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dEI;wVj esa ,d gh ckj esa buiqV gks tkrh gSA vkSj fQj bl ij izkslsflax dh tkrh gSA blesa ckjdksM dks jhM
djus ds fy;s izdk’kh; fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA BCR nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1. Flatbed :- ;g Vsfcy ij lsV dj fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj mRikn ds ckj dksM bl ij j[kdj jhM
fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Handheld:- budks gkFk esa ysdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx NksVs ekdsZV ]dksfj;j vkSj

iksLV vkWQhl esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Off line input device:- os fMokbl tks dEI;wVj ls plug fd;s fcuk MkVk dks collect djds dEI;wVj esa
buiqV djrh gSA vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl dgykrh gSA dSejk ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fmokbl gSA
Digitel Camera:- ;g ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl gS bldk iz;ksx QksVks [khpus ,oa LVksj djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d Ldzhu gksrh gS ftl ij ge [khps x;s QksVks ns[k ldrs gSA bldks ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA

Monitor
Monitor ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa Vhoh dh rjg
gksrk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj v/kwjk gksrk gSA ;g vkmViqV dks
viuh Ldzhu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA ekWfuVj }kjk izfn’kZr jaxksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu
izdkj ds gksrs gSA

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ikrs gS tc Ldzhu fDyd djrh gSA ;k tc fjQzs’k nj de gksrk gS A ekWuhVj esa fjQzs’k jsV dks gVZt esa
ukik tkrk gSA

3. Dot Pitch:- MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhdh gSA tks ;g iznf’kZr djrh gSA dh nks fiDlsy ds
e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nwjh fdruh gSAbldk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj dh
xq.koRrk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA ekWuhVj esa MkWVfip de gksuk pkfg;sA bldks QkWLQj fip Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA dyj ekWuhVj dh MkWV fip 0.15 MM ls .30 MM rd gksrh gSA

Interlacing or non Interlacing:- ;g ,d ,slh fMLIys rduhdh gSA tks dh ekWuhVj esa jstksyw’ku dh xq.koRrk
esa vkSj vf/kd o`f} djrh gSA bUVjysflax ekWuhVj esa bysDVkWu xu dsoy vk/kh ykbZu [khprh Fkh D;ksafd bUVjysflax
ekWuhVj ,d le; esa dsoy vk/kh ykbu dks gh fjQzs’k djrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj izR;sd fjQzs’k lkbfdy esa nks ls vf/kd
ykbuksa dks iznf’kZr dj ldrk gSA bldh dsoy ;g deh Fkh fd bldk response time /khek gksrk FkkAnksuksa izdkj
ds ekWuhVj dh jstksyw’ku {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA ijUrq ukWu bUVjysflax ekWuhVj T;knk vPNk gksrk gSA
Bit Mapping:- igys tks ekWuhVjl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk muesa dsoy VsDl dks gks fMLIys fd;k tk ldrk
Fkk vkSj budh fiDlsy dh l[;k lhfer gksrh FkhA ftlls VsDl dk fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA xzkfQDl fodflr djus
ds fy;s tks rduhdh iz;ksx dh xbZ ftlesa VsDl vkSj xzkfQDl nksuksa dks iznf’kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSa og fcV eSfiax
dgykrh gSA bl rduhdh esa fcV eSi xzkfQDl dk izR;sd fiDlsy vkWijsV ds }kjk fu;fU=r gksrk gSA blls vkWijsVj
fdlh Hkh vkd`fr dks Ldzhu ij cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
Video Standard:-
Video Standard Color Time Company No of Pixel

CGA 4 1981 IBM 320X200

EGA 16 1984 IBM 640X320

VGA 256 1987 IBM 640X320,

320X200

XGA 16 Million 1990 IBM 800X600

65536 1024X768

SVGA 16 billion 1993 IBM 800X600(Small)

1280X1024 or
1600X1200

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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Printer

Impact Printer Non -Impact Printer

Dot Matrix Printer Solid Printer Inkjet Printer Leaser Printer

Daisy Wheel
Printer

Line Printer

Impect Printer
;g os fizVaj gksrs gSA tks fizfVax djrs le; vkokt djrs gSA blfy;s budks impact printer dgrs gSA Impact
printer nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer

