BEAM Affiliate Training

綠建通才培訓課程
Sustainable Sites (SS)
可持續地塊發展

Outdoor Environmental Quality (OEQ)

室外環境質素
©copyright, all rights reserved
Sustainable Sites/ Site Aspects (SS/ SA)
可持續地塊發展/ 用地與室外環境/ 場地
This aspect focuses on the planning and design to harness the sustainable design potentials
of a site for its occupants and neighbours, preserve/ enhance its ecological capacity, optimise
its microclimate and create better climate resilience. Site attributes and scale of development
have been taken account of in the formulation of the assessment criteria.
Site locations/ Site planning and design strategies will undergo assessments for their
sustainable design quality and performances, including:
本類別重於規劃和設計，以充分發揮地塊的可持續設計潛力，服務住戶和鄰居，保護/
增強其生態承載力，優化微氣候並營造更出色的氣候應變能力。在制定評估標準時已考
慮地塊屬性和發展規模。
地塊位置/地塊規劃和設計策略將接受一系列的評估，以確保其可持續設計質素和表現，
包括：
• Spatial relationship of the building(s) to the immediate built and natural environment
建築物與周邊建築環境和自然環境的空間關係
• Site coverage of greenery, choice of plant species, tree coverage/ preservation
地塊綠化上蓋面積、植物選擇、樹木覆蓋率/保護
• Conservation and protection of archaeological remains, historic buildings and
monuments
保存和保護考古遺跡、歷史建築和古蹟

2
©copyright, all rights reserved
Sustainable Sites/ Site Aspects (SS/ SA)
可持續地塊發展/ 用地與室外環境/ 場地 SS/ SA Neighbourhood
Credits .
Integration
社區融合
分數

Ecologically
Responsible
Design
*Prerequisites 生態責任設計
先決條件

Bioclimatic
Design
Climate
Resilience and 生物氣候
Adaptability 設計
氣候應變力
及適應力

*Applicability of prerequisites depends on assessment tools

先決條件的適用性取決於評估工具
3
©copyright, all rights reserved
Outdoor Environmental Quality (OEQ)
室外環境質素
Unique aspect in ND v1.0
綠建環評社區1.0 版的獨特評估範疇

This aspect includes those environmental quality aspects of performance that have impact
on the health, comfort or well-being of general public, as well as aspects of performance
that improve quality and functionality, including
本類別重於對公眾的健康、舒適或福祉有影響的環境質素指標，以提高相關質素，其
中包括：

• Thermal Environment 熱環境

• Daylight and Visual Quality 日光和景觀
• Acoustic and Air Quality 聲學和空氣質素

4
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Table of content
目錄
Biodiversity and Evaluation Air Ventilation Assessment
01 生物多樣性及評估
p. 6 - 11 06 空氣流通評估
p. 40 - 44

Light Pollution Control Soft Landscape & Cool Materials

02 光污染管制
p. 12 - 19 07 花卉樹木種植區及冷卻物料
p. 45 - 48

Daylight access to buildings Stormwater management

03 建築物的日照通道
p. 20 - 25 08 雨水管理
p. 49 - 51

Visual Quality TSI & PET

04 景觀
p. 26 09 熱感受指數及生理等效溫度
p. 52 - 53

Noise Control for

Microclimate and building design
05 微氣候與建築設計
p. 27 - 39 10 Building Equipment p. 54 - 61
建築設備噪音管制

5
©copyright, all rights reserved
What is Biodiversity?
什麼是生物多樣性？
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, it includes all organisms,
species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; and
their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. It is a
measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species
(species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level.
While Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to
be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction
due to human activities, putting the Earth’s magnificent
biodiversity at risk.

