92 Unit 4

a. I opened the medieine cabinet, and a bottle fell out.

b. When I opened the medicine cabinet, a bottle fell out.
In sentence a, the coordinating conjunction and simply
ad& one fact to another.
t: or changing one of the independent clauses to a depen_
lijilll: -!"*":::,
oent aoverb clause oI time, we are able to bring out the relationship betwee;
the
two facts more clearly.
In this unit, we will concentrate on adverb clauses, adjective clauses,
and
noun clauses,

LESSON ETGHT
TYPES OF ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clauses can be grouped according to the type
of relationship they express.

Time
after After it had stop@ srrowing, I went outside.
gs
walking to the store. it began to snow again.
as long as Ir l.y.r
I will never like snow es lonr as I live.
as soon as fu soon as I r€tumed home, I made a fire.
before My roommate had decided to go skiing before I retumed.
sincc She has been a good skiier sincre she was a child.
lmtil I had never seen snow until my femily moved from Florida
to
Boston.
when When I was a young child, I thought snow was only in
Alaska.
whencver In Boston, my father tried to get me outside whenever it
mowed.
r*'hile While he was putting on his boots, I was hiding in my
room.

ptace
where I prefer to live where the sun shines all vear.
whereyer Wherever it's sunny and warm, I am happy.

f,easoa
because My brothers are studying in California because they
don,t like
suow either.
since Since it is so begutiful there, my parents are going
to move
 putposo
so that I'm planning to live with my brothers so that I can be near the
beaeh.
in order that I want to be nearthe beach in orderthatl might learn to water
ski.

Mannet
a5 In California, we canenjoy the beach as we used to in Florida.
as if My brothers swim as if they were fish.
as though In California, I will feel as though I were alive again.

Condition
as long as I will enjoy living with my brothers as long as they keep the
apartment clean.
if If they keep it clean. I will stay u.ith them.
in case In case they become too messy. however. I'm going to save
enough monev to get mv own apartment,
provided that I will become a good water skiier provided that I can find a
good teacher.
unless Unless the lessons are very cheap, I won't be able to
take anv_
whether or not I'm definitely planning to take surfing lessons, whether thJv
are cheap or not/whether or not they are cheap.

Bes.rlt
so..,that California is so beautilul that I can't imagine staying in
Boston.
such..,that It is such a beautiful state that I can't imagine staying in
Boston.

Contrcst
although AJthough Boston is a b€autiful city, I just don't like cold
weather.
though Though my father likes mountains and snow, I'm sure he will
learn to like beaches and sand.
even though He'll probably enjoy water skiing, even though he prefers to
ski in snow.
while While I willnevermiss the cold weather,I will miss mv friends
in Boston.
in spite of the I'll probably visit Boston from time to time, in spite ofthe fact
fact that that I will never live there again.

93
Function ol Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is used as a single-word adverb or an adverbial expression.
Single-word adverbs and adverbial expressions modify a verb by answering ques_
tions such as "when?," "where?,', ..how?," and so on about the'verb. t ooti.i tle
following sentence.

Yousef bought a new car recently/last week.

"Recently" is a single-word adverboftimeand "last week" isan adverbiar expression

of time. Both answer the question "when?,' about the verb.

An adverb clause of time also answers the question ..when?', about the verb.

Yousef bought a new car after he had wrecked his Mustang.

Compare the following sentences:

a. When? I'll meet you at 3:30. I'll meet you when the class is over.
b. Why? He worls for his tuition He works because he has to earn his
money, tuition money.
c. How? She sang terribly, She sang as if slre had a frog in her
throat.

Punctuatlon ol Adverb Clauses

You may put an adverb clause

l. In front of the independent clause: Use o comma after the adverb clause.
When I was a child, I loved Dracula movie.
Before I cnuld go to sleep, I asked my lather to check under my bed.

2. within the independent elause: use a comma before and after the adverb crause.
Once, after I had seen a Dracula movie, I had a nightmare.

3. After the independent clause: Do not use a comma.

My mother would not let me watch any more Draeula movies because they
gave me nightmares.

NOTE: After the independent clause, a comma is usually used before the words
"though," "although," "even though," "while," "in spite of the fact that" because
they often introduce ideas tlat are unn@essaryor connected looselywith the idea in
the independent elause.

9,1
 Suborditation 95

My sister still has nightmares from Dracula movies, even though she b tu'enty
years old.
I don't watch them anymore, although they don't frighten me nov/.

Group l. TlilE These subordinating coniunctions answer the question

"when?"
whan uh€nevgr bstora slnce as
while aa soon as arter until aslongaa

he was fortv-
a. John F. Kennedy became the president of the United States when
three years old.
b .
While he was in office, he created the Peace Corps .
c. The American people listened carefully whenever he spoke.
d. fu soon as he became presidont, he pledged to help people everlwhere.
e. He had been a naval officer before he was elected president.
f. After he had died, Lyndon B. Johnson became president.
g. Two American presidents have been assassinated since this country began.
h. Until an assassint bullet ktlled him, he was one of the most beloved American
presidents.
i, I cried bitterly as I was wetching the news of his death,
j. I will remember President Kennedy as long as I live,

NOTES:
]. When indicates a
specific point in time: When I met Kennedy in 1965,I likedhim immediately.
during a periodoftime: When he was in office, he introduced many new pro-
grams.
2. .Jzst is often used before the words "as" and
"when"r

He was killed just as/when he was beginning to accomplish so mueh'

3. While indicates
period of time during whieh another simultaneous action takes place: While I
ias writing my report on his life, I was thinking about my reaetion to his
death.
during a period of time: While he was in office, he introduced many new pro-
grams.