Dot Matrix printer:- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVaj gksrs gSA buds fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix) gksrk
gSA bu fiuksa ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh gSA blesa NksVs NksVs fcUnvksa ls feydj v{kjvksa dk
fuek.kZ gksrk gSA buds fizafVx gSM esa 9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk horizontal Group gksrk gSA ,d ckj esa ,d
dkye dh fiu gSM ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~l dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vusd pj.kksa esa curk gSA bl izdkj
fiafVax gSM ykbu dh fn’kk esa vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA blesa fizafVax gSM dks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA
budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsaM gksrh gSA ;g fizVja nksuksa fn’kk esa fizafVax djrs gSA

;g fizVja fizfVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Draft Quality Printering: - blesa lkekU; NikbZ gksrh gSA
2. Near Letter Quality Printering: - bl fizafVax esa ,d v{kj dks nks ckj Nkik tkr gSA bldh

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Line Printer:- ykbZu fizaVj os fizaVj gksrs tks ,d ckj esa ,d ykbZu dks fizaV djrs gSA ;g bEiSDV fizaVj gksrs gS
A ;g rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Chain Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d pSu gksrh gSA ftls fizafVax pSu dgrs gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA
blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA pSu ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA
buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA

2. Band Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d csaM gksrk gSA ftls fizafVax cSaM dgrs gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA
blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA cSaM ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA
buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA

3. Drum Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d Mªe gksrk gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks
dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA bl fizaVj esa Mªe ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V
,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA

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Leaser Printer:- ;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fizaVj gksrs gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa 1970 ds n’kd ls fd;k tk jgk
gSA igys ;s esuQzse dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs FksA 1980 n’kd esa budh dher 3000 MkWyj Fkh A vkSj blh
le; budk iz;ksx ekbdzks dEI;wVj esa fd;k tkus yxkA vktdy ;g lcls T;knk yksdfiz; fizaVj gSA D;ksafd budh
fizafVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ystj fizaVj tsjksxzkQh rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA tsjksxzkQh
rduhdh dk fodkl tsjkWDl e’khu ds fy;s gqvk FkkA tsjksxzkQh ,d QksVksxzkQh rduhdh gSA ftlesa fQYe] ,d
vkosf’kr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Me gksrk gSA ;g Me QksVks laosfnr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks
Nkik tkrk gSA %& ystj fizaVj esa fizafVax ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS blesa ystj fdj.k ysUlksa
}kjk ,d /kwers gq;s cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkofrZr gksdj vkmViqV dh ;g ystj
fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkfofRkZr gksdj ;g fdj.k Mªe ij fxjrh
gSA ;g fdj.k Mªe ij Nkius ckyh ykbZuksa ds :Ik esa Mkyrk gSA tc ;g Mªe /kwerk gSA rks vkosf’kr LFkkuksa ij Vksuj
fpid tkrk gSA blds ckn ;g Vksuj dkxt ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkmViqV dkxt ij Ni tkrk
gSA ;g vkmViqV vLFkkbZ gksrk gS bldks LFkkbZ djus ds fy;s bldks xeZ jksyj ds chp ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA

ftlls ;g fizafVax LFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA

vf/kdrj ystj fizaVj esa microprocessor , RAM and ROM gksrs gSA ROM esa QkWUV ,oa ist dks
O;ofLFkr djus okys izksxzke gksrs gSA budh fizafVax DokfyVh 300 to 600 Dpi rd gksrh gS tks loZJs"B gksrh gSA
blds }kjk jaxhu Hkh fy;s tk ldrs gSA bldh fizafVax xfr vf/kd gksrh gSA bldh xfr dks ppm esa ukik tkrk
gSA vktdy budh dher de gsk xbZ gSA