生物多樣性是指地球上生命的多樣性，它包括所有生物、物種
和種群，其中的遺傳變異，以及它們複雜的社區和生態系統組
合。可以用來衡量生物各方面的變異， 包括遺傳（遺傳變異
性）、物種（物種多樣性）和生態系統（生態系統多樣性）。
雖然地球的生物多樣性十分豐富，以至於許多物種尚未被發現，
但由於人類活動，許多物種正面臨滅絕的威脅，使地球壯麗的
生物多樣性處於危險之中。

Source: What is biodiversity?, United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre
[Link]
6
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Ｍain causes of biodiversity loss
生物多樣性消失的主要原因
Habitat Loss and Destruction
01 棲息地喪失和破壞

Alterations in ecosystem
02 composition
Over-exploitation
生態系統構成的改變 04 過度開發

Invasive alien species

03 外來入侵物種 Pollution and Contamination
05 污染

Global Climate Change

06 全球氣候變化
Invasive Alien Species are animals/ plants that
are introduced accidentally or deliberately
into a natural environment where they are not
normally found, with serious negative
consequences for their new environment
外來入侵物種是指被意外或故意引入
新自然環境的動物和植物，並會對該 Source: What is biodiversity?, United Nations Environment
環境造成嚴重的負面影響 Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre
[Link]
SITY_FACTSHEET.pdf
7
©copyright, all rights reserved
Natural habitat in Hong Kong
香港的自然棲息地
With humid subtropical climate and locating at the south-eastern
coast of China, Hong Kong endows a wide variety of natural
habitats regardless of its relatively small territory. Habitats found in
Hong Kong generally include:
香港位於中國東南面的沿海位置並屬於亞熱帶濕潤氣候，故地
方雖少，依然能孕育出多樣性的生態環境，所包含的生境種類
包括：
• Urban areas 市區
• Ocean, coastal shores and islands 海洋，海岸和島嶼
• Brackish water wetlands 鹹淡水濕地
• Freshwater wetlands 淡水濕地
• Freshwater streams 淡水溪流
• Woodlands 林地
• Grassland and shrubland 草地和灌木叢
• Highland area 高地

Source: AFCD
[Link]
[Link]
8
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Ecological Value Habitat Types
Evaluation of Ecological value 生態價值 棲息地類型
Fung Shui Forest 風水林
生態價值評估 Montane Forest 山地森林
Lowland Forest 低地森林
High Value Mixed Shrubland 雜灌叢
Habitat mapping report of the site, referencing the Terrestrial 高價值 Freshwater/ Brackish Wetland 淡水/半鹹水濕地
Habitat Mapping and Ranking Based on Conservation Value Natural Watercourse 天然水道
Seagrass Bed 海草床
參照《陸上棲息地保育價值評級及地圖製作》，撰寫地塊生境 Intertidal Mudflat 潮間帶泥灘
測繪報告：
Shrubby Grassland (including Baeckea
• Identify the locations, dimensions and areas of all existing Shrubland) 灌叢草地(包括崗松、灌叢帶)
habitat types within the site Plantation or Plantation/ Mixed Forest
Medium Value 種植園或種植園/混交林
確定地塊內所有現有棲息地類型的位置、尺寸和面積 中等價值 Fishpond/ Gei Wai 魚塘/基圍
• Determine their corresponding indicative ecological value Sandy Shore 沙灘
Rocky Shore 岩岸
確定其相應的指示性生態價值 Cultivation 耕地
Bare Rock or Soil 裸露的岩石或土壤
List for Endangered Species 瀕危物種列表
Grassland 草地
[Link]
Modified Watercourse 改良水道
[Link] Low Value
Artificial Rocky/ Hard Shoreline
瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約
低價值 人造岩石/硬質海岸線
Golf Course/ Urban Park 高爾夫球場/城市公園
Quarry 採石場
Rural industrial storage/ containers
Negligible Value 郊區工業倉儲用地/貨櫃
可忽略不計的價值 Landfill 垃圾堆填區
Others 其他
Source: Sustainable Development Unit, Environment Bureau
[Link]
9
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Ways to enhance biodiversity
加強生物多樣性的方法
Bird-friendly design
鳥類友好設計

Physical connectivity between areas

Bricks for bees 蜜蜂磚
with ecological values
具有生態價值的區域之間的物理連通性

Wildlife-friendly building features

Increased diversity and
野生動物友好型建築要素
complexity of planting
種植多樣性和複雜性增加

10
©copyright, all rights reserved
Increased diversity and complexity of planting
增加種植多樣性和複雜性 科

Street Tree Selection Guide from Development Bureau recommended

80 less commonly used but suitable tree species to support a long term
sustainable, healthy and resilient urban forest by improving the
vegetation diversity
發展局的《街道選樹指南》推薦了80種過往比較少採用但適合在香
港生長的的樹木品種。通過改善植物多樣性，以支持我們城市林木
屬
長遠發展的可持續性、健康性及其適應能力

