Experimental Laboratory

Multidisciplinary V

SCHOOL
FACULTY OF HIGHER STUDIES OF CUAUTITLAN

STUDENT:
HERNÁNDEZ DORANTESJAZMIN
MIRANDA RIOS FRANCISCO JAVIER
ORTIZ AGUILERA ALFONSO
RODRÍGUEZ AVILA ALEJANDRA

TEACHERS:
MAYEN SANTOS ELVIA
ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ PAULA

REPORT PRACTICE 2
ROTARY DRYER

SEMESTER:
2013-I
 Index

Objectives

Introduction.....................................................................3

General Information

Experimental Procedure.................................................8

Results

Analysis of Results...............................................................11

Conclusions..............................................................23

Bibliography..............................................................23

2
OBJECTIVES
. Understand and apply the knowledge about drying theory to the operation of a
rotary dryer.
. Experimentally understand the influence of contact time on the operation, thus
like the experimental coefficients of heat and mass transfer.

INTRODUCTION

Drying is one of the simultaneous mass and heat transfer operations. In this, it eliminates
humidity of a solid through the evaporation of the liquid in a gas, which carries away the formed vapor
towards the exterior of the dryer. It can be done either continuously or in batches, which implies
use equipment in which the wet material is fixed or in motion; the use of one or the other type of
The equipment mainly depends on the nature of the material to be dried.

When it comes to very fragile crystalline shaping material that you do not want to alter, the most
It is advisable not to expose the material to abrupt movements like those encountered in dryers.
of continuous operation. In some cases, water can be mechanically removed from the solids.
through presses, centrifugation, and other methods. In our view, however, drying
it will mean the thermal removal of water.

A rotary dryer, the material can be removed in cascade through the flowing gas, driven by
against the flow of gas in a column system. The solids are dropped with spraying.
continues through the center of the rotary drum and air is blown through the spraying.
the dryer is tilted so that gradually, the solids continue their way from the
feed end to discharge end. Steam is used as a drying medium.
overheated. This dryer comes in sizes of up to 9 feet in diameter in models
normal. In rotary dryers, a significantly larger solid surface is exposed than in
the tray dryers and the drying speed will be higher (Unsaturated Air).

For a Chemical Engineer, it is essential to know the unit operations, and in this case the
different drying methods, to determine which is the most efficient, economical and
indispensable for each material.

In the present report, the heat and mass transfer coefficients will be determined, both
theoretical and experimental in a rotary extractor applying simultaneous transfer analogies
established to meet the proposed objective, the retention factor is also calculated. Everything
this is to understand more deeply the functioning of the rotary dryer, returning again to the
previous knowledge of Material and Energy Balance in this LEM but now applying
mass and heat transfer knowledge using gravel as raw material for drying
humid.
GENERALITIES

The dryer used in the preparation of this practice is a rotary dryer that consists of a
hollow cylinder that generally rotates on its axis, with a slight inclination towards the exit. The
Wet granular solids are fed from the top, as shown in the diagram.
of flow and move through the cylinder as it rotates. The heating is carried out by
direct contact with hot gases through a counterflow. In some cases, the
Heating is by indirect contact through the heated wall of the cylinder. The particles

3
granular materials move slowly forward for a short distance before falling through the
hot gases,

In humidification or dehumidification, the liquid phase is a pure liquid that only contains a
component, while the soda contains two or more, depending on the direction of the transfer; for
For example, the contact between dry air and liquid water results in the evaporation of part of the
water into the air (humidification of the air) that is what is intended to be done in the equipment with it
establishment of various water flows, continuously recirculating, and maintaining a flow of
under constant air, it is expected to reach the steady state where the air temperature is the same
than that of water, and the outgoing air is saturated at this temperature. If we make a global balance of
energy around the process (Q = 0), we can obtain the equation for adiabatic cooling
From the air, once this condition is established, the necessary temperature measurements are taken.
dry and wet bulb.