Plotter
;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xzkQ dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 3 D printing Hkh dj ldrs gSA
blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER
Sound Card & Speaker
Sound card ,d Extension board gksrk gSA ftldk iz;ksx lkmUM dks Edit djus ,oa output djus esa gksrk
gSAdEI;wVj esa xkus lquus] fQYe ns[kus ;k fQj xse [ksyus ds fy;s bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk vko’;d gksrk gSA
vktdy ;g lkmUM dkMZ mother board esa in buit gksrk gSA lkmUM dkMZ ,oa Lihdj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs
gSaA lkmUM dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls gh Lihdj /ofu mRiUu djrk gSA ekbdzksQksu dh lgk;rk ls buiqV fd;s x;s
lkmUM dks bldh lgk;rk ls gh laifnr fd;k tkrk gSA
Izkk;% lHkh dkMZ MIDI support djrs gSA MIDI laxhr dks bysDVkWfud :Ik esa O;Dr djus dk ,d ekud gSA
lkmUM dkMZ nks rjhds ls fMftVy MkVk dks ,ukykWx flXuy esa cnyrk gSA
1. Frequancy Modulation:- synthesis iwoZ fufeZr QkWewZyk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu ok| ;a=ksa dh udy djrs gSA

2. Wavetable Synthesis:- okfLrfod ;a=ksa ds fjdkWfMZx ij fuHkZj dj /ofu mRiUu djrs gSA ;g vf/kd ‘’kq}
/ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA ijUrq ;g vf/kd eagxs gksrs gSA

Sound Card Sound

Unit III
Syllabus :- Various Storage Devices - Magnetic Disks, Hard Disk Drives, Floppy, Disks,
Optical Disks, Computer Software ,Need, Types of Software’s - System software,
Application software System Software - Operating System, compiler ,Assemblers,
Interpreter .

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

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Giga Byte GB 1024 MB= 1 GB

Tera Byte TB 1024 GB= 1 TB

dEI;wVj esa nks izdkj dh eseksjh gksrh gSA ,d oks tks MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa vLFkkbZ :Ik ls LVksj djrh gSA vFkkZr~
dEI;wVj can gksus ij mldk MkVk fMfyV gks tkrk gSA Primary Memory dgykrh gSA
,d oks tks MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa LFkkbZ :Ik ls LVksj djrh gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj can gksus ij mldk MkVk fMfyV ugha
gksrk gSA Secondary Memory dgykrh gSA bl eseksjh esa MkVk dsk blfy;s lso djrs gSA rkfd bldk iz;ksx
Hkfo"; esa fd;k tk lds A
Secondary Storage Devices
Secondary Storage Device dks Auxiliary Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk Hkkx ugh
gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA blesa tks MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA og LFkkbZ gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
dEI;wVj can gksus ij blesa LVksj MkVk fMfyV ugh gksrk gSA vko’;drk ds vuqlkj bldks Hkfo"; esa blesa lso QkbZy
;k QksYMjksa dks [kksy dj ns[k ldrs gSA ;k blesa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks ;wtj ds }kjk fMfyV Hkh fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA ,oa MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus fd xfr
Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA
MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Sequential Access Storage Device:- bl fdz;k esa Storage Data dks mlh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k
tkrk gS ftl dze esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,sDll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
budk iz;ksx mu laLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mldks
mlh dzekuqlkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA iqjkus le; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks Vsi dSflV esa
blh esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA cMh cMh daiuh;ksa esa MkVk dk cSdi
ysus ds fy;s ,oa mldks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s blh fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA pqEcdh; Vsi blh dk
mnkgj.k gSA
2. Index Sequential Access Method:- blesa MkVk dks sequential Access method ls gh MkVk dks
,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bles MkVk dks LVksj djrs le; ,d baMsDl rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl
baMsDl esa ml MkVk dk lgh irk ekStwn gksrk gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls bldks vksfiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g fdrkc esa baMsDl ist dh rjg gksrk gSA blls MkVk dk irk [kkstus esa T;knk le; u"V ugh gksrk gSA

3. Direct Access Method :- blesa MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,oa fdlh Hkh
dze esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDlsl xfr flfj;y ,sDlsl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh
gSA
Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)
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(n x2)-2= total lrg
MkVk dks LVksj ,oa i<+us ds fy;s rhu rjg ds le; yxrs gSA tks fuEu gSA
1. Seek Time:- fMLd esa MkVk dks jh< ;k jkbZV djus okys Track rd igqp e yxk le; lhd Vkbe
dgykrk gSA