10-20-30 basic rule of plant diversity is also recommended as a start,

i.e. no more than 10% of any one species, 20% of any one genus and
30% of any one family
《指南》亦建議以10-20-30的植物多樣性基本法則作起步參考，即
任何植物品種不超過10%，任何同屬的植物不超過20%和任何同科
的植物不超過30% 品種

Source: Street Tree Selection Guide, Development Bureau

[Link]
11
©copyright, all rights reserved
Types of obtrusive light
干擾光的類型

向上直接光

光溢散

工作照明
向上反射光 光入侵
背光

需要照明的範圍 直面光源強度
Glare 眩光

Source: Guidance notes for the reduction of obtrusive light, The Institution of Lighting Professionals
[Link]
12
©copyright, all rights reserved
 The following exterior lighting is exempted from the requirements, provided it is
Light Pollution Control controlled separately from the non-exempt lighting
考慮到以下照明系統與非免除條件照明分開控制，則以下外部照明不受相
光污染管制 關要求限制：

• Specialised signal, directional, and marker lighting for transportation

用於運輸的專用信號、定向和標記照明
Review scaled map showing the • Lighting for theatrical purposes for stage, film, and video performances
immediate neighbourhood of the 舞臺、電影和視頻表演使用的戲劇效果照明
site to indicate the sensitive • Hospital emergency departments, including associated helipads
Obtrusive receiver • 醫院急診科，包括相關的直升機場
Artificial Light 檢視附近區域的比例地圖，以標
干擾人造光 示光污染敏感受體
Review the total/ specular reflectance values
of the finishes of the surface materials
檢視表面材料的合計/ 鏡面反射率值 External Light
Lighting simulation with Reflection from
designed exterior lighting Building
Adopt relevant fixtures Calculations of external light reflectance with surface 建築物外部光反射
recommendations 使用設計的外部照明設備 areas using different materials
Guidelines on Industry 進行建模研究 計算建築外牆和屋頂材料的外部光反射率
Best Practices for OR 或
External Lighting Total 合計 Specular 鏡面反射
External surfaces of various parts of the building development
遵守《外部照明行業最 Assess the light pollution
建築發展項目各部分的外表面 External Light reflectance not to exceed
佳實踐指引》中的相關 of the building with BUG
外部光反射率不超過
建議 method
用背光向上照射眩光法評 Glass 玻璃 20% Nil
估建築物的光污染
At least 50% (measured by surface areas) of materials
(other than glass) on building facades and roof Nil 10%
建築外牆和屋頂上至少50%(按表面積測量)的材料(玻璃除外)
13
©copyright, all rights reserved
Lighting simulation
照明模擬

DIALux

Simulation software (e.g. DIALux/ AGi32)

adopted for assessing the effect of
obtrusive light.
採用模擬軟體來評估干擾光的影響。
AGi32 Source: Knowledge Base DIALux evo
[Link]
What is AGI32 - Lighting Analysts
[Link]
14
©copyright, all rights reserved
Light Pollution Environmental Zones
光污染環境區域 SQM (Sky Quality Meter)
夜空觀測品質
Specified performance on obtrusive light from exterior lighting is required Scale: between the numbers of 16.00-22.00
according to the environmental zone in which the building development is The sky is the brightest at the lowest number (16.0)
located. 數值在 16.00-22.00 之間
數值愈低代表天空愈亮
就建築發展項目所在環境區域，對來自外部照明的干擾光的規定表現亦有
所不同。
Environmental zones
Surrounding 附近區域 Lighting environment 照明環境 Examples 範例
環境區域

