STA630 Questions solution by ZH

Mcqs

Which scale is used to measure distance in kilometres =Ratio scale

Network of preposition called= Theory

Like research process make....

Purpose of literature review = Read Goals of literature review

Numerical scale

Ratio scale

Descriptive research

Causal

Exploratory research

Nominal Scale

Variables(more mcqs)

Ethics topic (more mcqs)

Operational Definition ak mcqs tha.

Construct validity

Co current

Concept

Hypothesis

Some definitions and long statement

Baki examples thi ziyada Or jin k double double names hain jasy k explanatory research ka 2nd name bhi
hai....is type k 3 4 MCQs aay hoay thy

My suggestion watch video on double speed. What is in video is coming as an example in MCQs

Halim wali videos mn Jo Mcqs k Liye imp bta rhy na Jo green highlighted hai us mn sy b kafi mcqs thy

For conceptual questions, we had to identify which scale is this or which variable is this.

Hnji exact 1,2 question aye thy but agr ap ny scale variables achy sy kye hoye concept lia howa to usi me sy wo
statement khd sy bna k questions pch lety k is me scale kon sa h ku h aur variable kon sa h reason btaye aisy
conceptual hoty but easy hoty mn ny yhi file ki thi is k concept clear kr ly jo jo Swal is me to paper ho jata

Paper was coming more from last 5,6 lessons.

2 QS scenario base thy agree or not agree waly , Scenario based question thy

Q1. Variables find krny thy independent dependent and inventory? Example di hoi thi.... 1. statement
given thi or in me independent and dependent variables btany thy.

3marks

How research thesis help in Students business ?

How Theoratical framework make hypothesis?

5 marks
Dependent and independent variable help in research?

Why is it necessary to integrate knowledge after literature review

What is theoretical framework why you consider it important ?

Hypothesis type

Extraneous variable

Applied research and basis

Questions:

Participant and non -participant observation for long/ Types of observation

Observation techniques:

Observation can be non-participant or participant.

Non-Participant Observation Participant Observation

In many situations the objective of a research project is In participant observation studies, the researcher
merely to record what can be observed takes part in the day to day activities, interviews
For example, them, and makes observations. Such a study
The number of automobiles that pass the proposed site generates qualitative data and lasts for a long
for a gas station. This can be mechanically recorded or duration
observed by any person. This is an unobtrusive study
without a respondent’s direct participation.

Ethical issues with respect to sponsor for long

Ethical Issues:

 Remain to be issues.
 Local norms suggest what ought to be done under the given circumstances.
 Codes of ethics developed to guide researchers and sponsors.
 Review Boards and peer groups help sorting out ethical dilemmas.

Sponsor’s Ethics
Occasionally, research specialists may be asked by the sponsors to participate in unethical behavior.
Compliance by the researcher would be a breach of ethical standards. Some examples to be avoided
are;
 Violating respondent confidentiality.
 Changing data or creating false data to meet the desired objective.
 Changing data presentation or interpretations.
 Interpreting data from a biased perspective.
 Omitting sections of data analysis and conclusions.
 Making recommendations beyond the scope of data collected.

Causal variables ki 2 examples (short)

Explanatory (causal) hypotheses:

Imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or leads to a change in the other variable. This brings
in the notions of independent and the dependent variables. Cause means to “help make happen.” So the
independent variable may not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable. The
researcher may have to identify the other possible causes, and control their effect in case the causal effect of
independent variable has to be determined on the dependent variable. This may be possible in an experimental
design of research.

Example 1: Educational Interventions

 Causal Variable: Type of teaching method (e.g., traditional lecturing vs. interactive learning).

 Dependent Variable: Student performance on standardized tests.

 Description: Researchers might investigate whether the type of teaching method causes differences in
student performance.

Example 2: Health and Lifestyle

 Causal Variable: Level of physical activity (e.g., sedentary lifestyle vs. regular exercise).

 Dependent Variable: Weight loss or body mass index (BMI).

 Description: A study could assess whether increasing physical activity leads to weight loss or changes
in BMI among participants.

Business research (Short)

A business researcher may theorize that older investors tend to be more interested in investment income than
younger investors. This theory, once verified, should allow researchers to predict the importance of expected
dividend yield on the basis of investors‟ age. The researcher would also like to understand the process. In most
of the situation’s prediction and understanding the process go hand in hand i.e. to predict the phenomenon, we
must have an explanation of why variables behave as they do. Theories provide these explanations.

Longitudinal research with three examples of longitudinal research

Longitudinal Research:

Researchers using longitudinal research examine features of people or other units at more than one time. It is
usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it is also more powerful, especially when
researchers seek answers to questions about change. There are three types of longitudinal research: time series,
panel, and cohort.