2. Letancy time:- Track ea MkVk ds Sector rd igqp es yxk le; ysVsalh VkbZe dgykrk gSA

3. Transfer Rate:- Sector esa MkVk dks fy[kus ,oa i<us esa tks le; yxrk gSA mls Transfer Rate
dgk tkrk gSA

Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k dsoy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ekbdzks dEI;wVj
esa gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lhMh dh rjg fd;k tkrk Fkk bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk Fkk A blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ftls floppy drive dgk tkrk gSA ;gk vkdkj ,oa
lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5 ¼ dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.2 MB gksrh gSA budh
Drive Hkh vkdkj esa blh ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA

2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3 ½ bap dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44 MB gksrh gSA
budk vkoj.k vf/kd etcwr gksrk gS A

;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

Mcy MsaflVh ;g 0.7 MB data dks LVksj djds j[krh gSAblesa 1440 Sector gksrs gSA gkbZ
MsaflVh ;g 1.44 Mb MkVk dks LVksj djrh gSA rFkk blesa 1880 Sector gksrs gSA
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Utility Software

Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk gSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j dk
iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh rjg ls
dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx djus ds
Software dh vko’;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d software dh vko’;drk gksrh
gSA
dEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA
Software :- Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gSa mlls dk;Z djuk ds fy;s mls igys ifjHkkf"kr
djuk iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa dkekWMl ds lewg dks
izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA ftlesa dekWMl dks rkfdZd dze esa tek;k tkrk gSA tls lk¶Vos;j dgk

tkrk gSA
Software nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
• System Software

• Application Software
System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;wVj mlds
gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k izksxzke gksrk gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj dks
LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks System
Software dgk tkrk gSA buds }kjk
fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA
1. ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZos;j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA

3. Uk;s gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA

4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA 5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA dqN egROkiw.kZ

System Software fuEufyf[kr gSA

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;wtj dh Hkk"kk esa nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ ‘;g ,d ekLVj izksxzke gksrk gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys ;gh izksxzke
eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gSA fQj blds ckn nwljs vzU; izksxzke dEI;wVj esa yksM gksrs gSA
vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds ckn dEI;wVj esa nwljs vU; ,Iyhds’ku izksxzke baLVky fd;s tkrs gSA
(Function of Operating System)
Operating System dEI;wVj es dbZ dk;Z gSA ysfdu izeq[k dk;Z fu;a=.k (Control),oa izca/ku(Management)
gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dqN izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSA
1. os dk izeq[k dk;Z dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j ,oa lk¶Vos;j dks fu;f=r ,ao mudk izca/ku djuk gksrk gSA

2 loZj dEI;wVj esa tgkW ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj gksrs gSA ogkW ij vkWijsfVax flLVe ;wtj dh oS/krk dh tkWp djrk
gSA fd ;wtj use vkSj ikloMZ lgh gS ;k ugh A