E0 Protected 受保護地區 Dark 昏暗的 (SQM 20.5+) Dark-sky preserve, IDA 暗空保育區

Relatively uninhabited rural areas, National Parks,

E1 Natural 自然環境 Dark 昏暗的 (SQM 20 to 20.5)
etc. 相對無人居住的郊區，國家公園等

Sparsely inhabited rural areas, village or relatively

Low district brightness 低照明區域亮度
E2 Rural 鄉郊 dark outer suburban locations 人煙稀少的鄉郊地區、
(SQM ~15 to 20)
村莊或相對黑暗的郊區
Well inhabited rural and urban settlements, small
Medium district brightness
E3 Suburban 郊區 town centres of suburban locations 人煙稠密的郊區
中照明區域亮度
和城市定居點，近郊的城鎮中心
High district brightness Town / City centres with high levels of night-time
E4 Urban 城市
高照明區域亮度 activity 夜間活動頻繁的城鎮/市中心
Source: Guidance notes for the reduction of obtrusive light, The Institution of Lighting Professionals
[Link]
15
©copyright, all rights reserved
Parameters for the Control of Obtrusive Light
干擾光控制參數
Building
Luminance
Light Intrusion (into
Light into windows 透窗光照度 Environmental Windows) 透窗光照度
建築物亮度
Average平均
zones Ev [lux勒克斯]
These values are suggested maximums for any window. So any new L [cd/m2
lighting will have to produce less than this value if there is any 環境區域 坎德拉/平方米]
existing light trespass at a specific window. Pre-curfew Post-curfew Pre-curfew
透窗光照度為任何光照入窗口的建議最大值。即若任何戶外燈 關燈前 關燈後 關燈前
光裝置會照入特定視窗，都須乎符合此規定。
E0 0 0 0

Building luminance 建築物亮度 E1 2 0 (1*) 0

This should be limited to avoid over lighting, and relates to the

E2 5 1 5
general district brightness. Building luminance is applicable to
buildings directly illuminated as a night-time feature as against the
illumination of a building caused by spill light from adjacent E3 10 2 10
floodlights or floodlights fixed to the building but used to light an
adjacent area. E4 25 5 25
建築物亮度應受到限制以避免過度照明，並與一般區域亮度相
若。此數值適用於作為夜間特徵直接被照亮/被相鄰燈具照亮 *Permitted only from Public road lighting installations
的建築物。 僅允許用於公共道路照明裝置
Source: Guidance notes for the reduction of obtrusive light, The Institution of Lighting Professionals
[Link]
16
©copyright, all rights reserved
Parameters for the Control of Obtrusive Light
干擾光控制參數 (Cont'd)
Source intensity 光源強度
Sky glow 天空輝光 Environmental Sky Glow ULR I [candelas 坎德拉]
zones 天空輝光
Upward Light Ratio of the Installation and is the maximum 環境區域 [Max %] Pre-curfew Post-curfew
permitted percentage of luminaire flux for the total installation 關燈前 關燈後
that goes directly into the sky
E0 0 0 0
向上的戶外裝置燈光比例，是整體戶外燈光裝置直接射向天空
的最大允許光通量百分比
E1 0 2,500 0

Source intensity 光源強度 E2 2.5 7,500 500

This is the intensity going beyond the area being lit from any single
E3 5.0 10,000 1,000
source in the potentially obtrusive direction. The figures given are
for general guidance only and for some large sports lighting
applications with limited mounting heights may be difficult to E4 15 25,000 2,500
achieve.
在可能造成干擾的方向，任何單一光源都不可以超出此光源強
度。此數值僅為一般戶外燈光裝置作指引，較難於安裝高度有
限的運動場燈光裝置上實現。

Source: Guidance notes for the reduction of obtrusive light, The Institution of Lighting Professionals
[Link]
17
©copyright, all rights reserved
BUG Method
背光向上照射眩光法
In short, the BUG system looks at the amount of light in certain angle ranges
when it leaves the fixture
簡而言之，BUG系統會評估在特定角度範圍內離開照明裝置的光量

BUG stands for Backlight,

Uplight, and Glare Backlight 背光
BUG 代表背光、向上光和 • the light directed
眩光 behind the fixture
指向照明裝置後面的
光

Glare 眩光
Uplight 向上光
• the amount of light emitted from
• any light directed upward above the
the luminaire at high angles
horizontal plane of the luminaire
以高角度發出的照明裝置的光
任何指向照明裝置水平面上方的光

Source: Backlight, Uplight, and Glare (BUG) Ratings - IES TM-15-11 – Addendum A.
[Link] [Link]
18
©copyright, all rights reserved
Charter on External Lighting
戶外燈光約章
Due to the high density of buildings in Hong Kong, external lighting at
night may cause nuisance to residents/ ecosystem in the vicinity.
Switching off unnecessary external lighting during the preset time can
foster a better nighttime environment, which is conducive for the
public to rest.
香港建築環境密集，夜間的戶外燈光會對附近居民/生態造成滋擾。
在預調時間關掉不必要的戶外燈光可為居民/生物提供較理想的作
息環境。