[Link] series research is longitudinal study in which the same type of information is collected on a group of
people or other units across multiple time periods. Researcher can observe stability or change in the features of
the units or can track conditions overtime. One could track the characteristics of students registering in the
course on Research Methods over a period of four years i.e. the characteristics (Total, age characteristics, gender
distribution, subject distribution, and geographic distribution). Such an analysis could tell us the trends in the
characteristic over the four years.

[Link] panel study is a powerful type of longitudinal research. In panel study, the researcher observes exactly
the same people, group, or organization across time periods. It is a difficult to carry out such study. Tracking
people over time is often difficult because some people die or cannot be located. Nevertheless, the results of a
well-designed panel study are very valuable.

3. A cohort analysis is similar to the panel study, but rather than observing the exact same people, a category of
people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period is studied. The focus is on the cohort, or
category, not on specific individuals. Commonly used cohorts include all people born in the same year (called
birth cohorts); all people hired at the same time, all people retire on one or two year time frame, and all people
who graduate in a given year. Unlike panel studies, researchers do not have to locate the exact same people for
cohort studies. The only need to identify those who experienced a common life event.

Hypothesis statement and how it helps in social research?

A hypothesis may be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed in
the form of a testable statement. Relationship is proposed by using a strong logical argumentation. This logical
relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study

Educators, administrators, government officials, business leaders, human service providers, health care
professionals, regularly use social research findings in their jobs. Social research can be used to raise children,
reduce crime, improve public health, sell products, improve workers‟ efficiency, or just understand one’s life.

Why measurement instruments are important part in validity

The use of better instruments will ensure more accuracy in results, which in turn, will enhance the scientific
quality of the research. Measurement instruments are crucial to validity in research for several reasons:

1. Accuracy of Data Collection: Validity ensures that the instruments measure what they intend to
measure. Accurate instruments yield reliable data, which is essential for drawing meaningful
conclusions.

2. Construct Validity: This aspect of validity assesses whether the instrument truly captures the
theoretical construct it aims to measure. For example, a psychological test should accurately reflect the
concept of intelligence rather than other unrelated traits.

3. Content Validity: Measurement instruments must cover the full range of the concept being studied.
For instance, a test measuring depression should include various symptoms and aspects of depression,
ensuring comprehensive assessment.

4. Criterion-related Validity: This type of validity examines how well one measure predicts an outcome
based on another measure. For example, a new test for anxiety should correlate well with established
anxiety measures.

5. Generalizability: Well-validated instruments can be used across different populations and settings,
enhancing the generalizability of findings. This is vital for applying research results to real-world
situations.

6. Reduction of Bias: Reliable measurement instruments minimize bias and error, leading to more
credible and trustworthy research findings.

Question about variables with examples?

Variable

Variable is central idea in research. Simply defined, variable is a concept that varies. There are two types of
concepts: those that refer to a fixed phenomenon and those that vary in quantity, intensity, or amount (e.g.
amount of education). The second type of concept and measures of the concept are variables. A variable is
defined as anything that varies or changes in value. Variables take on two or more values. Because variable
represents a quality that can exhibit differences in value, usually magnitude or strength, it may be said that a
variable generally is anything that may assume different numerical or categorical values. Once you begin to look
for them, you will see variables everywhere.

For example, gender is a variable; it can take two values: male or female. Marital status is a variable; it can
take on values of never married, single, married, divorced, or widowed. Family income is a variable; it can take
on values from zero to billions of Rupees. A person‟s attitude toward women empowerment is variable; it can
range from highly favorable to highly unfavorable. In this way the variation can be in quantity, intensity, amount,
or type; the examples can be production units, absenteeism, gender, religion, motivation, grade, and age. A
variable may be situation specific; for example, gender is a variable but if in a particular situation like a class of
Research Methods if there are only female students, then in this situation gender will not be considered as a
variable.

Ethical Dilemma

An ethical dilemma is a situation in which an individual or organization is faced with a difficult decision that
involves conflicting moral or ethical principles. Ethical dilemmas often require a choice between two or more
options, each of which has negative consequences or violates a moral or ethical principle. An ethical dilemma
occurs when a person faces a situation in which they must choose between two or more conflicting moral
principles, leading to a challenging decision. Here’s an example:

Example: The Trolley Problem

Scenario: You are standing by a train track. A trolley is headed towards five people tied to the track. You have
the option to pull a lever that will redirect the trolley onto another track, where there is one person tied down.

Dilemma:

 If you do nothing, five people will die.

 If you pull the lever, you actively choose to sacrifice one person to save five.

Review boards and peer groups help researchers examine their research proposals for ethical dilemmas.
Responsible researchers anticipate ethical dilemmas and attempt to adjust the design, procedures, and protocols
during the planning process rather than treating them as afterthought. Ethical research requires personal integrity
from the researcher, the project manager, and the research sponsor.