3 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa QkbZy eSustesaV dk dk;Z djrk gSA fd QkbZy dks eseksjh esa dgkW ij lso djuk
gSA vkSj QkbZyl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij gLrkarfjr djus dh ijfe’ku nsrk gSA
4 vkWijsfVax flLVe eSeksjh eSustesaV dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke ];wtj izksxzke vkSj MkVk
izksxzke dks esu eseksjh esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
5 buiqV vkmViqV eSustesaV blds vUrxZr buiqV vkmViqV fMokbl dk eSustesaV vkSj mu ij daVksy vkWijsfVax
flLVe ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA
6 dEI;wVj es fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZ dh lwph vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh rS;kj dh tkrh gSA fd dkSu lk
dk;Z dc vkSj dSls gksxkA
7 izkslslj eSustesaV blds vUrxZr fofHkUu dk;Z izkslslj dks lkSis tkrs gSA tksfd ,d dEI;wVj flLVe }kjk Ikw.kZ
fd;s tkrs gSA
8 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj gkMZos;j vkSj ;wtj ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA
9 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa lqj{kk dk izca/ku djrk gSA
10 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa u;s lkW¶Vos;j ,oa u;s gkMZos;j dks LFkkfir djus dh vuqekfr nsrk gSA blds
vykok dbZ vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA
11 fofHkUu ,jj lans’kksa dk fuekZ.k djuk A
12 fofHkUu dekWMl vkSj funsZ’kksa ds chp vkilh le> LFkkfir djuk A
13 fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djuk A
14 bUVjuy VkbZe Dykd dk j[k j[kko djuk ,oa mldks eSust djuk A
15 dqN fo’ks"k daVªksy izksxzkeksa }kjk tkWc esa vkWVksesfVd ifjorZu djuk A
Type of Operating System : vkWijsfVaxz
fLkLVe fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
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4.Batch Processing :- cSp izkslsflax ,d cgqr iqjkuk rjhdk gSA ftlds ek/;e ls fofHkUu izksxzkeksa dks
fdz;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj budk iz;ksx fofHkUu MkVk izkslsflax lsaVj ij dk;ksZ dks fdz;kfUor djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe dh ;g rduhd vkWVkseSfVd tkWc ifjorZu ls fl}kar ij fuHkZj gSA ;gh
fLk}kar vkWijsfVax flLVeksa }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkWijsfVax fLkLVe esa izR;sd ;wtj vius
izksxzke dks vkWQykbZu rS;kj djrk gSA ;g dk;Z iwjk gks tkus ij mls MkVk izkslsflax lsaVj ij tek djk nsrs
gSA ,d dEI;wVj vkWijsVj mu lkjs izksxzkeksa dk ,df=r djrk gSA tks fd ,d dkMZ ij iap jgrs gSA tc
vkWijsVj izksxzkeksa dks ,df=r dj ysrk gSA rc og ml cSp dks dEI;wVj esa yksM dj nsrk gS fQj mu izksxzkeksa
dks ,d ,d djds fdz;kfUor djrk gSA vUr esa vkWijsVj mud k;ksZ ds fizafVM vkmViqV dks izkIr djrk gSA
rFkk mu vkmViqVksa dks lacaf/kr ;wtjksa dks iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA
cSp izkslsflax dks ge dzfed ]vuqorhZ ]vkWQykbZu rFkk ladfyr tkWc izkslsflax Hkh dgrs gSA

Computer Languages

Low level Language High Level Language

Machine Assembly High level Language

Hkk"kk dk eryc gksrk gSA ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds ,ls lewg dks Hkk"kk dgk
tkrk gSA ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gS
og ;wtj Hkk"kk gksrh gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS dEI;wVj Hkk"kk ;k ckbZujh ;k e’khu Hkk"kk dgykrh
gSA ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s ,d flLVe lk¶Vos;j dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ftls
Translator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e’khu Hkk"kk vkSj e’khu Hkk"kk dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA dEI;wVj
ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Machine Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k Fkk A blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa
fy[ks x;s izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks izkslsaflax dh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh

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4. blesa izksxzkfeax djuk lLrk gksrk gSA D;ksafd blesa dksbZ fo’ks"k gkMZos;j dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gSA

5. Better documentation :- blesa izksxzke dk Documentation djuk ljy gksrk gSA

Lower Efficiency
Less flexibility

Some High level Languages:-

1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM Company
ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate djus ds fy;s lu~ 1957 fd;k x;k
FkkA

2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA bldk fodkl
1959 esa O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA

3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginers all purposes symbolic instruction code gSA bldk
fodkl lu~ 1964 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

4G Languages :- os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k mUgsa 4G Language dgk
tkrk gSA tSls Pascal , C,C++ etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa e’khu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsd vksfj;UVfMM gksrh gSA
buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA

Compiler:-Compiler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk ds
izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn e’khu Hkk"kk ds dksM dsk izkslsflax ds fy;s Hkstk tkrk gSA
izkslsflax ds ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs izksxzke dks ,d LkkFk e’khu dksM esa
cnyk tkrk gSA

Compiler
High level Language input Output Machine
Language

Source Program One to Many Corrospmdance Object Program

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blesa dk;Z djus ds fy;s dbZ Vwyckj gksrh gksrh gSA ftls ge vius oMZ izkslsflax dks vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA
Vwyckj esa Vwy dks vkbZdku ds :Ik esa izfnZf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls de Kku okyk O;fDr Hkh blesa oMZ izkslsflax
dk dk;Z dj ldrk gSA vktdy cktkj esa dbZ ,Mokal oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j miyC/k gSA tSls ,e,l oMZ ] oMZ
LVkj ] oMZ ijQsDV vkfn vyx vyx vkWijsfVax flLVe esa vyx vyx oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j dk;Z djrs gSA