Recent recommendations, which will be effective in 01 Jan 2023 include

tightening the switch-off requirements in relation to operating hours
and the mode
《約章》從戶外燈光裝置的運作時間和模式兩方面着手收緊關燈要
求，由2023年1月1日開始：
• Switch off relevant external lighting installations from 10pm to
7am on the following day 由晚上十時至翌日早上七時關掉相關
戶外燈光裝置
• Turn off non-static lighting installations or switch them to static
mode from 10pm 由晚上十時關掉動態的燈光裝置或將其轉為
靜態模式

Source: Charter on External Lighting, Environment and Ecology Bureau

[Link]
19
©copyright, all rights reserved
Adequate daylight access to sensitive buildings
為敏感建築物提供充足的日照通道
Neighbouring sensitive buildings 鄰里敏感建築物
• Residential Buildings 住宅建築
• Premises that requires daylight to enhance the lighting environment for the
occupants to perform tasks, such as offices and schools
需要日照改善住戶執行任務所在照明環境的場所，例如辦公室和學校
• Premises that require daylight for energy saving and an improved environment
for the transient stage of occupation, such as the circulation area of shopping
centres and indoor games halls
需要日照以實現節能和改善環境用於臨時佔用階段的場所，如購物中心的
流通區和室內遊戲廳
• Premises that require daylight primarily for view, such as hotels and hospitals
主要需要日照才能照亮四周的場所，例如酒店和醫院
• Temporary structures are not required to be included
不需要包括臨時結構物

Most affected lowest floor of the sensitive buildings shall be assessed

應評估敏感建築物中最受影響的最低樓層

20
©copyright, all rights reserved
Adequate daylight access to sensitive buildings
為敏感建築物提供充足的日照通道

Sky Component 視窗天空光 (SC)

• Daylight from sky visible at the point considered
在室內測點上可見的天空日光
• Affected by the surrounding building height
受周圍樓宇高度影響

SC

21
©copyright, all rights reserved
Adequate daylight access to sensitive buildings
為敏感建築物提供充足的日照通道 (Cont'd)
Externally Reflected Component
室外反射光 (ERC)
• Daylight reflected from external surface and then reaching the point considered
從外面反射到室內測點的日光
• Affected by the building separation, color, height etc.
受樓宇間距、顏色、高度等因素影響

ERC

22
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Vertical Daylight Factor (VDF)
垂直日光係數
The ratio in percentage of the total amount of illuminance falling
onto a vertical surface of a building to the instantaneous horizontal
illuminance from a complete hemisphere of sky excluding direct
sunlight. It takes into account light coming from the sky directly and
from reflected light of surrounding buildings and the ground both
above and below the horizon.
𝑬𝒗
𝑽𝑫𝑭 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒉
落在建築物垂直表面上的照度總量與天空的水平照度（不包括
𝑬𝒗 = 𝑬𝒔 + 𝑬𝒓 + 𝑬𝒈
陽光直射）的百分比。它考慮了直接來自天空的光線以及來自
周圍建築物和地平線以上和以下地面的反射光。 Ev = Vertical illuminance onto a vertical surface (lux)
垂直表面上的光總量
Es = Direct light from the sky/ Vertical sky component
(lux) 來自天空的直射光
Er = Reflected light from surroundings (lux)
來自周圍環境的反射光
Eg = Reflected light from ground (lux)
Source: Buildings Department, PNAP APP-130. Lighting and Ventilation Requirements – Performance-based Approach 地面反射光
[Link]
Ance Olina & Nevila Zaimi. Daylight Prediction Based on the VSC – DF Relation. Master Thesis in Energy-efficient and Environmental Eh = Horizontal illuminance of an unobstructed sky (lux)
Buildings, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University 天空的水平照度
23
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Daylight Factor (DF)
日光係數 R
τ
Ratio of indoor illuminance at the point in
question to the outdoor unobstructed W
horizontal illuminance.
A
測量點的室內照度與室外無遮擋水平照度的
比例。 𝑬𝒊𝒏
𝑫𝑭 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝝉𝑾𝜽
Illuminances are measured under 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑫𝑭 = 𝟐
𝑨(𝟏 − 𝑹 )
the same standard sky, usually a CIE
overcast sky τ = Transmittance of window (dimensionless)
窗透射率
照度都是在相同的標準天空下測
量的，通常是CIE陰天 W = Window area (m2)
窗戶面積
θ = Angle subtended by the visible sky (rad)
可見天空的角度
A = Area of internal surface (m2)
Source: J. Mardaljevic & J. Christoffersen. ‘Climate connectivity‘ in the daylight factor basis of building 室內表面面積
standards. Building and Environment, Vol. 113, 15 February 2017, Pages 200-209
Daylight and Sunlight Assessment R = Average reflectance (dimensionless)
[Link] 平均反射率
24
©copyright, all rights reserved
Unobstructed Vision Area (UVA)
無障礙視區
UVA of a window is the unobstructed area
bounded by a cone with the horizontal angle
measuring 100o up to both edges of the window
glazing pane, symmetrical and perpendicular to
the window plane
窗戶的無障礙視區是指窗外的無遮擋面積，
量度自玻璃窗兩邊水平夾角100度以內、錐形
對稱的室外無遮擋面積，該平面與窗面垂直