Deception is unethical in every case

Deception:

Deception occurs when the respondents are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.
Some believe this should never occur. Others suggest two reasons for deception: (1) to prevent biasing the
respondents before the survey or experiment and (2) to protect the confidentiality of a third party (e.g. the
sponsor). Deception should not be used in an attempt to improve response rates.

The benefits to be gained by deception should be balanced against the risks to the respondents. When possible,
an experiment or interview should be redesigned to reduce the reliance on deception. Use of deception is
inappropriate unless deceptive techniques are justified by the study’s expected scientific, educational, or applied
value and equally effective alternatives that do not use deception are not feasible. And finally, the respondents
must have given their informed consent before participating in the research.

Use religiosity and ethics as variables to create directional and non-directional hypothesis

Here are examples of directional and non-directional hypotheses using religiosity and ethics as variables:

Directional Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity are associated with stronger ethical beliefs.

 Explanation: This hypothesis predicts a specific relationship, suggesting that as religiosity increases,
ethical beliefs also become stronger.

Non-Directional Hypothesis

Hypothesis: There is a relationship between religiosity and ethical beliefs.

 Explanation: This hypothesis indicates that religiosity and ethical beliefs are related, but it does not
specify the nature or direction of the relationship (whether higher religiosity leads to stronger or weaker
ethical beliefs).

Give 5 characteristics of scientific research

Characteristics of Scientific Research

Scientific research is a collective effort of many researchers who share their results with one another and who
pursue knowledge as a community. Scientific research is characterized by several key features that distinguish it
from other forms of inquiry. Here are five important characteristics:
 1. Empirical Evidence: Scientific research relies on observable and measurable evidence. Researchers
collect data through experiments, observations, and surveys to form conclusions based on facts rather
than opinions.

2. Systematic Approach: Scientific research follows a structured methodology, including clearly defined
steps such as formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results.
This systematic approach ensures consistency and reliability.

3. Replicability: Findings from scientific research should be replicable by other researchers. This means
that the methods and procedures used should be detailed enough that others can repeat the study and
obtain similar results, reinforcing the reliability of the findings.

4. Falsifiability: Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable, meaning they can be tested and potentially
disproven. This characteristic allows for the refinement of theories and the advancement of knowledge
based on new evidence.

5. Objective and Unbiased: Scientific research aims to minimize bias and subjectivity. Researchers
strive to be objective, using standardized methods to collect and interpret data to ensure that
conclusions are based solely on evidence rather than personal beliefs or prejudices.

Create 2 hypothesis for Casual Research

Hypothesis 1: Direct Causality

Hypothesis: Increasing the amount of time spent studying each week will lead to higher academic performance
among high school students.

 Description: This hypothesis posits a causal relationship where the independent variable (study time)
directly affects the dependent variable (academic performance)

Hypothesis 2: Mediated Causality

"Receiving feedback on their performance (independent variable) will increase employees' motivation to learn
(mediating variable), which in turn will improve their job performance (dependent variable)."

In both examples:

-The independent variable (cause) is manipulated or varied.

- The dependent variable (effect) is measured and expected to change.

- The relationship between the variables is expected to be causal.

Suggest Scale for (weight , rank, gender)

Here are appropriate scales for measuring weight, rank, and gender:

1. Weight

 Scale Type: Ratio Scale

o Description: Weight is measured on a ratio scale because it has a true zero point (0 kg means
no weight) and allows for meaningful comparison of differences and ratios (e.g., 80 kg is
twice as heavy as 40 kg).

2. Rank

 Scale Type: Ordinal Scale

o Description: Rank is measured on an ordinal scale as it indicates a relative position or order

among items (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd) but does not quantify the differences between ranks (the
difference between 1st and 2nd may not be the same as between 2nd and 3rd).

3. Gender
  Scale Type: Nominal Scale

o Description: Gender is measured on a nominal scale, as it categorizes individuals into distinct

groups (e.g., male, female, non-binary) without any inherent order or ranking among the
categories.

Concurrent and predictive validity

Concurrent validity:

To have concurrent validity, an indicator must be associated with a preexisting indicator that is judged to be
valid. For example, we create a new test to measure intelligence. For it to be concurrently valid, it should be
highly associated with existing IQ tests (assuming the same definition of intelligence is used). It means that
most people who score high on the old measure should also score high on the new one, and vice versa. The two
measures may not be perfectly associated, but if they measure the same or a similar construct, it is logical for
them to yield similar results.