Spreadsheet:- Speradsheet dk iz;ksx izk;% l[;kvksa Vsfcy ,ao MkVk dks xzkQ pkVZ vkfn ds :Ik esa izfnZf’kr
djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d Vsfcy gksrh gSA ftlesa ge MkVk dks Vsfcy QkWeZV esa LVksj djrs gSAblesa
MkVkcsl esa izkslsl djus ds fy;s dbZ Vwy gksrs gSA blds vykok bles vyx vyx izdkj ds MkVk ds fy;s vyx
vyx izdkj ds QkWD’ku gksrs gSA ftlls ge vius dk;Z ds fy;s ljyrk ls dj ldrs gSA blesa dqy 256 dkWye
,oa 65536 jsk gksrh gSA jsk vkSj dkWye ls feydj lSy curh gSa A ftlesa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd lSy
dk ,d lSy ,Msl gksrk gSA ftldh ,d igpku gksrh gSA lsy ,sMl jks vkSj dkWye ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA blesa
ge fofHkUu izdkj dh x.kuk,sa vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA blesa ge x.kukvksa dsk djus ds fy;s vius vuqlkj QkWeZwyk
Hkh cuk ldrs gSA blesa ,d odZcqd esa 255 cdZlhV gksrh gSA mnkgj.k %& ,e,l ,sDly ] yksV~l vkfn

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Data Base Management Software:-

Date Base Management Software ds ek/;e ls ge MkVk dks ,df=r ,oa lqO;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSA ;g
NksVs Lrj ls cMs Lrj rd ds MkVk izca/ku ds dk;Z esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj VsDukWykth ds cMs Hkkxksa
esa ,d gSA ;g O;klkf;d ] ljdkjh ,oa gj izdkj ds MkVkocsl dks LVksj djds ml ij fofHkUu izdkj vkWijs’ku dj
ldrs gSA tSls MkVk dks fQYVj djuk ] u;s MkVk dks tksMuk MkVk dks fMfyV djuk vkfnA blds ek/;e ls ge
vius O;kikj ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa ds MkVk dks vklkuh ls gsaMy dj dlrs gSA vkt ds ;qx esa bysDVkWfud MkVkosl
dks MkVkosl lkW¶Vos;j esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok blesa LVksj MkVk dks 'ks;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds
ek/;e ls ge MkVkcsl dks vklkuh ls eSust dj ldrs gSA blds fy;s fuEu lkW¶Vos;j gSA tSls ,e,l ,sDll ]
QkWDlizks ] ,lD;w,y loZj vkfn lHkh MkVkosl lkW¶Vos;j esa MkVk dks Vsfcy ds QkWeZV esa LVksj fd;k tk tkrk gSA
bl MkVkosl dks ge fofHkUu lkW¶Vos;j ls vklkuh ls tksM ldrs gSA buesa ge fjiksVZ vkfn dks vklkuh ls tujsV
dj ldrs gSA

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0 ls 9 rd ds vad ,oa A To Z rd dh o.kZekyk ;k fo’ks"k fpUgksa vkfn dqy 256 v{kj gksrs gSA izR;sd v{kj
dh ,d fuf’pr ckbZujh la[;k gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa v{kjksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s ckbZujh la[;kvksa ds fofHkUu
ladsr gksrs gSA tSls ASCII, EBCDIC,BCD vkfn A izR;sd dksM fdlh v{kj dks O;Dr djus gsrq ckbZujh vadks
dh ,d fuf’pr la[;k vkSj O;oLFkk iznku djrk gS A
ASCII CODE:- bldk iwjk uke American Standard Code for Information Interchange gSA
blesa 128 v{kjksa ds fy;s lkr ckbZujh vadks ckys dksM gksrs gSA bl dksM esa nks Hkkx gksrs gSA ,d nka;h vksj dh
pkj fcV U;wesfjd Hkkx vkSj oka;h vksj dh 3 fcV tksu gksrh gSA vf/kdrj ekbdzks izkslslj vkSj vkbZch,e ihlh blh
ASCII CODE dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tSls A dk vkldh eku 65 gksrk gSA bldk ckbZujh dksM fuEu gksrk gS
¼1000001½2 gksrk gSA