4. Wheneoer meaos "any time":

Whenever I think about Kennedy's death, I trecome sad'
r*-..

86 Unit 4

5. Unfil indicates from an unknown point in the past p to the time thdt sornething
happens:
I refused to believe that someone had assassinated President Kennedy until I
saw the reports of his death on television.

Verb Tenses When Using Tlme Clausos

1. When the verb in the main (independent) clause is in a future tense, the verb in
the time clause is in the present tense, not the future tense.
After I leave the library, I will return home.
I will finish before you return home.
2. When using "Since," the present perfect, present perfect continuous, or past
perfect is used in the main (independent)clause, and thesimple past is used in the
"since" clause if the verb refers to an action that started and finished in the past.
My roommate has b€en in the cafeteria since it opened this morning.
He has been eating since the servers put out the food'

If the verb in the "since" clause refers to an action thatstarted in the past andcon-
tinues into the present, the present perfect is appropriate.
My roommate has not missed breakfast sinee he has lived in the dorms- (He's
still living in the dorms. )

Oral DdllA: Complete the following sentences. Remember that the group ol words
,ollowing the subordinator must have a subject and a verb.

J' Most politicians smile a lot when .. .

2. Many people approved of Kennedy's decisions while . .

3. I vote in an election whenever. . .
4. My brother wants to enter politics as soon as. . .
5. I had thought that all politicians were dishonest be{ore ' . .
6. Alarge investigation into Kennedy's death was carried out after. . .
7. My brother has wanted to be in politics since. .
8. I really didn't have much respect for politicians until . . .
9. I learned about Kennedy's death as . . .
10. Kennedy was a member of Congress before. . .
Ll. Whenever he made a speech, . . .

12. While I was watching the news about his assassination on television, . . .
GBOUP ll. PLACE These subordinating conjunctions answer the ques-
tion "where?"
where whSrever

Where means a"definite piace." Whereaet meaos" any place "

a. Please sit where the view is good.

b. Wherever we sit, we have a good vie*'.
c. Put tle packages wherever you want.
d. Did you find the paekages where I had put them?

Oral D ll B: Complete the following sentences' Remember' the group o' words
tollowing the subordinating coniunction musl have a subiect and a verb'

I. Our grammar teacher usually writes the homework assignments where

2. I try to do my homework wherever ' . '
3. In the library, I like to sit wherever. . '
4. I alwals put my finished assignments w[rere . '
5. After I finish my homework, I take a break and go where ' ' '

Thess subordinating coniunctlons answer the question "why?"

Qroup lll. REASOiI bacause sinca

Group lV. PURPOSE sothat lnorderlhat

a. I didn't v'ant to go anywhere on Friday night because I was very tired'

b. I didn't set my alarm on Friday night since I didn't want to get up early on
Saturday morning.
c. My roommate didn't set his alarm either so that he wouldn't wake me up'

d. In fact, he slept in the living room in order that he wouldn't disturb me'

NOTES:
l. Becawe andslnce introduce the reason for the situation expressed in the
indepen-
dent clause.
2. Since has two different meanings t reason aod tlme'

reason: He took an extra quarter of English sincc his TOEFL score was so
low'
time: He has been studying very diligently sincu the new quarter began'
* Ulit 4

3. So ,[d, is usually followed by the modal auxiliaries ean, could, may, might, will,
would.
Can, mag, oill are used when the verb in the independent clause is in a present,
present perfect or future tense.
Could, might, uouJd are used when the verb in the independent clause is in a past
tense.

We make airline reservations early so that we will tre sure of a seat.

We made airline reservetions early so that we would be sure of a seat.
Both so that and, because provide an ansver to the qu€stion "Why?" but the
grammatical construction of the sentence is different.
We make airline reservations early because we want to be sure of a seat.
We made airline reservations early because we wanted to be sure of a seat.
4. In order that is more formal than so thal and is usually only followed by may and
might. There is, however, no difference in meaning.
CBS cancelled all T.V. programs scheduled for 8:00 in order that the president
might give his speech to the nation.
5. So by itself can also introduce a clause of purpose.

We made airline reservations earlv so we would be sure of e seat.

No comma is used before "so" when it introduces a clause of purpose. Review

Lesson Four for so as coordinating coniunction to introduce a result.

Otal Dtlll Cr Time versus reasor, sinca versus sinca, Complete th6 following
sentences with an appropriate response.

Examples: timer I have been searching for a good lawyer since I received
my speeding tieket last week.
reason I I need the name of a good lawyer since I have to appear in
c0urt next month.

l. time: Joan has wanted to be a teacher sincc . . .

reason: She will probably be an excellent teacher since . . .

2. time: Richard Nixon has not made many public appearances since . . .
reason: The American public forced him to leave office since . . .
3. time: My roommate has not received one letter from his (her) family
since . . .

reason: I don't read my letters in front of him (her) since . . .