Predictive validity:

Criterion validity whereby an indicator predicts future events that are logically related to a construct is called a
predictive validity. It cannot be used for all measures. The measure and the action predicted must be distinct
from but indicate the same construct. Predictive measurement validity should not be confused with prediction in
hypothesis testing, where one variable predicts a different variable in future. Look at the scholastic assessment
tests being given to candidates seeking admission in different subjects. These are supposed to measure the
scholastic aptitude of the candidates – the ability to perform in institution as well as in the subject. If this test has
high predictive validity, then candidates who get high test score will subsequently do well in their subjects. If
students with high scores perform the same as students with average or low score, then the test has low
predictive validity.

Research is useful give 3 reasons.

Research is valuable for several reasons:

1. Informed Decision-Making: Research provides evidence-based insights that help individuals,

organizations, and policymakers make informed decisions. By analysing data and trends, stakeholders
can develop strategies that are more likely to succeed and address relevant issues effectively.

2. Advancement of Knowledge: Research contributes to the expansion of knowledge across various

fields, fostering innovation and understanding. It helps identify gaps in current knowledge, leading to
new discoveries, theories, and technologies that can improve quality of life.

3. Problem-Solving: Research addresses specific problems by identifying causes and proposing solutions.
Whether in healthcare, education, or social issues, research helps to analyze situations, evaluate
potential interventions, and implement effective solutions based on empirical evidence.

Panel and cohort study

The panel study is a powerful type of longitudinal research. In panel study, the researcher observes exactly the
same people, group, or organization across time periods. It is a difficult to carry out such study. Tracking people
over time is often difficult because some people die or cannot be located. Nevertheless, the results of a well-
designed panel study are very valuable.

A cohort analysis is similar to the panel study, but rather than observing the exact same people, a category of
people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period is studied. The focus is on the cohort, or
category, not on specific individuals. Commonly used cohorts include all people born in the same year (called
birth cohorts); all people hired at the same time, all people retire on one or two year time frame, and all people
who graduate in a given year. Unlike panel studies, researchers do not have to locate the exact same people for
cohort studies. The only need to identify those who experienced a common life event.

Make a null and directional hypothesis / Hypothesis two examples?

Here are examples of a null hypothesis and a directional hypothesis:

[Link] Hypothesis (H0)

Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in academic performance between students who study with a
tutor and those who study independently.

 Description: This hypothesis states that any observed difference in academic performance is due to
random chance, implying that tutoring does not have an effect.

[Link] Hypothesis (H1)

Hypothesis: Students who study with a tutor will have higher academic performance than those who study
independently.

 Description: This hypothesis predicts a specific direction of the relationship, suggesting that tutoring
positively influences academic performance.

Separate non-physical abstract from the given things. Temperature, chair.

The non-physical abstract from the given things is: Temperature

Temperature is an abstract concept that represents a measure of heat or cold, but it is not a physical object itself.

The physical object is= Chair

A chair is a tangible, physical object that can be seen, touched, and used.

Q. A principal of school wants to know how 700 students like [Link] type of data collection it is?

This is an example of Survey Research.

The principal wants to collect data from a large number of students (700) to understand their attitudes or
opinions about the school. This is typically done through a survey, which can be administered online, in-person,
or through paper questionnaires.

Survey research is a type of quantitative research method that involves collecting data through self-report
measures, such as questionnaires or interviews, to gather information about people's attitudes, opinions, or
behaviors.

Moderating variable

A moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable
relationship. That is, the presence of a third variable (the moderating variable) modifies the original relationship
between the independent and the dependent variable.

For example, a strong relationship has been observed between the quality of library facilities (X) and the
performance of the students (Y). Although this relationship is supposed to be true generally, it is nevertheless
contingent on the interest and inclination of the students. It means that only those students who have the interest
and inclination to use the library will show improved performance in their studies. In this relationship interest
and inclination is moderating variable i.e. which moderates the strength of the association between X and Y
variables.

Descriptive research

Descriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting, or relationship. The
major purpose of descriptive research, as the term implies, is to describe characteristics of a population or
phenomenon. Descriptive research seeks to determine the answers to who, what, when, where, and how
questions. Labor Force Surveys, Population Census, and Educational Census are examples of such research.

Descriptive study offers to the researcher a profile or description of relevant aspects of the phenomena of
interest. Look at the class in research methods and try to give its profile – the characteristics of the students.
When we start to look at the relationship of the variables, then it may help in diagnosis analysis.
Recognise the hypothesis type and give two justifications....Female entrepreneurs face more work-family
conflict than male entrepreneurs. (1.5+1.5)

The hypothesis type is: Directional Hypothesis

Justifications:

1. Specific Prediction: The hypothesis makes a specific prediction about the relationship between the variables,
stating that female entrepreneurs face more work-family conflict than male entrepreneurs. This prediction
implies a directional relationship between the variables.

2. Comparison Between Groups: The hypothesis compares two groups (female entrepreneurs and male
entrepreneurs) and predicts a difference between them. This type of comparison is characteristic of directional
hypotheses, which often involve comparing means or proportions between groups.