Source: APP130, BD
[Link] 25
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Visual Quality
景觀
Visual Quality (VQ) can be described by identifying the inherent characteristics and attributes of the surrounding
environment. Positive visual elements should be preserved and enhanced as they reinforce the visual image of the
space and enhance its amenity values; while analysis of negative visual elements could provide an indicator of
recommendations to enhance the visual quality of the space.
Visual Quality 景觀可以通過識別周圍環境的固有特徵和屬性來進行評估。透過增強及保留良好的視覺元素，以及分析負面的視覺元素
Study 並提供改善建議，從而提升空間的視覺形象和美化市容
景觀研究
Positive visual elements include pleasant views towards a waterfront, a valley, a hill or well-designed outdoor landscape.
Negative visual elements include obstructions by buildings, the lack of landscape, etc.
良好的視覺元素包括海濱、山谷、山丘或精心設計的戶外景觀。而不良的視覺元素則包括景觀障礙物或缺乏自然景觀等

To analyse the image from viewpoints with the weighting Weighting factor
Representation 象徵 Examples 示例
factor for visual quality 以景觀的權重因數分析從觀察點視角得 權重因數
出的圖像: Waterfront, natural, terrain and sky
5 Best Quality 最佳品質
海濱、自然、地形和天空
Open space (green, park, trees)
4 Good Quality 良好品質
開放空間（綠色、公園、樹木）
Low rise development
3 Medium quality 中等品質
低層建築
Medium rise development
2 Poor Quality 不良品質
中層建築
High rise development, road and highways
1 Worst Quality 最差品質
高層建築、道路和高速公路

26
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Urbanisation versus Environmental Quality
城市化與環境質素

城市風變慢

Urban winds and night

temperatures in Hong Kong 晚間氣溫上升
香港的城市風和夜間溫度

(Source: HK Observatory
香港天文臺)

27
©copyright, all rights reserved
Urbanisation versus Environmental Quality
城市化與環境質素
Heat exhaust from buildings/ transport Increasing heat content of the air
建築物/運輸產生的排熱 增加空氣的熱含量

Tall buildings and narrow streets Reducing sky view / heat loss to space
高層建築和狹窄的街道 減少了天空景觀/ 空間的熱量散失

Rising building density Increasing heat absorption

建築密度上升 吸熱率上升

“Walled buildings” Reducing air ventilation

圍牆建築 阻礙空氣流通

No planting strip for street trees Reducing urban greenery

街道樹沒有種植帶 減少城市綠化

Increasing impervious ground surfaces Reducing water holding capacity

不透水的地面增多 降低持水能力

28
©copyright, all rights reserved
Microclimate
微氣候
Microclimate is the suite of climatic conditions measured
in localised areas near the earth's surface. These
environmental variables—which include temperature,
light, wind speed, and moisture—provide meaningful
indicators for habitat selection and other ecological
activities.