 Subordination gg

4. time: I have been *'orking on this composition since . . .

reason: I have to make a good grade on it since . . .

5. time: Since this quarter started, . . .
reagon l Since we don't have any homework for Monday, ,

6. time: Bob has wanted to marry Sue since . . '

reason: Since she doesn't love him, ' . .
7, time: I have had a terrific headache since . . .
reason: Sinc= my headache is so bad, . .
8. time: I have been an excellent student since . . .
reason: Since I have always been so studious, . ' .

Group V. iiANI,lER Th€se subordinating conjunctions answer the ques-

tion "how?" (As means "the way.")
a! a8 il as though

a. I backed the car into the parking space as my driving teacher had taught me'
b. The driving examiner looked at me as if I had done a good job'
c. I felt as though I had passed the driver's test with s high score'

NOTE: The verb be usuelly becomes were after as if and as though'

She looked as though she were sick

They spoke as if they were angry.

Oral Orlll D: Answsr tho lollowing qusstions using adverb clauses introducsd by
"as," "as if," "as though."

Example: How &d you leel after you passed your test and received your license?
I felt as if I hed just cunquered the world.

L On the day you left for the United States, how did your mother cry? How did
your father tell You to act?
2. When you learned that you had received a seholarship to Harvard, ho*'did you
feel?
3. When you took the test on indirect speech, how did you eomplete the exam?
4. After you helped the firefighters save three small children, how did you feel?
5. How did you feel when you received your acc€ptanc€ letter to the university?
6. How do you generally treat other people?
?. How does your grammar teacher look at you when you are late?
l0l UniI4

8. You look very tired toda),. How doyoufeel?

9. Last night, you cooked spaghetti for the first time. How did it taste?
10. How does your spouse's best friend spend money?

Group Vl CONDITION These subordinating conjunctions answer the ques-

tion "on what condition?"
il proYidedthat YYhalheror not
unloss in case as long as

Oral Drill E: Complete the following sentences.

l I'll fly instead of drive to Mexico with you if . . .

2. Unless I can get a reduced fare to Mexico,...

3. When we get to Mexico, we can save money by staying in a youth hostel provided
that...
4. I really wouldn't mind staying in a youth hostel as long as . . .
5. I don't have mueh money, so I have to stay in a hostel whether or not .. .

6. Let's plan to take our camping equipment in case . . .

Unlasc introduces tlle condition under which an earlier action will or u,ill not
happen.

a. I will sell Jim my stereo unless Bill offers me more money

EXPLANATION:
The earlier action "will sell" wil.l occur under one condition.

The conditionr Bill doesn't offer more money.

NOTE: Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb.

i will sell Jim my stereo if Bill doesn't offer me more money.

b. Bob will not stop smoking unless his doctor orders him to stop.
Bob will not stop smoking if his doctor doesn't order him to stop.
c. The next reading test will be easl' unles we have to define vocabulary u,ords.
The next reading test will be easy if we don't have to define . . .
 Subord,inotion \01

Exerciss 1: A. Rostale the following sentences using if + negative Yerb'

car pool'
l. The air pollution in this city will get worse unless more PeoPle
2. I won't buy a large car unless the price of ges goes down'
manufacturers build
3. Most cars will continue to pollute the air unless automobite
cleaner-burning engines.
the quality of our air will
4. Unless more people start using publie transportation'
become worse'
fare goes up'
5. I plan to ride the bus everywhere next quarter unless the
6. Unless the service gets better, however, many people
will stop riding the bus'
7. I really don't mind waiting for the bus unless the weather is bad'
gets a car'
8. I'll be taking the bus every day this quarter unless my roommate
B. Complete the lollowing senlences'

1. The trus fare will probably remain the same unless ' '
2. The bus company will not hire more drivers unless ' '
3. No one can bec"ome a bus driver rmless ' '
4. My roommate refuses to ride a bus rmless ' ' '
5. It's usually easy to find an emptl seat unless ' ' '
6. A bus will not stop at every stop unless '
7. Most men will let an older woman get on first unless ' ' '
8. The buses in this city usually run on time rmless ' '
9. Buses are usually comfortable uless ' '
fly unless '
10. For traveling long distances, however' I prefer to

Exetcis6 2: "Until" versus "unloss " Complate ths tollowing sentences-

Ctouq 1

l. Bob and Sue will not get married tmtil ' ' '
Bob and Sue v'ill not get married unless ' ' '
2.
- After they are married, they'll probably stay in New .","t1 Tltt
;i;; ih;i ;t" .a,ried, thev'tl probablv stav in New York unless ' ' '

3. They're planning to go to Mexico on their honeymoon unless ' ' '

They're planning to stay in Mexico until '
4. A honevmoon can be a beautiful experience unless ' ' .'
their honeymoon urtu ' '
Jim and Nancy were really enjoying
honeymoon unless ' '
5. Today, most people cannot take an expensive until
t' Mexico as-a honeymoon spot '
Many newlylveds witt
"ontin'" "hoise
 Group 2
l. Until you can afford a new car, . . .
Unless you can afford a new car, . . ,
2. Unless the price o{ gas goes down, . . .
Until the price of gas goes down, . . .
3. Until I am able to get m), car repaired, . . .
Unless Iam able to get my car repaired, . . .

4. Until tlre weather becomes very cold, . . .

Unless t}te weather becomes very cold, . . .

