PSY504 MIDTERM 2025 COMPILATION BY ZH

Mcqs
1 Sperling experiment?
2 Types of attention (hacks and zacks experiment) ... 5
3 Psychophysics founder
4 Drivers test scientists name?
5 Mostly objective scientists ky name thy un ky work base pr
Mcqs was from haalim study insight first two quiz .
Mcqs moslty from haalim files . Mcqs from the files shared in this group...
Halim quiz 1 and 2... In mein sirf 11 mcqz thyy or bakii 3 4 tanverr quiz file k ty bakii
conceptual se ty jo k mujhyy nii aty ty�

MCQs from handouts.

Handouts are must for getting good marks in PSY504.Goodluck
Subject (Short + Long )
Are we living in present or we living in past. Answer according to the psychological time?
Psychological Time
Are we living in every moment in this moment or are we living in the past? The conclusion is
drawn about that how we are judging that we are living in present not in past. Our new
information synthesis with our old information, as it is happening at the same time at the
same space. If we see the things that happen before one second we perceive it as it is
happening here and now. We are attending to the visual information after some delay no
matter how brief that period may be less than one second. And if we perceive the information
after we have seen something. We know that we are not living in past we are seeing things
here and now. This is called psychological time. We found that our perception is delayed by a
second. Our visual system is recombining things within a second and putting them together
and constructing a visual image based on the information we receive.
Series of experiments conducted by Shiffrin & Schneider in the context of automaticity?
Automaticity: Another Perspective
Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) argue that it is best to think of Automaticity as a matter of degree
rather than a distinct category. A nice demonstration of the way practice affects attentional
limitations is the study reported by Underwood (1974) on the psychologist Moray, who has
spent many years studying shadowing (split attention studies). Moray can report most of the
unattended channels, for him shadowing has become automatic. Through a great deal of
practice, the process of shadowing has become partially automated.
Eimas and Corbit experiment on the adaptation paradigm
Eimas & Corbit (1973) conducted an experiment that called adaptation paradigm. When we
listen a sound again and again we expect this sound will not come again. This is called the
fatigue paradigm or adaptation paradigm. Eimas and Corbit had their subjects listen to
repeated presentations of da (voiced). This sound involves a voiced consonant, [d]. They then
presented objects with a series of artificial sounds that spanned the acoustic continuum such
as that between ba (voiced) and pa (voiceless). Subjects had to indicate whether each of these
artificial stimuli sounded more like ba or more pa. They found that subjects who under
normal conditions would report ba as ba were now reporting it as pa. They found that
subjects who under normal conditions would report ba as ba were now reporting it as pa.
They reasoned that repeated voicing makes the perceptual system adapt to voicing and expect
unvoiced stimuli. This experiment is very important because it tells us not the sound but itself
features are being detected. That is a critical thing about the series of experiment
Mutimode theory subsidiaries results ka question tha
Results of subsidiary tasks
Performance on Subsidiary Task

 When No list was given the reaction time was 310 ms

 When there was one List either female voice or cities names the reaction time was
370 ms
 In Two Lists condition (pitch) the reaction time was 433 ms
 In Two Lists (meaning) the reaction time was 482 ms
Shiffrin & Schneider ka bhi theory ka result likhna tha
Neuropsychology
Cognitive Neuro-psychology describes cognition at the hardware level to use the computer
metaphor. The neural architecture of cognition is the basis on which the edifice of the
software level is erected. At this level it is possible to explain many visual and auditory
phenomena. Higher level cognitions, however, remain a mystery.
Or 1 question daily routine ka baray ma likhna tha organization process ma
Three basic names of neuron parts
There are 70 billion neurons in the brain. A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits and
stores information of different kinds. The cell body contains a nucleus at its centre which
governs the functions of the neuron. There are tiny branches connected to the cell body called
dendrites which bring information to the neuron from other neurons. On the other side neuron
has a branch called the axon which transmits information from the neurons to the muscles
Two main points of Early Selection Model?
Early selection model is of two types one uses filter that is given by Broadbent and other
model uses attenuator that is given by Treisman. Filter model means filter some things are
pass and some are stopped. Attenuator means some information is weakened and some
strengthens. In Mental dictionary some things are very important for us. These things are
strengthened bye attenuator
Discuss three experimenters of driving bus
Predicting Road Accidents
Kahneman, Ben-Ishai & Lotan (1973) studied bus drivers.
Accident prone drivers: 2 or more severe accidents in one year
Accident-free drivers: no accidents in the same period
Intermediate drivers: in-between the two groups
Selective Listening task had a high correlation with driver safety. Those drivers performed
best in selective listening task they were safe drivers and had low rate of accidents
Discuss David Marr's process of visual image
The David Marr developed a computer model of how information from the on and off cells
could be used to yield a useful analysis of the visual image. He developed a model in which
computer like human beings assimilate on-off cells. Marr and Hildreth (1980) combined the
output of off-on detectors to calculate bars and edges of various widths and orientations.
What are the main features of feature analysis model and how it is better than template
matching model.
Feature Analysis Model:
1. Main features: Breaks down complex stimuli into individual features, which are then
analyzed and combined to form a perception.
2. Better than template matching: More flexible and efficient, as it doesn't require an exact
match between the stimulus and a stored template.
3 events that give birth to cognitive psychology
3 events that gave birth to cognitive psychology:
1. Chomsky's critique of behaviorism.
2. Development of computer science and artificial intelligence.
3. Emergence of new research methods and techniques.
Definition of automaticity and 2 psychology work for it
Definition of automaticity: Automatic processes are efficient, effortless, and don't require
attention or conscious control. Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) worked for it.