Differences between interval and ratio scales.

Ratio Scale

Ratio scales incorporate all the powers of the previous scales plus the provision for absolute zero or origin. Ratio
data represent the actual amounts of variable. Measures of physical dimensions such as weight, height, distance,
and area are the examples. The absolute zero represents a point on the scale where there is an absence of the
given attribute. If we hear that a person has zero amount of money, we understand the zero value of the amount.

Interval Scale

Interval scales have the power of nominal and ordinal scales plus one additional strength: they incorporate the
concept of equality of interval (the distance between 1 and 2 equals the distance between 2 and 3). For example,
the elapsed time between 3 and 6 A. M. equals the time between 4 and 7 A. M. One cannot say, however, 6 A.M.
is twice as late as 3 A.M. because “zero time” is an arbitrary origin. In the consumer price index, if the base year
is 1983, the price level during 1983 will be set arbitrarily as 100. Although this is an equal interval measurement
scale, the zero point is arbitrary.

Why it is important to know/control extraneous variable in a research.

Extraneous Variable Effect:

In order to identify the true relationship between the independent and the dependent variable, the effect of the
extraneous variables may have to be controlled. This is necessary if we are conducting an experiment where the
effect of the confounding factors has to be controlled. Confounding factors is another name used for extraneous
variables.

Conceptual question related to Theory

As such theory is a systematic and general attempt to explain something like: Why do people commit crimes?
How do the media affect us? Why do some people believe in God? Why do people get married? Why do kids
play truant from school? How is our identity shaped by culture? Each of these questions contains a reference to
some observed phenomenon. A suggested explanation for the observed phenomenon is theory. More formally, a
theory is a coherent set of general propositions, used as principles of explanations of the apparent relationship
of certain observed phenomena. A key element in this definition is the term proposition.

Question about Research explanation

Explanatory Research:

When we encounter an issue that is already known and have a description of it, we might begin to wonder why
things are the way they are. The desire to know “why,” to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research. It
builds on exploratory and descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs.
Explanatory research looks for causes and reasons. For example, descriptive research may discover that 10
percent of the parents abuse their children, whereas the explanatory researcher is more interested in learning why
parents abuse their children.

Confidentiality and anonymity

Confidentiality and anonymity are essential principles in research, particularly when dealing with sensitive or
personal information. These principles ensure that participants' privacy is protected and that they feel
comfortable sharing information.

Confidentiality

Confidentiality refers to the protection of participants' personal information and data from unauthorized access
or disclosure. Researchers must ensure that:

1. Data is stored securely: Using passwords, encryption, and secure storage facilities.

2. Access is restricted: Limiting access to authorized personnel only.

3. Data is anonymized: Removing identifiable information, such as names, addresses, or IDs.

Anonymity

Anonymity refers to the removal of identifiable information, making it impossible to link the data to individual
participants. Researchers can ensure anonymity by:

1. Using codes or pseudonyms: Instead of names or IDs.

2. Removing identifiable information: Such as addresses, phone numbers, or email addresses.

3. Using aggregate data: Combining data from multiple participants to prevent individual identification.

Enlist the types of scales

Types of Scales

1. Nominal scale
2. Ordinal scale
3. Interval scale
4. Ratio scale

Sources to setup literature review?

1. Articles in Scholarly Journals:

2. Scholarly Books:
3. Dissertations
4. Government Documents
5. Policy Reports and Presented Papers.

Why Qualitative research or Quantitative research are deductive or inductive?

Qualitative and quantitative research can be characterized as either deductive or inductive, depending on their
approach to developing knowledge. Here’s how each type is classified:

Qualitative Research

 Inductive Approach:

o Reason: Qualitative research often starts with specific observations or data collection (e.g.,
interviews, focus groups) to identify patterns, themes, or concepts. From these findings,
researchers develop broader theories or generalizations.

o Example: A study exploring how individuals experience a particular phenomenon may gather
narratives and then build a theoretical framework based on those experiences.
Quantitative Research

 Deductive Approach:

o Reason: Quantitative research typically begins with a theory or hypothesis and then tests it
through systematic data collection and statistical analysis. Researchers use predefined
variables to confirm or refute existing theories.

o Example: A study that tests the hypothesis that "female entrepreneurs face more work-family
conflict than male entrepreneurs" collects numerical data to validate or challenge this theory.

Summary

 Qualitative Research: Inductive, developing theories from specific data.

 Quantitative Research: Deductive, testing theories through numerical data.

Respondents are not supportive . Explain justification how you ensure research

If respondents are not supportive or hesitant to participate in research, several strategies can be employed to
ensure the research is effective and yields valuable insights:

Justifications and Strategies

1. Build Trust and Rapport:

o Justification: Establishing a connection with potential respondents can increase their

willingness to participate. Trust can be fostered through transparency about the research
purpose, confidentiality, and how the findings will be used.

o Strategy: Engage with the community or target group before the study begins. Host
informational sessions to explain the research and address any concerns.