5. Until my roommate bought his new car, . . .

Unless my roommate gets a better job, however,

Group Vll. RESULT so. .. th3t such (arsn) .. . that

In these constructions, the word "th al" inbod,uces the resuh.

l. so . . .,hal occurs in the followlng patterns:

a. so + adjective + that

It was so hot that we couldn't sleep.

b. so + adverb + that
The air conditioner was humming so loudly that it kept me awake.
c, so + many + plural noun + that
There were so many studsrt in the small room thet I couldn,t breathe.
d. so + few + plural noun + that
Ihere were so few windows thst the air circulation was poor .

e. so + much + uncountable noun + that

There was so much noise in the hall that I couldn,t hegr the professor,
f. so + little + uncountable noun + that
There was so little time to finish the exam &at I gave up.
2. wch (a/an) ..
,Irc, ocvurs in the following patternsr
.
a. such + article + adjective + slngular noun + that
He had such a low grade that he hid his exam paper,
This is such an interesting book that I can,t stop reading it.

tuz
 Stbotdinotion ll3

b. such + adjective + uncountable noun + tliat

She makes such good coffee that itt impossible to drink only one cup.
c. such + adjective + plural countable noun + that
She wears such beautifui dresses that I hate to go anyrvhere with her.

Oral Orill F: Student 1: Complste the genlence with ,,so . . . lhat."

Student 2: Restate the sentence with "such (a,/an) - . . that."

Example: The line to see the movie was- long-

Student l: The line to see the movie was so long that we had to wait
one hour to get our tickets.
Student 2 : There was such a long line to see the movie that we had to
wait one hour to get our tickets .

1. The theater was erowded

2. The people sitting behind us talked loudly
3. The movie, Star -Wcrs, was exciting -
4. The popcorn tasted salty -
5. I became thirsty - -
6. The seats were - comforteble-
7. The movie- was
-good
-- - was-
8. The end of the movie happy-
L There were -
ma[y cars in the parhng lot
10. There was
- - on the way home
much traffic

GroupVlll. CONTRAST lhough evon though

-
- although whl16 -
insplteollha laclttal

a. Although it may be necessrry to spend some time in a hospital, most people do

not enioy the stay.
b. Most doctors and nurses are friendly and good-natured, even though their jobs
carry a lot of pressure,
e. Though my brother has never made good grades in chemistry and biology, he
wants to become a doctor.
d. While I generally like doctors, the doctor I had last year was gruff and rude.
e. Actually, he is an exccllent surgeon, in spite of the fact that he has a terrible
personality.
lM U t4

Oral Drlll G: Comptets th€ ,ollowing sontances.

l. Even though there are many people in the world who are
afraid to fly, . . .
2. On Memorial Day weekend in 1g79, an American Airlines
DC_10 jumbo jet
lost its engine over Chicago's O'Hare International Ai.p..,,
.f,f,""gf, . . . '
3. In spite of the fact that the Federal Aviation Administration
immediatelv
grounded all DC-l(h for several week, . . .
4, After the crash, many pilots and flight attendants refused to work,
in spite of
the fact that. . .
t. While I am generally not afraid to fly, . . .
6. Although the price of airline tickets has risen in the past few
months, . . .
Most business executives have to fly, even though . . .
8. My uncle has always wanted to be a pilot, in spite of the fact
that . . .

REMEMBER:
After the independent clause a cvmma is usually used before
the words -though,,,
"although," "even though," '.while," ,.in spite
of tn" f""t tt ui;-U"cause they often
introduce ideas that are connected loosely with the idea in
the independent ;lause.

Excrclro 3: Practice with ,,whil6,' to show conlrast. When ,,while,, shows

confrast, it
and is usua y ptacod ar the beginning of the sentence. Comptere
Tii:,-:.1,1_":9!:'
rne roflowtng senlsnces.

l. While I believe our grammar instructor is a good teacher, . . .

2. While I do not think that 50 prercent of our grammar grade should
depend
on
homework, . . .
3. While I know it is nec=ssary to tqke tests, . . .
4. While I don't agee with dl of the university's rules, . . .
5. While I believe that this is a good English program, . . .
6. While I believe that it is nec.essary to have more than three hours of
classes every
oay, . . .
7. While I enjoy our conversation class, . . ,
8. While I dislike memorizing vocabulary words, . . .
9. l{hile I believe t}rat studying in a foreign country is uzually exciting,
...
I0. While I believe that it is important to adjust to the customs of a foreign
country, . . .
II . While I have been happy here, . . .
Seguence of Tenses
When using sentences that contain independent and dependent clauses, it is impor-
tant to be careful oI the choice oJ terses in each clause. Two or more actions must be
put into the correct relationships with each other. Remember that meaning also
plays an important part in your decision to c'ombine various tenses.

Flead the sentences lhat tollow and study the various combinations of tenses

t nd e pe n d e nt (lt al n) C ta u se D e pe n d e nt (S u bod In ate)

Crause

I Simprs Praseat Slmple Present

I eat Chinese food ever)' night because I like it.
I have complete concentration whenever I study.
I alwavs studv carefully , eren though I am tired.

Prcsent Conlinuous
I eat Chinese food every night because I'm working in a Chinese res-
taurant this quarter.
I must have silence when I'm trying to study.
I feel calm , although I'm waiting for the dentist.