The rotary dryer is one of the most commonly used equipment for carrying out the drying operation.
this can be operated countercurrently and in an adiabatic manner

The rotary dryer is mainly used to dry granular materials that do not clump together.
they agglomerate. Among the main materials dried in this type of dryer are,
minerals

Withholding Factorθ
ϕ DZπ Td2 / 4 ZphiDρs
θ= =
2
( S/s ρ s ) ( π Td / 4
) Ss
Where:
S=¿
s Dry Solid Mass Velocity [Kg/h m] 2

ρ =¿ Apparent density of the solid, Kg/m3]

Z=¿ Length of the dryer, [m]
Diameter of the Dryer [m]

Experimental heat transfer coefficient

Where:
Heat loss (J/s m2)
Ua = Heat transfer coefficient between the gas and the solid. [W/m2 K]
absolute temperature of the gas [K]
surface absolute temperature [K]

4
 Ss1
T1

Gs
To be honest
Tbs
Rotary dryer
Gs
To be honest
Tbs'

Ss2
T2

Based on the previous diagram, we obtained the following balances:

Material Balance

SSx 1 +G Sy 2=S Sx 2 +G Sy 1

SS ( X−X=G
1 2) Y−Y
S( 1 2 )
Energy Balance

Theoretical mass transfer coefficient:

J DG S
K y= 2
SC3
We determine the JD:
J D=0.023ℜ0.17

J =0.0149ℜ−0.12

Where:
Theoretical Mass Transfer Coefficient. [W/m2 K]
GsMasa Air Velocity Dry [Kg/s m2]
ℜ Reynolds Dimensionless Number
Dimensional Number Schimth

Global theoretical heat transfer coefficientUa

5
 237G0.67
You=
TD
Where:
Gas speed [Kg/s m2]
T DDiameter of the dryer [m]

Experimental mass transfer coefficient:

Gs S s 1 Y−Y 1 G sS s 1 Y−Y 1
θ II= ln ⇒K y = ln
S sA KyYs−Y c S s A θIIYs−Y c
Where:
θ IITotal Time / Particle Time Ratio [S/S]
GsDry Air Velocity Mass [kg/s m2]
Cross-sectional area [m2]
Ys Moisture on the Surface of the Solid [Kg water/Kg Dry Solid]
Y1Humidity of air input [Kg water/Kg dry air]
YcExit humidity of zone II [Kg water/Kg dry air]

Drying speed for continuous direct heating dryers

Direct heating dryers are best divided into two categories, depending on which predominates
high or low temperatures. For operation at temperatures above the boiling point of
the humidity to be evaporated, the humidity of the gas has only a minimal effect on the speed of the
drying; it is easier to work directly with the heat transfer rate. At temperatures
below the boiling point, the driving forces of mass transfer are established
conveniently. In any case, it should be emphasized that testing is necessary.
experimental due to the imperfect understanding of the drying mechanisms. The calculations only
they are useful for an approximation.

High temperature drying: In a normal situation, these dryers are distinguished by three zones.
separated, which can be recognized by the variation of the temperature of the gas and the solid in the
different parts of the dryer. Note the figure, where typical temperatures are shown in
schematic form using solid lines for a counterflow dryer. In area 1, the
preheating zone, the solid is heated by the gas, until the transfer rate
of heat in the solid is balanced by the heat requirements for the evaporation of the
humidity. In fact, little drying occurs here. In zone II, the temperature at equilibrium of
solid remains basically constant, while surface moisture evaporates and does not
connected. At point B, the critical moisture content of the solid is reached; in zone III, drying occurs.
the unsaturated surface and the evaporation of bound moisture. Assuming that the coefficients of
heat transfer remains basically constant, the decreasing period of the speed of
evaporation in zone III causes an increase in the temperature of the solid; the temperature of
The solid's discharge approaches the gas inlet temperature.

6
 Figure 1.- Temperature Gradients in a Continual Counterflow Dryer.

Zone II represents the main part for many dryers; it is important to consider the
temperature-humidity relationships of the gas when it passes through this section.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

MATERIAL, EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES

Material Team Services

4 watch glasses Grain Scale Compressed air
1 beaker of 2L 3 mercury bulb thermometers from -10° to 110°C Vapor
Plastic Boats Moisture balance Electric Energy
1 spatula
Gravel

PROCEDURE

7
 Purge the heat exchanger and the condensate line.
2. Turn on the dryer motor to eliminate any accumulated residue.
3. Open the compressed air line valve slowly to avoid sudden changes in pressure.
pressure that causes damage to the differential manometer in the U of the annubar.
4. Achieve stable operating conditions (temperature, speed, and humidity of the air).
5. Weigh the material to be dried (in this case gravel) completely and moisten it.
6. Divide it into containers that hold roughly the same amount of gravel. In each container
We will place 1 reference stone white to measure the time it takes to travel the
dryer.
One person will be responsible for completely emptying the gravel in the dryer; while doing so
It will take the total emptying time of the material, the time it takes to empty each container.
and the time it takes for the dryer to pass over each stone.
8. We will take air temperatures at the outlet (dry bulb and wet bulb). Other measurements will also be taken.
the temperatures of the output solid and at the input.
At the end of the drying, a solid sample will be taken and brought to the humidity scale.
taking measurements of 4 samples of more or less the same weight.
10. When finished, close services, purge the condensate, and eliminate the remaining solid.

