TOPIC 1:
INTRODUCTION
Prepared by: Engr. Marvin Kent E. Villamor
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
♜ In most cases, the functional design, including the establishment of the
number of stories and the floor plans, will have been done by an ,
and the must work within the constraints imposed by
this design.
♜ Ideally, the and will collaborate throughout the design
process to complete the project in an efficient manner.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
♜ In effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows:
☬ The decides how the building should look.
☬ The must make sure that it doesn't fall down.
۞ Although this distinction is an
oversimplification, it affirms the
first priority of the structural engineer: .
۞ Other important considerations include
(how well the structure performs in terms of
appearance and deflection) and .
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
♜ The structural engineer must select and evaluate the overall structural system
in order to produce an efficient and economical design
(the
"building blocks") .
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
–
In keeping with the usual assumptions of truss analysis — pinned connections and loads applied
only at the joints — each component of the truss will be a two-force member, subject to either
or . For simply supported trusses loaded as shown — a typical
loading condition — each of the top chord members will be in compression, and the bottom
chord members will be in tension. The web members will either be in tension or compression,
depending on their location and orientation and on the location of the loads.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
–
♜ As shown in the figure, the members of this
frame are rigidly connected by welding and can be
assumed to form a continuous structure.
♜ The design and analysis of each frame in the
system begins with the
, as
shown in the next figure.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
–
♜ Note that the supports are represented as
, not as .
♜ Once the geometry and support conditions of
the idealized frame have been established,
.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
–
♜ The individual members of the frame can be
classified according to the type of behavior
represented by this deformed shape.
♜ The horizontal members ' ' and ' ' are
subjected primarily to bending, or flexure, and are
called .
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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♜ The vertical member ' ' is subjected to couples
transferred from each beam, but for the symmetrical
frame shown, they are equal and opposite, thereby
canceling each other. Thus member ' ' is subjected only
to arising from the vertical loads.
In buildings, vertical compression members such as these
are referred to as .
♜ The other two vertical members, ' ' and ' ' must
resist not only axial compression from the vertical loads
but also a significant amount of bending. Such members
are called .
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
In reality, all members, even those
classified as or , will be subjected
to both bending and axial load, but in many cases,
.
INTRODUCTION
♜ The forces that act on a structure are called .
♜ They belong to one of two broad categories: and .
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
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♜ are those that are permanent, including the weight of the
structure itself, which is sometimes called the .
♜ In addition to the weight of the structure, dead loads in a building include the
weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, partitions, and
suspended ceilings (with light fixtures, mechanical equipment, and plumbing).
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
–
♜ , which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as
permanent as they may or may not be acting on the structure at any given time,
and the location may not be fixed.
♜ Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment, and occupants of
buildings.
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
♜ If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and reapplied an excessive
number of times, the structure can be analyzed as if the load were .
♜ If the load is applied , as would be the case when the structure
supports a moving crane, the effects of must be accounted for.
♜ If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure,
becomes a problem, and its effects must be accounted for.
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
♜ occurs in relatively few buildings, notably industrial buildings,
and is rare, with thousands of load cycles over the life of the
structure required before fatigue becomes a problem.
For these reasons, all loading conditions in this book will be
treated as , and fatigue will not be considered.
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
♜ Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a
building, and because of its transient nature, it properly belongs in
the category of live loads. Because of the relative complexity of
determining wind loads, however, wind is usually considered a
separate category of loading.
INTRODUCTION - LOADS
–
♜ Because lateral loads are most detrimental to , wind loads are
usually not as important for low buildings, but
.
♜ Although wind is present most of the time, wind loads of the magnitude
considered in the design are infrequent and
.
INTRODUCTION
♜ Design specifications represent what is considered to be good engineering
practice based on the latest research.
♜ They are periodically revised and updated by the issuance of supplements or
completely new editions.
For this course, we will use ( ).
INTRODUCTION
♜ Steel, an alloy of primarily and , with fewer impurities and less
carbon than cast iron, was first used in heavy construction in the nineteenth
century.