Prcsenl Pe ecyPrcsent
Pe ect Contlnuous
I eat Chinese food every night b,ecause I have always liked it.
I can't concentrate on homework after I have had a tiring day.
I am not tired , even though I've been working all
day

F utwelF ulute Conlinuousl

Futute Pe ect
I am worried since we are going to have lour final
exams on the same day.
She is angry because he will be leaving ahead of
time.
They are disappointed because tle plane will have left before
they leave work.

105
 Simpre pasl
I feel calm because I had a good night's sleep.

Past Conlinuous
I feel calm , even though I was shaking earlier

Past porroct
I believe that shehad taken an aspirin before she
boarded the plane.

NOTE; The simple present tense in the main clause can be followed by any
tense in
the subordinate clause.

De pe nd o nt (S u bo d i n ata)
t ndo pe nda at (rl ai n) C Ie u s a Crausa
2 Proscnt Confinuoua Slmple fuosent
I'm taking five courses this quarter , even though I only need three to
graduate.

Simpre past
This little boy is doing his home- .since his father promised him a
work carefully 're'*ard.

- Futurc
I'm saving my money carefullv so that I'll have enough for a trip.

Prcsenl Podecupresent
Perfect Contlnuous
She's trying to do extra work since she has made/has been making
poor gtades all quarter.

106
3 Simpro Past Simple Past
I ate Chinese food every night because I liked it.

Pasl Continuous
I ate Chlnese food every night because I was working in a Chinese res-
taurant,
In high school, I had to have silence when I was studying.

Pasl Pa ecuPasl Pa ect

Continuous
I couldn't concentrate after I had had a tiring day.
I wasn't tired , although I had been working all day,

4 Pasl Conlrnuo0s Simpre Pasl

I was taking five courses , although I only needed three to grad-
uate,

Pisl Conlinuous
At that time, I was eating Chinese because I wasworking in a Chinese res-
food every night taurant,

Past Pe ecl
I was going to an oriental cooking sincel had always wanted to cook good
school Chinese food.

Pasl Pe ect Conlinuous

Bob was trying to get a taxi because he had been waiting for Jim to
pick him up at the airport for two
hours.

NOTE: When tlre verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb in the subor-
dinate clause must also be in a past tense.

r07
 lndependent (Mei n) Ctause D e pe n de nt (S u bo rd i n ate)
Crause
5 Present Pedect Simpre Preseat
, even though I think about her often.

Present Conlinuous
because I'm waiting for her to apol_
ogize to me.

Simpre Pas!
since ihe never answered m1. first
I

I have not written to my. girlfriend Present pefiect

because I have been very busy,

Present Pertect Continuous

have been working so hard.

Future
sl her mother ruill not give her any
mv letters.

Futurc Continuous
because she will be arriving soon.

Futurc Pedect
sitice she will have Ieft by the time the
reaches her.

6 Past pe ect Simpre pest

He had finished the exam before the .instructor asked for it.

108
 Fulure Simpre Presert
I will see you before you leave.

Preseal Conlrruous
My parents are going to visit me while I'm studying in this countr1,.

Futurc Conlinuous
I'llhelp you with your work next because you will be taking a heavy
quarter load.

Futurc Pe oct
They will finish before we will have started,

ExErclse4: Tenso correction. Read the tollowing sentences and correct allerrors in
tense usage. Write the correct tenses on the lines provided.

l We can have the party in my apartment next Saturday unless my parents

jffie? day early
2. I didn't want to have the last party at my place because my roommate is sick.

3. The party last week u'as so good that man), people havastayed verv late.

4. Our landlord never minds parties as long as the guests #quiet.

5. Our next door neighbor had a very loud party two months ago, and at I :00
in the morning the landlord was knochng on his door as though herWrl.tlear
it down.
6. fu soon as he leaves, our neighbor's party became less noisy
lrtl,.!
7. tu the leaving, I noticed that they were speaking in low voices

8. My roommate and I finally got to sleep after everyone has gone home.

109
ll0 Unit 4

9. At our party next Saturday we will tell our guests not to get too loud so that
we dieln-t djsturb the other people in the building.

10. The landlord probably won't bother us provided that everyone paid atten-
tion to our reouest.
,.', 1 .
I l. Since we weni living in this apartment for two years, and we like it, we
really don't want any trouble
12. Although everyone is-hadag the right to entertain his penonal friends, u'e
--
must resp€ct the rights of the other people in the building.

Exorcige 5: Meaning. Complete the tollowing sentences. 86 careful of tense usage.

l. The instructor told us to sit wherever . . .

2. Before the instructor handed out the history exams, . . .

3. While I was taking the exam, , . .
4. Even though I had studled for two weeks, . . .
5. I answered the questions in Psrt 2 quickly so that. . .
6. Part 3 of the exam was so difficult that . . .
7. Since I didn't answer all the questlons, . . .
8. So thrt the instructor could read my answers, . . .
9. Sinc- I have been in this class, . . .
10. In spite of the fact that I had really studied, . . .
Il. Although I did the best I could, . . .
12, Provided that the instructor agrees with my answers, . . .
13. If he grades the papers strictl,.. . . .
14. As soon as I see ml grade. . , .
15. Until I get my grade, . . .
16. While I usually don't worry about grades, . . .
17. When the exam was finished, . . .