FLOWCHART
ROTARY DRYER LOCATED IN WAREHOUSE 1000 (Multidisciplinary Engineering Experimental Laboratory)
Chemistry
Low Vapor
P Pressure Air
Compressed

Condensed
Return
Condensed

Entry
Solid T

8
 T
P

Exit
Solid

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

Table 1. Weight of material (The weight of the container that held it is already considered).
Dry solid weight [kg] 9.9
Wet solid weight [kg] eleven thousand ninety-eight

Table 2. Air and Solid Temperature at the Inlet of the Dryer.

Air and Solid Temperature
at the entrance of the dryer
TBH [°C] °C
18 40
Temperature
of the Solid 20 °C
Entry

Table 3. Conditions in the System.

Annubar Pressure [in Hg] 3
Vapor Pressure [kg/cm ]2 1.2
Gauge pressure Kg/cm2] 0.5

Table 4. Time taken for the dryer to traverse the solid.

Time per boat Time for stone
[minutes:seconds:milliseconds] [minutes:seconds:milliseconds]
0:45:03 0:24:03
1:05:98 0:26:08
2:37:03 0:11:91

9
 3:08:13 0:14:94
6:04:03 0:36:93
7:39:88 0:32:69
8:13:60 0:30:28
9:58:12 0:30:13
12:01:68
Average Time=0.2002 h

Table 5. Air Temperature and Solid Temperature at the Dryer Outlet

Temperature of Temperature of
Running output[°C] solid
TBS To be honest [°C]
1 42 19 32
2 49 20 32
3 39 20 32
4 39 20 30
5 38 20 30
6 37 20 30
7 35 19 29
Promedio=30.714
Table 6. Humidity balance data.
Time Time
Sample % Humidity
[g] [min:seg]
1 3.959 03:14 1.16
2 3.797 04:10 1.47
3 3.641 04:04 1.24
4 3.697 04:20 1

CALCULATION MEMORY

Below we present the following equations that we use to perform the calculations.
corresponding to our analysis:

Determination of the Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficient

From the energy balance proposed in the dryer (See Generalities), it is determined that
heat in the system

To obtain the mass flow of the air fed to the dryer, we use the equation:

Wn=0.127SN D2rho
√ f √h n
Wn = mass flow = lb/hour.
diameter 0.622

10
N = correction factor of the manometer for mercury = 10440
differential pressure in inches of Hg. (3 in Hg)
S = discharge coefficient for ½ inch diameter = 0.53
f = air density at the working temperature and pressure

To calculate the working air density, we use the equation:

[( 14.692 )( 460+T )] ρ
11.33+ P 520
ρf= 1

Where:

P = gauge working pressure = lb/in2

1 = specific weight of air = 0.0764 lb/ft3
T = air temperature in °F
Calculating the conversions of the required data:

Dry Bulb Air Temperature at the Entrance:

T =40° C=104° F

Kg
Pman=0.5
cm2

[ ]
lb
1 2
Kg ¿ lb
0.5 2 =7.11946 2
cm 0.07023 Kg ¿
cm2

Substituting these values:

[( )]
11.33+7.119 520 lb
ρf=
14.692 )( 460+104
0.0764=0.08845237 3
ft

Once the density is determined, we calculate the Mass Flow of Air in the rotary dryer.