♜ The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural
engineers can be examined by plotting the results of a tensile test.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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♜ The output of the Tensile Test is the stress-strain diagram, where:
☬ is computed as:
☬ is computed as:
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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σ (MPa or ksi)
Upper Yield Ultimate Tensile Strength
Point
Fracture Strength
Elastic Limit
Proportional Limit
Lower Yield Point
ε (unitless)
Yield Strain Necking &
Plateau Hardening Failure
Elastic Range Plastic Range
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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♜ The computed stress on the stress-strain
diagram is known as .
♜ The computed strain on the stress-strain diagram
is known as .
♜ Steel is a because of its ability
to undergo deformations before fracturing.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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♜ The various properties of structural steel, including and ,
are determined by its chemical composition.
♜ Steel is an alloy, its principal component being .
♜ Another component of all structural steels, although in much smaller
amounts, is , which contributes to strength but reduces ductility.
♜ Other components of some grades of steel include
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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Structural steels can be grouped according to their composition, namely:
♜ mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon.
♜ iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%).
The additional components are primarily for increasing strength, which is
accomplished at the expense of a reduction in ductility.
♜ similar in composition to the low-alloy steels
but with a higher percentage of the components added to iron and carbon.
These steels are higher in strength than the plain carbon steels and
also have some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion.
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
–
♜ The various properties of structural steel, including and ,
are determined by its chemical composition.
♜ Steel is an alloy, its principal component being .
♜ Another component of all structural steels, although in much smaller
amounts, is , which contributes to strength but reduces ductility.
♜ Other components of some grades of steel include
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
–
♜ Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned
them by the ( ).
♜ One of the most commonly used structural steels is a mild steel designated
as , or for short.
Tensile Properties:
☬ Yield Stress: =
☬ Tensile Stress: =
INTRODUCTION – STRUCTURAL STEEL
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♜ A36 steel is classified as a plain carbon steel, and it has the following
components ( ).
☬ Carbon:
☬ Phosphorous:
☬ Sulfur:
INTRODUCTION
♜ The selection of an " " item will almost always be the most
economical choice, even if it means using slightly more material. The largest
category of standard shapes includes those produced by .
♜ while it is still hot allows it to be deformed with no resulting
loss in ductility, as would be the case with cold-working.
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ – called as wide-flange shape. ♜ (WT, ST, MT)
♜ (short-flange shape) ♜ (Hollow Structural Sections)
♜ ♜
♜ ♜
♜ ♜
♜
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ Consists of two parallel flanges separated by a
single web. The orientation of these elements is
such that the cross-section has two axes of
symmetry.
♜ A typical designation would be "W 18 x 50"
Nominal Depth (in or mm)
Indicates the type
of shape
mass per linear length
(lbm/ft or kg/m)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ Is similar to the W-shape in having two parallel
flanges, a single web, and two axes of symmetry.
♜ The difference is in the proportions: The flanges
of the W are wider in relation to the web than are
the flanges of the S. In addition, the outside and
inside faces of the flanges of the W-shape are
parallel, whereas the inside faces of the flanges of
the S-shape slope with respect to the outside faces.
♜ An example of the designation of an S-shape is "S 18 x 70"
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ An example of the designation of an S-shape is "S 18 x 70"
Nominal Depth (in or mm)
Indicates the type
of shape
mass per linear length
(lbm/ft or kg/m)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ The " " is for "miscellaneous."
♜ The M-shape has two parallel flanges and a web,
but it does not fit exactly into either the W or S
categories.
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ Used for bearing piles, has parallel flange
surfaces, approximately the same width and depth,
and equal flange and web thicknesses.
♜HP-shapes are designated in the same manner as
the W-shape; for example, HP14 X 117.
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ Has two flanges and a web, with only one axis of symmetry.
♜ It carries a designation such as "C9 X 20“.
Total Depth (in or mm)
Indicates the type
of shape
mass per linear length
(lbm/ft or kg/m)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ The " " stands for “Miscellaneous Channels“.