18. I may get a passing grade on the exam unless. . .

19. I'm studlng for a make-up test in case . . .
20. I will never take another history clas as long as . . .
 S bo?dination lll

Exercls6 6: Think and tespond. Aead the lollowing paragraphs. Use your dic-
tionaries to find the meanings ot the underlined words. Then, complete the senlences
based on thg reading, in writing.

Albe Etnstain (1879-1955)

In his earl,v years, Einsteinshowed no obvious sign ofgenius. He did not even talk
until the age ofthree. In high school, in Cermany, he hated the system of rote learn-
ing and the drill sergeant attitude of his teachers; as a result, he annoyed tbem with
his rebelliousittiiudelOne of his teachers remarked, "You will never amount to
anything." i.. :.. .

Yet there were also some hints of the man to be. At five, when he was given a
compass, he was fascinated blt-he mysterious force t}rat made the needle move. Be-
fore adolescence Einstein went through a very religious period, and he frequently
digued violently with his freethinking father because his father strayed from the
path of Jewish orthodox . However, Einstein calmed down after he began studying
scienee, math, and philosophy on his own. He especially loved math. At age sixteen
he devised one of his first "thought experiments." These are expriments that an in-
ual must do in the mind; they cannot be done in a laboratory.
Within a year after his father's business failed and the family moved to Northern
Italy to start a new business, Einstein dropped out of school and renounced his Ger-
man citizenship. He spent ayear hikingin theApennine Mountains ofltaly, visiting
relatives, and touring museums so that he could forget the bitter memories of his
high school days in Germany. He then decided to enrJll in the famous Swiss Federal
Institute ofTechnology in Zurich. It is interesting to note that hefailed the entrance
exam because of deficiencies in botany and zoolog- as well as in languages.
However, after a year's study at a Swiss high school, the institute admitted him.
Eventually, he became a Swiss citizen.
Even at the Institute ofTechnology, however, Einstein's rebellious attitude con-
tinued. He cut lectures, read what he wanted to read, used theschool's lab illegally,
and made his teachers hate him, One of his teachers, mathematiciaD Hermann
Minkowski, who later made valuable contributions toEinstein's newphysics, called
him a "lazy dog." Einstein was able to pass his two major exams and graduate in
1900 because he borrowed the scrupulous notes of one of his clasmates, Marcel
Grossman, and crammed for the exams.

Complete the tollowing sentances on a separale piece ol papet

1 When Einstein was in high school, . . .

2. In spite of the fact that his high school teachers said he would never be
an1thing,... i'
3. Until he was three years old, . . .
4. Even though he failed the entrance exam to the Institute of Technolog-v, . ' .
 lL2 U^it 4

5. His high school teachers in Germany didn,t li[e him becsuse. . .

6. Before he became a teenager, . . .
7. After he had studied for one year in the Swiss high school, . . .
8. In school, he annoyed his teachers wheneyer. . .
9. Einstein had to take courses in botany, zoologr and languages before. . .
I0. He treated his teachers as if. . .
I l.
His father's business in Germany failed, so the family moved in order that . .
.
12. AJthough he cut most of his classes at the institute, . . .
13. His attendance at the Institute of Technology was so poor thet. . .
14. He borrowed his friend's lecture notes so that. . .
Exerclso 7: Oral reviaw. Complete the tollowing senlences. Be carerul ot the t6nse
you use.

I .
When I was living in my country, my father always let me drire the family
car
providedthat...
2. Before I would leave the house, he often gare me money.so that. . .
3. My father is a generous man, but he would never let me use the car unless . . .
4. Because I came home past ml,curfeu.one night, . . .
5. Even though I was alu,ays a careful driver, . . .
6. One night I had an accident, in spite of the fact that . . .
7. Another time the police stopped me as soon as . . .
8. Nevertheless, my father usually agreed to let me use the car since. . .
9. One night, however, something happened to me, and I began driving as
though . . .

10. Until I get a driver's license for the state I'm studlng in now, . . .
ll. I have been thinking about buying a used car since . . .
12. I had thought about getting a Volkswagen urtil. . .
13. Wherever I go in the United States, . . .
14. People in my country drive safely, but the people here drive so recklesly
that...
15. Bcfore I try to take the driver,s test, . . .
16. While my mother knows that I am a good driver, . . .

Buildlng Senlences wilh Adyerb Clausos

As students on a high level of study, your sentencs in both speaking
and writing
should contain enough information to make the idea you wishio expriss
ctear. ft l
use ofone or more adverb clausesin asentenceenablesl,ou
to add nec,essary informa_
tion.
 Subotdination 1L3

Exercise6: Rewrit€ the following sentences so that some of the ideas are expressed
in adverb clauses.