W n =0.27( 0.53)(10440) ¿

Converting Units:

[ ]
140.0477838 lb = 0.454 kg Kg
W= =63.5816
hr 1lb h

To determine the mass velocity of air, it is necessary to determine the transfer area that
corresponds to:

11
 The Transfer Area for air will then be

( ( ))
2 0.19
0.19 m A=π∗r = π∗ =0.0282m
2
1.44 m
Transfer Area for the solid
Figure 2.- Determination of Transfer Area 2
AT= (π∗D∗L=
) π∗0.19∗1.44=0.857m
( )

Once the transfer area is determined, we can calculate the mass flow rate G as follows.
way

kg
63.5816
Ws h kg
G= = =2252.32
A T 0.02827m 2
hm 2

To determine the Dry Air Mass Velocity (Gs), it is necessary to determine the humidity of the air.
to the entry conditions, this is obtained through the psychrometric chart as follows:

12
When determining the humidity (Y = 0.008 kg water/kg dry air) at the inlet conditions of the air to
rotary dryer, the mass flow rate of dry air is determined by:

kg
63.5816
Ws h Kg of water kg Dry Air
Gs=
AT
∗(1−Y ) =
0.02827m 2 (
∗ 1−0.008
Kg a. dry
=2234.30
)hm2

Once the mass velocity is determined, it is necessary to determine the mass velocity of dry solid Ss.
(Kg dry solid/h m2)

Solid dry weight 9.9 kg Dry Solid kg

Ss = = =57.6346
Total Drying Time∗Transfer Area 0.2002h∗0.857m2
hm2

Once the mass velocity of air and dry solid is determined, it is necessary to determine the enthalpies.
of solid and air at the entrance and exit for what is available

Enthalpy of the Solid

¿ ¿
H=Cp
s T−T
s ( 1 + X) Cp(T−T
r w )1

Enthalpy of the solid

Heat capacity of the solid (Gravel = 879.018 J/ kg K)
Heat capacity of H2O (Water = 4187 J/ kg K)
Real moisture of the solid
Reference temperature (273.15 K)
Temperature of the Solid at the Inlet

To determine the Real Humidity of the solid, we have:

At the entrance
11.098KgWet Solid−10.350kg Dry Solid
Humidity= ∗100=7.22
10.350kg Dry Solid

Humidity 7.22 Kg of water

Xr= = =0.07789
(100−%Humidity) (100−7.22) Kg Dry solid

From Table 9 shown in the results presentation, an average humidity of

solid at the output which corresponds to:
Table 7. Average Humidity of the Clay Sample at the Dryer Exit Determined
through the Moisture balance
Solid mass Humidity
3.7735 1.2175

%Humidity 1.2175 Kgagua

Xr= = =0.0123
(100−Humidity) (100−1.2175) Kg Solidoseco

13
In this case, the moisture of the solid at the output will correspond to that obtained in the sample since 'the
The amount of water present in a material is an extensive property (it depends on the quantity of
material) and its value is based on the 'size' of the material. The measurement of the mass of water in
materials of large mass is complicated, such is the case of the grain trade where the
"loads" are hundreds of tons.

To overcome this difficulty, this extensive property (mass of water) becomes a property
intensive when expressed per unit of another mass. The new property is known as content of
humidity and is independent of the 'size' of the material. Consequently, the content analysis of
humidity in large masses of the same material can be determined in a sample of them, without altering
its value "(Reference: Analysis and Application of moisture content expressions in
solid, Enrique Martínez L. Leonel Lira C. National Meteorology Center

The enthalpy of the solid at the entrance will be then:

J
H s 1=879.018 ( 293.15−273.15+¿
)
kgK

J
H s 1=24,102.86
dry solid kg

The enthalpy of the solid at the outlet will be then:

The average exit temperature of the solid is taken (See table 5) = 30.714 °C

J
H s 2=879.018 ( 303.86−273.15+¿
)
kgK

J
H s 2=28,583.42
dry solid kg
For the enthalpy of the air at the entrance, it is given:

[
H=G 21.005+1884 (Entrance ) ] Tbsentrada+2,502,300(Yentrada)

Substituting the input conditions Tbs = 40°C and Y input = 0.008 kg water/kg dry air
we have
J
[
H=G 21.005+1884 ( 0.008 ) ] 40+2,502,300 ( 0.008)=60821.28
Kgaire seco

For the enthalpy of the air at the outlet, it will be the same considering the outlet conditions.
corresponding to a Tbs=39°C and a Y output=0.012 kg water/kg dry air. Obtaining:

J
[
H=G 11.005+1884 ( 0.012 ) ] 39+2,502,300 ( 0.012)=70,104.32
Kg dry air
Once the enthalpies of the air and the solid at the inlet and outlet have been determined, it is possible to apply the
energy balance to obtain the amount of heat in the system.