♜ For example, the MC10 x 25 — are similar to
American Standard Channels.
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ The is produced by splitting an I-
shaped member at mid-depth. This shape is
sometimes referred to as a “ ”.
♜The prefix of the designation is either , , or
, depending on which shape is the "parent”.
For example:
☬ is cut from a
☬ is cut from a
☬ is cut from a
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ There are three types of HSS, namely:
☬ Outer Diameter (in or mm)
Indicates the Wall thickness
type of shape (in or mm)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ There are three types of HSS, namely:
☬ Nominal Depth (in or mm)
☬ Wall thickness
Indicates the
type of shape (in or mm)
Nominal Base / Width
(in or mm)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ There are three types of HSS, namely:
☬ Nominal Depth (in or mm)
☬ Wall thickness
Indicates the
type of shape (in or mm)
Nominal Base / Width
(in or mm)
☬
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ The angle shapes are available in either or
versions.
♜A typical designation would be "L6 x 6 x 3/8”
or "L6 x 4 x 5/8”. Larger Leg Dimension
(in or mm)
Indicates the Leg thickness
type of shape (in or mm)
Shorter Leg Dimension
(in or mm)
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
♜ can have , , or cross sections. If the width of
a , it is classified as a bar.
♜ , the shape is classified as plate (PL).
INTRODUCTION – STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
thickness
(in or mm)
½
Indicates the Length Dimension
type of shape (ft or m)
Width Dimension
(in or mm)
INTRODUCTION
♜ Sometimes a standard shape is augmented by additional cross-sectional
elements, as when a cover plate is welded to one or both flanges of a W-shape.
♜ Building up sections is an effective way of strengthening an existing structure
that is being rehabilitated or modified for some use other than the one for which
it was designed.
♜ Sometimes a built-up shape must be used because none of the standard
rolled shapes are large enough; that is, the cross section does not have enough
or . In such cases, plate girders can be used.
INTRODUCTION – BUILT-UP SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION – BUILT-UP SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION – BUILT-UP SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION – BUILT-UP SECTIONS
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION – SPECIFIC/PREFFERED GRADES TO SPECIFIC SHAPES
INTRODUCTION – SPECIFIC/PREFFERED GRADES TO SPECIFIC SHAPES
INTRODUCTION – SPECIFIC/PREFFERED GRADES TO SPECIFIC SHAPES
EXAMPLES
A tensile test was performed on a metal specimen with a circular cross section. The diameter was
measured to be 0.550 inch. Two marks were mode along the length of the specimen and were measured
to be 2.030 inches apart. This distance is defined as the gage length, and all length measurements are
made between the two marks. The specimen was loaded to failure. Fracture occurred at a load of
28,500 pounds. The specimen was then reassembled, and the diameter and gage length were measured
to be 0.430 inch and 2.300 inches. Determine the following:
a. Ultimate tensile stress in ksi.
b. Elongation as a percentage.
= 120 ksi
c. Reduction in cross-sectional area as a percentage.
ε = 13.3%
=38.876%
EXAMPLES
A tensile test was performed on a metal specimen having a circular cross-section
with a diameter of 1/2 inch. The gage length (the length over which the elongation
is measured) is 2 inches. For a load 13.5 kips, the elongation was 4.66 x 103
inches. If the load is assumed to be within the linear elastic range of the material,
determine the modulus of elasticity.
= 29.5 x 106 psi
EXAMPLES
A tensile test was performed on a metal specimen having a circular cross-section with a
diameter of 0.51O inch. For each increment of load applied, the strain was directly determined
using a strain gage attached to the specimen. The results are shown in Table 1.5.1.
a. Prepare a table of stress and strain.
b. Plot these data to obtain a stress-strain curve. Do not connect the data points; draw a best-
fit straight line through them.
c. Determine the modulus of elasticity as the slope of the best-fit line.
EXAMPLES
= 30,100 ksi
END OF TOPIC 1