Wagner and his colleague’s experiment on suppression

Wegner and colleagues (1987) studied thought suppression.
We can think anything like pink elephants. Suppose If someone says us to don’t think about
purple
elephants we must think about purple elephant even someone tells us to don’t think.
They wanted to investigate the attention to internal sources of information.
They studied
ƒThought suppression &
ƒThought expression
Behaviourists 3 points ya facts kr k kuch tah
3 key points:
1. Focus on observable behavior.
2. Learning through conditioning.
3. Rejection of mentalistic explanations.
Wedder-burn about attention and meaning
Two undergraduates at Oxford, Gray and Wedderburn (1960), conducted an experiment. And
they demonstrated that subjects were quite successful in following a message that jumped
back and forth between ears. Shadow meaningful messages that were given to the subjects
were;
Left Ear: John Eleven books
Right Ear: Eight writes Twenty
Instructed to shadow the meaningful message, subjects reported: John writes books. Thus,
subjects are capable of shadowing a message on the basis of meaning rather than physical ear.
Kahneman and Gopher flight (predicting flight performance)
Gopher & Kahneman (1971) found that flight attendants frequently emphasized the
importance of selective attention in learning to fly high-performance aircraft. Like Pakistan
air force has many planes. Flying these planes need sophisticated skills. Then the selective
attention is very important. They have to understand which plane needs more attention
How many basic senses of human being...?
5 basic senses: Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
Situations di hui th, usky according place of articulations Btany th I think...
Place of Articulation:
1. Definition: The location in the vocal tract where speech sounds are produced.
2. Example: Bilabial sounds (/p/, /b/, /m/) are produced by bringing both lips together.
Phenomenon of icon and iconic memory
Ulric Neisser wrote first cognitive psychology book in 1957. He devised a word icon. It is a
brief visual memory revealed in these experiments. He devised the word iconic memory for
short term visual memory. According to Neisser, the visual memory is neither short term
memory nor long term memory but it is very very short term memory and should b called as
iconic memory. Without such a visual icon, perception would be much more difficult
Metaphors of attention
Numerous metaphors can help us to think about the limited-resource characteristics of
attention. Some common metaphors;
ƒIs it a spotlight? A beam? (On stage)
One person is standing on stage and the beam light is just fallen on him not on whole stage.
ƒIs it a filter? A sieve (dirt is thrown, flour)
Like you are standing in a party you just listen those people in which u r standing.guest tunes
in to one message and filters out others.
ƒIs it a bottleneck? a narrow lane? (not enough liquid, traffic can flow)
Reaction time and accuracy. Give with example from everyday life.
Reaction Time and Accuracy:
1. Example: In a reaction time task, participants might respond quickly to a visual stimulus,
but with decreased accuracy.
Hamza is playing football. His mother is cooking in kitchen. Mother called hamza.
Hamza realized the voice is coming from kitchen. How hamza perceived the direction of
sound?
Hamza and his mother: Hamza perceived the direction of sound through auditory localization,
using differences in time and intensity between his ears.
Analyse the given pasted picture. It has 6 starts. How you perceived that it has 6 starts?
Explain with example
Who oppose the behaviourist theory with respect to language and how?
How we recognize the thing according to feature analysis model
Feature Analysis Model and Recognition:
1. Recognition: According to the feature analysis model, recognition occurs when individual
features are analyzed and combined to form a perception.
Name any 3 bilabials
In English the bilabials are b, p, m. and w
Write the role of sensations with respect to cognitive psychology
Sensations and Cognitive Psychology:
1. Role: Sensations provide the raw material for cognitive processes, such as perception and
interpretation.
Experiments of Broadbent’s Model for attention and meaning
Broadbent's Model:
1. Attention and filtering: Broadbent's model proposes that attention acts as a filter,
selectively processing certain stimuli while ignoring others.
How you differentiate in automatic and controlled ... Give name of 2 criteria of
automaticity....
Automatic and Controlled Processes:
1. Difference: Automatic processes are efficient and effortless, while controlled processes
require attention and conscious control.
2. criteria of automaticity:
1. Efficiency.
2. Lack of conscious control.
In laboratory first voices?
Plato Cognitive psychology?
In a speech problem for Listener with examples?
Dichotic experiments?
Dichotic Experiments:
1. Definition: Experiments that present different stimuli to each ear, testing auditory
perception and attention.
Names of two groups of scientists worked in the field of auditory sensory memory.
Subsidiary tasks.
Adaptation paradigm and it's experimenters
Functions of dendrite, axon and synapse and where are they all found.

Treisman’s Model.