2. Offer Incentives:

o Justification: Providing incentives can motivate respondents to participate. This could help
compensate for their time and effort or show appreciation for their contribution.

o Strategy: Consider offering gift cards, entry into a raffle, or other small rewards that could
enhance participation rates.

3. Simplify Participation:

o Justification: If the research process seems complex or burdensome, respondents may be less
likely to engage. Simplifying the process can make participation more appealing.

o Strategy: Design surveys or interviews that are concise and easy to complete. Ensure that
instructions are clear and that the method of participation (online, in-person, etc.) is
convenient.

4. Utilize Mixed Methods:

o Justification: Incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods can provide a more
comprehensive understanding of the topic, even if some respondents are not supportive.

o Strategy: Use qualitative interviews to gather rich, contextual insights from a smaller number
of willing participants while utilizing quantitative surveys to reach a broader audience.

5. Address Concerns and Misconceptions:

o Justification: Respondents may have fears or misconceptions about the research process.
Addressing these can alleviate concerns and enhance participation.
 o Strategy: Clearly communicate how data will be used, emphasize confidentiality, and explain
the benefits of the research for the community or relevant stakeholders.

6. Engagement Through Stakeholders:

o Justification: Involving community leaders or stakeholders can lend credibility to the

research and encourage participation.

o Strategy: Partner with trusted organizations or figures in the community to promote the
research and encourage participation among their networks.

Define Research

What is Research?

General image of the research is that it has something to do with the laboratory where scientists are supposedly
doing some experiments. Somebody who is interviewing consumers to find out their opinion about the new
packaging of milk is also doing research.

Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after through study and analysis of the
situational factors. It is gathering information needed to answer a question, and thereby help in solving a
problem.

We do not study in any haphazard manner. Instead, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized
manner. It is all the more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our
findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed. Hence not only
we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be known to others.

Types of variables

There are 5 types of variables:

1. Continuous and Discontinuous variables

2. Dependent and Independent variables
3. Moderating variables
4. Intervening variables
5. Extraneous variables

Primary data and secondary data with examples

Primary Data

Definition: Primary data is original data collected directly by the researcher for a specific research purpose. It is
firsthand information that has not been previously published.

Examples:

1. Surveys: Conducting a survey to gather opinions from students about their satisfaction with school
programs.

2. Interviews: Interviewing business owners to understand their challenges in starting a new venture.

3. Experiments: Performing an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student
learning outcomes.

Secondary Data

Definition: Secondary data is information that has already been collected and published by others. It is used for
research purposes but is not original to the current study.

Examples:

1. Government Reports: Using census data to analyze demographic trends in a specific region.
 2. Academic Journals: Reviewing published studies on the impact of social media on mental health for a
literature review.

3. Market Research Reports: Analyzing existing market research reports to understand consumer
behavior in a particular industry.

How can research be used for policy making

The value of research for policy makers, planners, business managers, and other stakeholders is that it reduces
uncertainty by providing information that improves the decision-making process. The decision-making process
associated with the development and implementation of a strategy involves four interrelated stages:

1. Identifying problems or opportunities;

2. Diagnosing and assessing problems or opportunities;
3. Selecting and implementing a course of action; and
4. Evaluating the course of action.

Difference between ordinal and Numeric /Nominal scale with examples

Nominal Scale:

A nominal scale is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as labels for identification or
classification. This measurement scale is the simplest type. With nominal data, we are collecting information on
a variable that naturally or by design can be grouped into two or more categories that are mutually exclusive,
and collectively exhaustive. Nominal scales are the least powerful of the four scales. They suggest no order or
distance relationship and have no arithmetic origin. Nevertheless, if no other scale can be used, one can almost
always one set of properties into a set of equivalent classes.

Ordinal Scale:

Ordinal scales include the characteristics of the nominal scale plus an indicator of order. If a is greater than b
and b is greater than c, then a is greater than c. The use of ordinal scale implies a statement of “greater than” or
“less than” without stating how much greater or less. Other descriptors can be: “superior to,” “happier than,”
“poorer than,” or “above.”

Unethical activities in Research

Unethical activities:

Violating nondisclosure agreements.

Breaking respondent confidentiality.
Misrepresenting results.
Deceiving people.
Invoicing irregularities.
Avoiding legal liability.

Operational Definition

In research we must measure concepts and constructs, and this requires more rigorous definitions. A concept
must be made operational in order to be measured. An operational definition gives meanings to a concept by
specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure it. An operational definition specifies what must be
done to measure the concept under investigation. It is like a manual of instruction or a recipe: do such-and-such
in so-andso manner.