14
 Q=¿

J
Q=−5833.15
sm2
Therefore, the global experimental coefficient of Heat Transfer will be:
Considering that the atmospheric air entered at 25 °C

W
583315
m2 w
Ua= =402.28
m2K
(
( 40−25+(39−25)
)
2 )
Both the value of the amount of heat has a negative sign, however for the calculation of
The global heat transfer coefficient is considered as an absolute value, since the sign
negative only indicates that the system is losing heat.

For the calculation of the theoretical heat transfer coefficient, we have

237∗G 0.67
Ua=
TD

Substituting our values:

0.67

Ua=
237∗
(
2252.32 kg/(h m 2)
3600 ) =913.43
w
0.19 m 2K

For the determination of the Theoretical mass transfer coefficient we have

J DG S
K y= 2
3
S
C
We determine the JD:
J D=0.023ℜ0.17

J D=0.0149ℜ−0.12

The first thing to calculate is the Reynolds number using the relation:

15
 D∗Gs
ℜ=
μ
Substituting our values we have

2234.30 kg dry air/h

ℜ=
( 0.19m )∗
( 3600 ) =1484.81
Kg
0.000079
sm 2
Calculating JD

J D=0.023(48.87)−0.17 =0.0066457

Determining the Dimensionless Schmitt Number

μ
Sc=
ρ D watera−air

Where:
μAir Viscosity
ρ = Air Density

DABAir Diffusivity in Water

[ ]
m2
s

It is necessary to calculate the diffusivity of air in water for which you have:
3

( √ ) √
−4 1 1 1 1
10 1.084−0.249 + T2 +
M Air MWater M Air MWater
D AB=
kT
pt(r Water−Aire )2f
( ε Water− Air )
Where
Diffusivity
M= Molecular mass
Absolute temperature
Molecular separation during the collision
k = Boltzmann constant
ε=Energy of molecular attraction
f(kT/ε) = Collision function

The parameters that are taken from these values to the air conditions in which they were maintained.
the drying constant (40°C) are:

Table 9.- Parameters used for the determination of water-air diffusivity

Parameter
Mayor 28.9

16
 Magua 18
T[K] 313.15
p [atm] 0.7697
in air [m3/kmol] 0.0299
v water [m3/kmol] 0.0189
r air [nm] 0.3711
r water [nm] 0.2641
water/air [nm] 0.3176
aire/k 78.6
water/k 809.1
ε(air/water) /k 188.387247
kT/ε 1.44
f(Kt/ε) 0.66
Boltzmann constant 1.38*10^-16 Erg/K

( √ ) √
−4 1 1 1 1
10 1.084−0.249 + (313.15K) 2 +
kg kg kg kg
(28.6 ) (18 ) (28.6 ) (18 )
kmol kmol kmol kmol m2
−5
D AB= =3.2032∗10
77,993.37 Pas(0.317nm)2∗0.66 s
Substituting values we have:
kg
0.000079
μ sm
Sc= = 2
=3.074
ρ D water−air kg m
−5
0.7951∗3.2032∗10
m3
The theoretical mass transfer coefficient will then be:

( 0.0066457)∗(2234.30/3600) What is this?

K y= 2
=0.000195
sm 2
(3.074) 3

For the experimental mass transfer coefficient we have:

GsS s 1 Ys−Y 1 GS s 1 Ys−Y 1

θ II= ln ⇒K y = ln
S sA KyYs−Y c S s A θIIYs−Y c

Only this area in the dryer is considered to determine the experimental coefficient of
mass transfer, since stage I occurs with little drying as it is the preheating zone,
whereas for zone III there is no mass transfer, it is the reheating part up to the
outlet temperature of the dryer.

Clearing for Ky we have:

Gs 1 Y −Y 1
K y= ln
AθIIY s −Y c

17
We determine the value of θ II What will be the relationship between the total drying time and the average time?
from the painted stone coming out of the dryer for what we have

0.2002h
θ II= =28.5859
0.0070h

For the determination of Ys, it is considered constant since it is an adiabatic process and it
calculate the wet bulb temperature up to saturation

Ys=0.01929 Kg water/Kg dry air at a constant Tbh of 20°C

The determination of Yc is obtained from the material balance applied to any zone by
separated.