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,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data, hardware ds share djus ds fy;s communication dgk tkrk gSA
dEI;wVj esa communiation djus ds fy;s muds chp networking gksuk pkfg;s vFkkZr~ mudks vkil esa fdlh uk
fdlh ek/;e ls tqMk gksuk pkfg;sA
nks dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr component gksuk vko’;d gSA
1. Two pc with Networking Operating System

2. Network interface card (NIC) or LAN Card

3. Protocol (Rule of Networking)

4. Media blds ckn lHkh midj.k vkil esa tksMdj mu dEI;wVjl ds chp communication djk

ldrs gSaA

Flow of Data Transmission Technology:- ;g

Technology rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
1. Simplex Commuication :- bl communication esa ,d End dsoy data(Signal) Hkstrk gSA

vkSj nwljk End only singnal reci ve djrk gSA simplex Communication dgykrk gSA bldk

mnkgj.k TV, Radio gSaA

2. Half Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa End Singnal dks Hkst ldrs gSA
vkSj signal dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA nksauksa ,sa.M ,d gh le; ( ,d LkkFk) uk Signal send dj ldrs
gSA vkSj uk flaXuy dks izkIr dj ldrs gSA tc ,d ,sa.M flaXuy Hkstrk gSA rks ml le; nwljk
,saM flaXuy dks fjlho djrk gSA half duplex dgykrk gSA ;fn nksauksa ,.M ,d LkkFk flaxuy Hkst

nsrs gSaA muds chp VDdj gks tkrh gSA vkSj flxuy u"V gks tkrs gSaA tSls walky talky bldk
mnkgj.k gSA

3. Full Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa End Singnal ,d gh le; esa
signal Hkst ,oa fjlho dj ldrs gSA Full duplex Commuication dgykrk gSA

tSls ekscby baVjusV pSfVax vkfn A

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MAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA bl usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks nwljs 'kgj
;k ,d ns’k ls nwljs ns’k dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu ,oa osu usVodZ
ls feydj cuk gksrk gS bles mixzg ,oa Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa blesa usVodZ dks vkil
esa tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;kdx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk j[kj[kko dfBu gksrk gSA
tks fofHkUUk daiuh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA
Components of LAN

• Computer

• NIC (Network Interface Card) or LAN Card

• Protocol

• Media (Cable or Connector)

Computer:- : LAN esa dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g usVodZ dh eq[; ;wfuV gksrh gSA
NIC:- bldk iwjk uke Network Interfacr card gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVj dks nwljs dEI;wVj dks
dsfcy ls tksMk tkrk gSA ;g usVodZ dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrk gSA

Protocol:-Computer esa fofHkUu usVodZl esa vkil esa dE;wfuds’ku djkus ds fy;s dqN fu;e gksr gSA ftls
izksVksdkWy dgk tkrk gSA ;g fu;e software ds :Ik esa gksrs gSA
MediafefM;k dk eryc usVodZ esa dsfcy ,oa connter ls gksrk gSA

Toplogy
Computers dks vkil esa tksMus ,oa mlesa MkVk Flow dh fof/k VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA
;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Physical:- bl VksiksykWth esa computers or devices dks Physical :Ik ls tksMk tkrk gSA

2. Logical:- Network esa MkVk Flow gksus dh izfdz;k ykftdy VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA

Type of Topology
Bus Topology:- Bus Topology esa ,d csdcksu dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls LkHkh dEI;wVj ,oa
usVodZ fMokbl dks tksMk Tkkrk gSA lHkh fMokbl ,d flfj;y dze esa twMh jgrh gSaA dsfoy ds izkjaHk ,oa var esa
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Mesh Topology:- bl VksiksykWth esa dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dks vkil esa dbZ baVjdus’ku ls tksMk
tkrk gSA blesa ,d uksM dks vU; lHkh uksM ls tksMk tkrk gSA es’k VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx loZj
lkbZM fd;k tkrk gSA
• blesa usVodZ dHkh Mkmu ugh gksrk gSA
• ;g eagxk usVoVZ gksrk gSA
• ;g complex network gksrk gS bldks LFkkfir djuk dfBu gksrk gSA