Operational definition is also called a working definition stated in terms of specific testing or measurement
criteria. The concepts must have empirical referents (i.e. we must be able to count, measure, or in some other
way gather the information through our senses). Whether the object to be defined is physical e.g. a machine tool)
or highly abstract (e.g. achievement motivation), the definition must specify characteristics and how to be
observed. The specification and procedures must be so clear that any competent person using them would
classify the objects the same way. So in operational definition we must specify concrete indicators that can be
observed/measured (observable indicators)

Is research review(literature review) helpful in research that is left by previous researchers.

A literature review is based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and that we learn from and build on
what others have done. Scientific research is a collective effort of many researchers who share their results with
one another and who pursue knowledge as a community. Today’s studies build on those of yesterday.
Researchers read studies to compare, replicate, or criticize them for weaknesses. A literature review can be
extremely helpful in research, especially when building upon previous studies. Here are some ways a literature
review can assist:

Benefits of a Literature Review

1. Identifies research gaps: A literature review helps identify gaps in existing research, guiding the direction of
your study.

2. Provides context: It situates your research within the broader field, demonstrating how your study contributes
to the existing body of knowledge.

3. Informs methodology: A literature review can inform your research design, methods, and sampling strategy
by highlighting successful approaches used in previous studies.

If a student of business administration wants to do research in a market from where he collects the
[Link] this which one is dependent variable and independent variable. Justify

Let's assume the student wants to investigate the relationship between "Price" and "Demand" in a market.

Dependent Variable (Outcome Variable):

Demand

Justification: Demand is the outcome or result that the student wants to measure or predict. It's the variable that
is being affected by other factors.

Independent Variable (Predictor Variable):

Price

Justification: Price is the variable that the student is manipulating or changing to observe its effect on Demand.
It's the variable that is expected to influence the outcome (Demand).

In this example, the student is trying to answer the question: "How does a change in Price affect Demand?"

By collecting data on Price and Demand, the student can analyze the relationship between these two variables
and draw conclusions about how Price influences Demand.

Note: In some cases, there might be additional independent variables that can affect Demand, such as
Advertising, Seasonality, or Economic Conditions. The student can include these variables in their analysis to
get a more comprehensive understanding of the market.

Why do researchers need to read other peoples research before doing their own

Researchers need to read other people's research before conducting their own for several reasons:

To Avoid Duplication
To Inform Research Design and Methodology
Identify gaps in existing research
To Develop a Theoretical Framework
Understand theoretical perspectives
 To Facilitate Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing

Which type of research is used for specific real time problem (basic research OR the applied research)?
Explain with the help of example??

Applied research

Applied Research is used to address specific, real-time problems.

Definition: Applied research aims to solve practical problems or improve existing practices. It focuses on
finding solutions to immediate, real-world issues. Applied researchers try to solve specific policy problems or
help practitioners accomplish tasks. Theory is less central to them than seeking a solution on a specific problem
for a limited setting. Applied research is frequently descriptive research, and its main strength is its immediate
practical use.

Applied research is conducted when decision must be made about a specific real-life problem. Applied research
encompasses those studies undertaken to answer questions about specific problems or to make decisions about a
particular course of action or policy.

For example, an organization contemplating a paperless office and a networking system for the company’s
personal computers may conduct research to learn the amount of time its employees spend at personal
computers in an average week.

Sometimes researcher is bound to conceal actual research purpose from the respondents. What could be
possible reasons of this deception act? Explain with the help of an example.

Yes, in some cases, researchers may need to conceal the actual research purpose from respondents to ensure the
validity and reliability of the [Link] occurs when the respondents are told only part of the truth or when
the truth is fully compromised. Some believe this should never occur. Others suggest two reasons for deception:

(1) To prevent biasing the respondents before the survey or experiment and

(2) To protect the confidentiality of a third party (e.g. the sponsor).

Example:

Suppose a researcher wants to study the effects of racial bias on hiring decisions. To avoid social desirability
bias, the researcher may not reveal the true purpose of the study to the respondents (e.g., hiring
managers).Instead, the researcher might tell the respondents that the study is about "evaluating the effectiveness
of different hiring tools" or "assessing the impact of job candidate characteristics on hiring decisions." This
concealment allows the researcher to collect more accurate data on racial bias, as respondents are less likely to
provide biased or socially desirable responses.

You are supposed to develop one hypothesis carrying independent, dependent and intervening variable by
using variable inventory given blow. You are also required to justify why you choose variables as
independent, dependent and intervening variable

Job commitment

Job commitment is a crucial aspect of research, particularly in studies examining organizational behavior,
employee engagement, and job satisfaction.

Let us look at some of the hypotheses:

[Link] of job commitment of the officers is associated with their level of efficiency.

2. Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.

3. The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of absenteeism.

High performance
High performance in research refers to the ability of researchers to produce high-quality, impactful, and
influential research that advances knowledge and understanding in their field.

Characteristics of High-Performing Researchers:

1. Clear research goals: Well-defined research objectives and a clear understanding of the research question.

2. Rigorous methodology: Use of robust and appropriate research methods, including study design, data
collection, and analysis.

3. Strong analytical skills: Ability to critically evaluate and interpret data, identify patterns and trends, and draw
meaningful conclusions.

4. Effective communication: Ability to clearly and concisely communicate research findings, both orally and in
writing.

Question about job satisfaction concept in which we had to identify its dimensions and elements.

Job satisfaction is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various dimensions and elements. Identifying these
can help understand what contributes to employees' overall satisfaction in their [Link]'s a structured example
of the job satisfaction concept, including its dimensions and elements, to help you understand how to identify
and analyze them.

Example: Job Satisfaction in a Retail Environment

Concept: Job Satisfaction

Definition: Job satisfaction refers to the level of contentment employees feel about their work, which can affect
their performance, motivation, and overall well-being.

Dimensions and Elements

1. Work Environment

o Elements:

 Physical Space: Cleanliness and organization of the store.

 Safety: Adequate safety measures in place to protect employees.

 Work-Life Balance: Flexibility in scheduling to accommodate personal needs.

2. Nature of the Work

o Elements:

 Task Variety: Opportunities to engage in different roles (cashier, stock management,

customer service).

 Job Significance: Feeling that the work contributes positively to customer

experiences.

 Autonomy: Freedom to make decisions about how to approach customer service.

3. Compensation and Benefits

o Elements:

 Salary: Competitive hourly wage compared to industry standards.

 Bonuses: Performance-based bonuses during busy seasons (e.g., holidays).

 Benefits: Health insurance options and employee discounts.

4. Career Development
 o Elements:

 Opportunities for Advancement: Clear paths for promotion to supervisory roles.

 Training Programs: Regular training sessions on new products or customer service

techniques.

 Feedback: Regular performance reviews and constructive feedback from managers.

5. Relationships with Colleagues

o Elements:

 Teamwork: Collaboration on store displays and promotions.

 Communication: Open lines of communication between staff and management.

 Support: Help from coworkers during busy shifts.

6. Management and Leadership

o Elements:

 Leadership Style: Supportive management that encourages employee input.

 Recognition: Acknowledgment of employee achievements during team meetings.

 Fairness: Equal treatment and opportunities for all employees.

7. Job Security

o Elements:

 Employment Stability: Assurance of job security during off-peak seasons.

 Organizational Reputation: Working for a well-regarded brand in the community.

 Clarity of Expectations: Clear job descriptions and performance expectations.

How to make Theoretical framework step by step.

Theoretical Framework Steps:

There are six basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework. These features are:

1. Make an inventory of variables

2. Specify the direction of relationship
3. Give a clear explanation of why we should expect the proposed relationships to exist.
4. Make an inventory of propositions:
5. Arrange these propositions in a sequential order:
6. Schematic diagram of the theoretical model be given

What is a theoretical framework, and how it can be used about clearing the relationship between
variables

A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships
among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem under study. These factors which
may also be called as variables may have been identified through such processes as interviews with informants,
observations, and literature survey. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the
variables that are considered to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. Developing such
a conceptual framework helps us to postulate or hypothesize and test certain relationships and thus improve our
understanding of the dynamics of situation.

A good theoretical framework identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the
problem identified. It logically describes the interconnections among these variables. The relationships among
the independent variables, the dependent variable(s), and if applicable, the moderating and intervening variables
are elaborated. The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses the issues of why or how
we expect certain relationships to exist, and the nature and direction of the relationships among the variables of
interest. At the end, the whole discussion can be portrayed in a schematic diagram

Q.A man goes to rehabilitation centres to do research on drug addict people(subject).You have to tell the
rights of researcher and subject rights with respect to ethics.

General Rights and Obligations of Parties Concerned

In most research situations, three parties are involved: the researcher, the sponsoring client (user), and the
respondent (subject). The interaction of each of these parties with one or both of the other two identifies a
series of ethical questions. Consciously or unconsciously, each party expects certain rights and feels certain
obligations towards the other parties.

Ethical Treatment of Participants

When ethics are discussed in research design, we often think first about protecting the rights of the participant,
respondent, or subject. Whether data are gathered in an experiment, interview, observation, or survey, the
respondent has many rights to be safeguarded. In general, the research must be designed so that a respondent
does not suffer physical harm, discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. To safeguard against these,
the researcher should follow three guidelines;

1. Explain study benefits.

2. Explain respondent rights and protections.

3. Obtain informed consent.