Gs Y1 Gs Yc
Zone II
Ss X1 Ss Xc

The balance is as follows:

GsY c+S sX 1=G s Y 1 +S s X c

G(Y¿
s ¿c−Y)=S1 ( X−X)¿
s c 1

In zone III
Gs Yc Gs Y2
Zone III
Ss Xc Ss X2

The balance stands as:

G sY 2 +S sX c =G s Y+ S sX 2

G(Y¿2−Y)=S(X−X)¿
s ¿ c s 2 c

From the balances, it could be considered that the critical humidity would correspond to that of the
exit conditions where a variation in humidity behavior is observed as
stage 3 is disregarded because in this area only reheating takes place without a drying process,
that value corresponds to 0.011 kg water/kg dry air

18
Substituting values in the equation
G 1 Y s −Y 1
K y= ln
AθIIY s −Y c

2234.30
( )
3600 1 ( 0.01929 ) −(0.008)
K y= ln
(0.8576) (28.5859) ( 0.01929 )−(0.011)

2234.30
( )
3600 1 ( 0.01929 ) −( 0.008) Kg dry air
K y= ln =0.000781
(0.8576) (28.5859) ( 0.01929 )−(0.011) sm2

Table 10.- Mass and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Rotary Dryer
Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2 Mass Transfer Coefficient Kg
K dry air/m2
Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical
402.28 913.43 0.000781 0.000195

It can be observed that the Heat Transfer Coefficients vary significantly.

experimental regarding the theoretical, this may be due to heat losses in the dryer
by radiation and convection to the atmosphere since it is not a 100% adiabatic system, on the other
The experimentally and theoretically determined mass transfer coefficients are very small, this
since the airflow is very small and from there several of the calculations derive, it indicates equally
the amount of air per square meter per second that is in contact with the solid is very small and
it differs from one another in the same way, although not as marked as the transfer coefficient of
heat

For the calculation of the Average Retention Time:

ϕ DZπ Td2 / 4 ZphiDρs

θ= =
2
( S/s ρ s ) ( π Td / 4
) Ss

Retention Factor
∅ D=∅ DO +KG

Substituting ∅DO=Retention of gas flow and KG=Correction for the effect of the gas

0.3344Ss 0.6085G
∅ D= 0.4 + 1
ρssN T D 2
ρ s dp
Factoring the term of apparent density of the solid we have:
1 0.3344Ss 0.6085G
∅ D=
(
ρs SN0.4T D
+ 1
dp2 )
19
 Substituting the term of Retention Factor in the average Retention Time equation

[( ]
A

1 0.3344Ss 0.6085G

θ=
z
ρs SN0.9T D
+ 1
dp 2 ) ρs

Ss
It is possible to simplify the term of apparent density of the solid remaining

0.3344Ss 0.6085G

( )
0.9
+ 1
SN T D
dp 2
θ=z
Ss

For determine the slope of the dryer=S, in m/m it is:

The slope of the dryer will then be

∆Y0.155m
S= = =0.20945
0.155 m ∆ X 0.74m

0.74 m
Figure 5.- Determination of Slope in m/m for the
rotary dryer

Substituting our values we have:

73.5402 74.133

( )
0.3344∗
3600
0.9
( +
0.6085
) 3600
1
( )
26
θ=1.44
( 0.2094 )∗
60 ( )
( 0.1895 ) ( 0.001 )
2

73.5402
3600

θ=64.348 seconds

20
Conclusions

The rotary dryer was operated under constant conditions, that is, with controlled parameters, such as
such as pressure, temperature, and flow; facilitating the acquisition of experimental data that are
they need to establish the balance of matter and energy as a preliminary step to the calculation of the
mass transfer coefficients.

In this practice, we were able to understand the drying process of a solid (this particular case
clay) that is carried inside the dryer, analyzing the areas that make up the drying and how it is
variation of the temperature of both gas and solid against the distance through the dryer, we
it was possible to determine the global coefficient for heat transfer and one for the zone
II corresponding to the mass transfer coefficient, is only calculated in this part, since it is
Here is where the mass transfer takes place, because the other two zones correspond to the
preheating and reheating of the solid.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Treybal R. E., Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.

Foust A. S., Wenzel L. A. et al., Principles of Unit Operations, Continental Publishing Company,
Mexico, 1987.

Kneule F., Drying, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 1, Urmo, Bilbao, 1976.

21