Example: I enjoy fall. I prefer summer. The trees and flou,ers are in bloom.
Although I enjoy fall, I prefer summer because the trees and flowers
are in bloom.

l. Yesterday, John went to the bank after class. He had to cash a check. He
would have enough money for the weekend.
2. He has an acrount at City Bank, They would not let him cash a check. He
corJd present them with the proper identification.
3. J<ihn u'as protesting their refusal to cash his check. The other customers
looked at him. He was crazy.
4. John reached i; his pocket for his wallet. He discovered he had left it home.
5. His apartment is near the bank. He decided to go home. He could get his
wallet.
6, John was angry with the teller. He couldn't think elearly'.
7. John had gotten angry with the teller. He knew that the teller was onlv doing
his job. His supervisor had instructed him.
8. Nevertheless, the experience was an unpleasant one. Hecouldn't concentrate
on his assignments. He returned home.
9. John kneu'that he u,ould not have thet experience again. He remembered to
put his wallet in his pocket. He left for classes in the morning.
10. That night, John left his u'allet. He could find it easily in the morning.

Exarciss 9: Complete the tollowing senlences u/ith the type ot adverb clause in.
dicated. Be careful of lense, meaning, and punctuation.

Example I must work diligently this quarter

(rearcn) (independent clause) (purpose)

(time)
Since my embassy gives a student only one year to study English,
(reason)
I must work diligently this quarter so that I can begin academic wo*
(purpose)
as soon as I can.
(time)
lU Unit 4

I. the waitress told us to sit

(tine)
-
(place)
2 -*----'- the food was terrible.
(contrast)
3. Thefoodwas salty
(reason)

(result)
4 I had to write a check
(time)

(reason)
5. We didn't leave the waitress a tip, and she looked
at us

(manner)
6 we will never go to that restaurant again.
(reason)

Ct|-o.ose one of the following toplcg and write five sentencss o, your
sentence musl relate to th€ topic. own. Each

l. A cunent isue in the news 4. American customs

2. Life at your English program s. W*k";;
";;jiil *h"., .uou *ur.
3. Famlylire ,. ll#rTf:::ilriu,ng , a roreign
country
Erorclse 10: Combine sen!6nc€s whsnovsr you think it necessary
in order to pro-
duce a b€u6r sounding paragraph. vou may rselne
any ons word more lhan once. Be careful ot punctuafion.
i;l;;;;;;;;.. Try nor to use
Oo ioi over connect.
and however still
but moreover also
so otherwise on the other hand
for nevertheless besides
nor furthermore thus
or therefore in fact
yet then as a resu.lt
 Subordination ll5

when as if
while until rmless
\,+,henever where although
as soon as wherever even though
trefore because while
after so that whenever
since as if in spite of the
so...that Iact that

' Not every culture in the world eats every kind of meat' Nearly everybody enjoys
chicken.oneofthemostfamousnamesinchickenisKentuckyFriedChicken.The
man who started this business was not always awealthy man At one time' he owned
asmallgasstationnexttoamainhiShway.Manytruckdriversstoppedathisgassta-
tion.Th"eywantedtogetgasandrest.Manyofthedrivershadbeendrivingformanv
hours' They were huturyl. Sl,. Sanders reaiized they *"te hungry )tii began serving
sandwiehesandcpffee.HeservedonlysandYie}eJandcoffee.Thesandwicheswerc
'. s*d. ThesAnd,*i€Hidn't cost too much. More and more drivers began to,eat at
[i. pt""":']if.. Sanders began serving fried chicken The drivers-had 9$en.it They
long 'The highu al'
told- their friends. His new business grew rapidly' It did not last
deDartment built a new grain highway Much of t}e traffic bypassed Mr' Sanders'
station and restaurant lHb l.rad to close the restaurant. This happened. He was sixtv-
five vears old.sii6 knew his recipe for fried chicken was good He went around the
country trying to sell his idea of opening small restaurants that would specialize in
fried ciric[e'. ly lgg7, there weie almost five thousand Kentucky Fried chicken
restauranti. You go anywhere in the United States' You will see one You like fried
chicken.Youwillenjoyeatingthecolonel'schicken.ColonelSandersdiedinl980'
His name will live on.

Reduction of AdYorb Clauses

Sometimes we can reduce a longer, more complicated word group to a
shorter'
simpler word group. This is called reiluctlon' To reduce a word group means to
simplify it without changing the meaning of your statement'
Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing the
meaning of
your idea. Study the following examples'

Fufl C,€uses Boduced Prrtascs

a. I fell while I was running down b. I full while running down the
the stairs. stairs.
c. \{hile I was welking to the li- d. While walking to the library, I
brary, I saw my psycholog.v Pro- saw my psychology professor.
fessor.
116 U tI

e. Before I left the class, I asked f. Before leaving the class, I asked
about the exam. about the exam.
g. Since I began this class, I have h. Since beginning this class, Ihave
learned a lot. learned a lot.
i. After I had taken the class, I un_ j. After taking the class, I under_
derstood more about human na- stood more atrout human nature.
ture,

NOTEI You.cannot change an adverb clause to a phrase

if the su bjects of the
dependen t and independent clauses are different.

Example: Whilel was taking theexam, the student beside

me was [ook_
ing at his notes.

The following types of adverb clauses can be reduced

in the following ways.
L Omit the subject and be form of the verb in the adverb
clause.
k. I was very sad while I was packing my suitcases.
l. I was very sad while packing my suitcases.
2. When there is not a be form of the verb in the adrerb clause,
omit the subject and
change the verb to -ing.
m. Before I left my country, I was worried about my new life.
n. Before leaving my country, I r,r,as worried about my new life,
o. Since I csme here, I have been very happy.
p. Since coming here, I have been very happy.