Tree Topology :-;g ,d fefJr VksiksykWth gSA ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd VksiksykWth ls feydj gksrk gSA bles
,d back bone cable gksrh gSA ftlls lHkh usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA bldk vkdkj o`{k dh rjg gksus ls
bldks tree topology dgk tkrk gSA

• blls cMs usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA

• bldks cuuk dfBu gksrk gSA
• ;g eagxh gksrh gSA
• bldks lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSa

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

8581927628 9931458935
 65
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

vk/kqfud ok;jl C Brain dks dgk tkrk gSA bldk fuek.kZ 1986 esa ikfdLrku ds nks HkkbZ;ksa ckflr ,oa vetn us
fd;k FkkA ;g nksuksa dEI;wVj software dk O;kikj djrs FksA C Brain Virus us fo’o es Hkkjh uqdlku fd;k FkkA
blds ckn dbZ ok;jl dk fuek.kZ fd;k x;k A tks vyx vyx izdkj ls dk;Z djrs gSA
1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA

2. Dh cksMZ dh dh dk dk;Z cny tkrk gSA

3. blesa QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA

4. Ldzhu ij csdkj dh lwpuk;sa vkus yxrh gSA

5. fMLd dks QkWesZV dj nsrk gSA

6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkSj mlds 'kkVZdV dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

7. dEI;wVj esa vko’;d lwpukvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA

8. dEI;wVj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA

9. dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks de dj nsrk gSA

10. izksxzke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA

1. pksjh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks Software xSj dkuwuh rjhds ls izkIr gksrs gSA Pirated
Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs gSA

2. Network ls%& dEI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d dEI;wVj esa ok;jl vkus ls iwjs usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;wVjl esa ok;jl QSy
tkrk gSA

3. CD and Pen Drive ls%& ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa MkVk dkWih djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu drive
dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;wVj ls MkVk dks dkWih fd;k tk jgk gSA
vkSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS nwljs dEI;wVj esa Hkh ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA

4. Internet ls%& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[; okgd ekuk tkrk gSA ok;jl fuekZrk ok;jl dks QSykus
ds fy;s baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gksrk gsA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

8581927628 9931458935
 67
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER
software dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks ce ml izfr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g ok;jl rFkk Trojans
dh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis{kk djrs gSA

• Trojans:- ;g ,slk izksxzke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk ykHkdkjh dk;Z djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk oLrq%
fdz;kfUor fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds ok;jl ladzfer gksrs dh viuk
dk;Z ugha djrs cfYd ,d fo’ks"k fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gksrs gSA rFkk dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA
tSls gkMZfMLd dks QkWjesV djuk A

• Worms(okWe)%& okWe ,d izdkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk j[krk gSA D;ksafd ;g Hkh ok;jl dh rjg vius
vki dks nqxuk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyksa dks ladzfer ugha djrk gSA ;g
vius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA

• Email Hoaxes(besy gksDl)%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k ok;jl gksrk ;g ;wtj dks
ok;jl gksus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ksa dks lwfpr djus dks dgrk gSA tcfd okLro esa ,slk
dqN Hkh ugh gksrk gSa ;g ok;jl ;wtj dk le; u"V djrk gSA vkSj ekfuld :Ik ls ijs’kku djrk gSA

• Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqM tkrk gSA vkSj Qkbyksa ds LFkku ij
vius vki dks ju djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA

(Virus Prevention and Detection)

Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s gesa FkksM+h ls tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility software dk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA dEI;wVj esa orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A ;g oftware vius vki fdz;kfUor
gksdj ok;jl dk irk yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ls gVk nsrs gSA le; le; ij antivirus dks vkiMsV djrs
jguk pkfg;s rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl dk Hkh irk yxk lds A vktdy cktkj es dbZ daiuh;sa antivirus dk fuek.kZ
djrh gSA ftles ls viuh vko’;rk ds vuqlkj antivirus [kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl
izfrjks/kd fuEu gSa
McAfee Virus Scan, K5 Total Securirty, Nortron Anti Virus vyx
vyx antivius esa vyx vyx fo’ks"krk,sa gksrh gSA

Created By :- Nitesh Kumar (Asst.Director) Guided By :- Anjani Kumar (Director)

8581927628 9931458935