Sometimes the subordinating mnjunction that introduces

the adverb crause is
a-lso omitted
q. When my mother saw me board the plane, she
began to cry.
r. Seeing me board the plane, my mother began to
cry.

Note the change fLm "she" to "my mother" in the independent clause.

s. Because I wanted to be brave, I simply smiled.

t. Wanting to be brave, I simply smiled.
3. Ar adverb clause beginning with so llrat or ifcan often be reduced to an infinitive
pnrase.

u. I watched the movie on the plane so that I would furget about my

loneliness.
 Subodinalion 117

v. I watched the movie on the plane to forget about my loneliness,

w. I had to listen carefully'if I wanted to hear the dialogue.
x. I had to listen carefully to hear the dialogue.
Erorclss 1l: Fleduce the adverb clauses to phrases

i . While Bob and I were camping in the mountains, we had many wonderful ex-
periences.
2. Before we left for the mountains, we checked all of our equipment.
J. We made a list so that wSwould be sure to take everything.
4. After we had fotrnd the perfea plac.e for our camp, \4'e put up our tent.
5. When Bob looked sround at the beautiful scenery, he was breathless.
6. We sa*' many beautiful birds while we were fishing in a beautiful little lake'
7. When Bob ssw me crtch fish after fish, he began using the same bait.
8. I had told him before we left to use that bait if he wanted to catch a lot of fish'
9. After we had caught six fish, we returned to our camp.
t0. We talked about the beautiful day while we were eating our dinner.
ll. B€fore we went to bed, we put out our campfire completely. r.
12. That night, rveslept in sleeping bags inside the tent so that we cddd stay warm,
13. Becsuse we wanted to remember our camping trip, we took many pictures.

LESSON EIGHT: PRACTICE EXAM

Part l:
ldentilication and moaning. First, underline the adverb clauses in the follow-
ing paragraph. Then, tell what kind of relationship is expressed by lhe adverbial word,
for example, time, place, contrast, and so on.

Althougtr the institution of marriage has suffered in many countries, in the past
few years, there has been an unusually large number of divorces in the United States.
In the past, when tyo people married each other, they didso witi theidea ofstaying
together for life, y.hile today many individualsseem toenter marriagewith the feel-
,ing that they can always get a divoree, p-{gffllgd lhat the marriage does not work
out. In the past, a large maiority of Americans frowned at the idea of divorce. Fur-
thermore, many people believed that getting a divorce was a luxury that only the
rich could afford. Indeed, getting a divorce was very expensive. However, since so
many people have begun to take a more casual vier,r' oI marriage, it is interesting to
note that the costs of getting a divorie are lower. In fa$, r1'!r-e-19yer you go in the
United States today, it is not unusual to see newspaper ads that provide information
on how and where to go to get a "cheap divorce. "
I_n spite of the fact that Hollywood has always been known as the divorce capital

of the world, today the divorce rate among the movie stars is_so high that it is difficult
ll8 Unit 4

to know who is married to whom, ifyou

are interested in this kind of information.
Today, many movie stars chanze h rii-bands
clothes. Until the institution o1 marriage ""J;;;;;;;rgh th""y *".. ung,g
again becomes a
part of many people's lives, we wir.l p-tir,ury irio* "t
important
*"t,rr"i. ,*ih'ifr "na
rat" or diuo.ce.

Fll t Wott! ol AdyorD Crauso

R e I e ti o ns h I p Expressed
t. altho ugh
contrast
2.

3.

4.
,5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

u.
Part ll: Glve tho relationships oxpresssd by the followlng
subordinators

l. while 6, unless
2. as 7. aslong
3. since 8. assoon
4. so tha 9. whether
5. such (a/an) . . . that
10. after

Part lll:
Euildlng senlenc6s. A. Combins th6 following groups
ot ssntonces using
adverb clausss to subordinate the ideas.

l. The test on Chapter 2 was difficult. I received ahigh gradeon it. Ihadstudiedfor
it.
2. Part 3 of the test was long. I atmost didn,t finish it.
3 . Miss Peerson is very nice . She
permitted some of her students to finish part
officr at noon. She was eating lunch. 3 in her
4. A few students start studying. They will
not pass the class.
 Subordiwtion ll9

B. Complete the following sentenc€s with the type of advelb clauses indicated.

l. - both Miss Berriman and Mrs. Peerson give

(contrast)
too much homework.
2. During a test, they usually let their students sit
-==-,
(place) (condition)

3. she was checking our writing sssignments.

-_---_=--,(time)
4. During the last test, Mrs. Peerson looked at one of her students

(manner) (reason)

C. Beduce the advs6 clauses to phrases.

1. I ran out of gas uhile I uas driaing home fom the mountains

2. BeJore u:e leJt, we had forgotten to check the gas gauge

3. Whzn a fiendlV motorisl. sdu us standing beside the car, she otlered us a ride to
the nearest gas station.

4. Because oe uere cold and tircd, we didn't ta.lk very much in the car.

5. The kind woman waited so that she couW drine us back to out car

LESSON NINE
ADJECT]VE CLAUSES
An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause used as an adlective' Like
single-word adjectives, adjective clauses describe and modify nouns'
The following rek tiDe pftnouns introduce adiective clauses.

who refers only to persons.

The man is a police officer. He lives next door.
The man who lives next door is a police officer.