微氣候是在地球表面附近的局部地區測量的一系列氣
候條件。這些環境變數（包括溫度、光照、風速和濕
度）為選擇棲息地和其他生態活動提供了有意義的指
標。

-- Naiman et al., 2005

Source: Naiman, R.J. et al. (2005) “Biotic functions of riparia,” Riparia, pp. 125–158.
[Link]
HKGBC Guidebook on Urban Microclimate Study
[Link]
29
©copyright, all rights reserved
 In Hong Kong’s high-density and sub-tropical
Urban microclimate in Hong Kong environment, comfort is an important factor in
people’s use of the outdoor space. Prevailing
香港的都市微氣候 conditions of natural ambient environmental
conditions in outdoor space are affected by local
Urban Setting 城市環境 site factors, including
• City size 城市規模
• Density 密度 在高密度和亞熱帶的環境中，舒適性是令人們
• Building material and fabric 建築材料 在香港使用戶外空間的重要因素。而戶外自然
• Building form and layout 建築佈局 環境則受當地場地因素所影響，包括：
• Building façade 建築物外牆
• Land use 土地利用
• Development intensity 發展密度 City Location 城市位置
City Metabolism 城市代謝 • Climate 氣候
• Energy/water use 能源/水的使用 • Topography 地形
• Waste and emissions 廢物和排放 • Rural surroundings 郊區環境
• Anthropogenic heat release 人為散熱
Weather 天氣
• Wind 風
• Cloud 雲
Therefore, the building industry plays an • Temperature 溫度
• Relative humidity 相對溫度
important role in the improvement of the urban • Solar radiation 太陽輻射
microclimate, for example, by using lighter colours • Rain 雨
in façades, providing shading, and incorporating
greenery. Ur Temporal Setting 時態
因此，建築業在改善城市微氣候方面扮演著重 b an ate • Daytime/ nightime 白天/夜間
microclim • Season 季節
要角色，例如使用較淺顏色的外牆、提供遮蔭 都市微 候
位置和融入綠色植物。 氣
Source: HKGBC Guidebook on Urban Microclimate Study
[Link]
30
©copyright, all rights reserved
Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應
Urban Heat Island is an extensively studied microclimate 日間
phenomenon in dense urban areas. It refers to the relatively
higher temperature in the afternoon/ evening/ night-time in
built-up areas compared to the surrounding rural parts,
resulting an “island” for the temperature curve 夜間

溫度
城市熱島效應是人口稠密的城市地區廣泛研究的微氣候
現象。與周圍郊區相比，城鎮在下午/晚間/夜間的溫度相
對較高，於溫度曲線中形成“孤島”
The effects of intra-urban heating can be quantified by Intra-
Urban Heat Index, which is defined as the temperature
difference between urban and reference meteorological air
temperature. Higher Intra-Urban Heat Index suggests a more 70
No. of Hot Night 熱夜日數 (Temperature 溫度> 28oC)

severe intra-urban heating effect 60

61

城市內部熱環境的影響可以通過城市內部熱指數來量化， 50 50

城市內部熱指數是指城市與參考氣象氣溫之間的溫差。
46

41
40

城市內部熱指數越高，表示該城市內部熱效應越嚴重
37
36 36
34

30 30
28
26 26
24 24 24
23 23
22
21
20 20 20
19 19
17 17 17 17
16 16

Source: Number of Hot nights observed at the Hong Kong Observatory 12

15 15
12
15 15

10 10 10 10

[Link] 9

Learn About Heat Islands， EPA 0

2

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

[Link]
31
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施
High-rise buildings 高層建築
Low-rise buildings 低層建築
• Restricted sky view 受限的天空視野
• Large sky view 更大的天空視野 • More heat absorbed by buildings / ground
• Heat reflecting to space 熱量反射到天空 建築物/地面吸收的更多熱量

32
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)

Planning and building design

規劃和建築設計
• Breezeways along prevailing wind directions (principal roads, inter-
linked open spaces, non-building areas, building setbacks, over low-
rise buildings [below 15m])
沿主導風向的微風道（主要道路、相互連接的開放空間、非建
築用地、樓宇後移、低層建築 [15 米以下]）

• Air paths to connect breezeways

連接微風道的空氣路徑

Not Less
Effective Effective Effective Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11
PlanD: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment. Feasibility Study
33
©copyright, all rights reserved [Link]
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)
Planning and building design 規劃和建築設計
• Adopt design with lower scale and height, wider building separation for waterfront sites to
avoid blockage of winds
在海旁採用較小規模和較低建築高度的設計，更寬的樓宇間距，避免產生風阻

Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11

34
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)
Planning and building design
規劃和建築設計
• Varying building heights, with lower heights towards
the direction of prevailing winds
以較低的樓宇朝向主導風的方向

Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11

35
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)

Building design
建築設計
• Reducing site coverage of podia to
allow more open space at street level
減少平台的覆蓋率，以便在街道上
提供更多的開放空間

Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11

36
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)
Building design 建築設計
• Stepping podia and intervening spaces between podia and towers to allow
better air flow on streets
考慮臺階式平台及於平台和樓宇之間留有空間，加強街道上的空氣流通

Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11

37
©copyright, all rights reserved
Mitigation measures of Urban Heat Island
城市熱島效應的緩減措施 (Cont'd)
Building design 建築設計
• Towers on the side of podia facing prevailing wind to enable downwash
wind to reach streets
將樓宇靠近平台的一側面向主導風，使下降氣流能夠到達街道

Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11

38
©copyright, all rights reserved
 • Intervening spaces to improve air ventilation and to enhance
Building Permeability environmental quality at pedestrian level
建築物通透度 •
分隔空間以改善空氣流通和提高行人水平的環境質素
Sustainable Building Design Guidelines by the Buildings
Department 屋宇署可持續建築設計指引
• permeability depending on site area, building height, length
of building 因應地盤面積、建築高度和建築長度所要求
的建築物通透度: 20 to 33%
• Building separation to be at least 15m / setback from
boundary by at least 7.5m 樓宇間距至少為15米/樓宇後移
至少7.5米

The plane with the higher permeability should preferably be set perpendicular
to the summer prevailing wind direction with plus or minus 30degree
flexibility or existing street pattern
具有較高通透度的建築面最好面向夏季主導風向(±30度)或現有路網 Source: Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines Chapter 11
39
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Air
Ventilation
Expert Evaluation 專家評估 Initial Study 初步研究 Detailed Study 詳細研究
Assessment Qualitative assessment Qualitative and rough Detailed quantitative

空氣流通評估 定質評估 quantitative assessment

定質評估和粗略量化評估
assessment
詳細量化評估

Assess the impact of a building design to the urban wind

environment, especially designed for weak urban wind conditions Source: Air Ventilation Assessment for Central Waterfront Site, PlanD
[Link]
評估建築設計對城市風的影響，尤其是在風力條件較弱的地方
Feasibility Study for Establishment of Air Ventilation Assessment System, PlanD
[Link]
Computational Fluid Dynamics

計算流體力學模擬

Wind Tunnel Test

(CFD) Simulation

風洞試驗 40
©copyright, all rights reserved
Air Ventilation Assessment - Relevant terminology Wind profile
風廓線
空氣流通評估 - 相關術語 Commonly used to describe the vertical
distribution of horizontal mean wind speeds
Wind Rose within the lowest portion of the planetary
風玫瑰圖 boundary layer
A graphic tool used to give a succinct view of the 通常用於描述大氣邊界層內的
mean wind speed and wind probability of direction 水平平均風速的垂直分佈
are typically distributed at a particular location
一種用於簡要了解在一特定位置的平均風速和風向
概率分佈的圖形工具

Perimeter test points 周邊測試點

(Typically一般項目約有 30-50 nos.個) Local spatial average Velocity Ratio (LVR)
Positioned on the project site boundary 置於地盤邊界 周邊空間平均風速比
Overall test points 整體測試點 Average of all perimeter and overall test points in AVA
(Typically一般項目約有 30-50 nos.個) 空氣流通評估中所有周邊和整體測試點的平均值
Evenly distributed and positioned in the open spaces, on Site spatial average Velocity Ratio (SVR)
the streets and places of the project and assessment Areas
where pedestrians frequently access 均勻分佈在評估範圍
地塊空間平均風速比
內的開放空間、街道和行人經常進入的區域 Average of all perimeter test points in AVA
空氣流通評估中所有周邊測試點的平均值
Special test points 特殊測試點
Positioned in areas that special localised problems are likely Source: Wind effects: [Link]
to appear (e.g. wind gust problem for exposed sites) Technical Guide for Air Ventilation Assessment for Developments in Hong Kong
Site Wind Availability Data, Planning Department [Link]
在可能出現特殊局部問題的區域(如暴露於陣風) Yuan, C., Ng, E. Practical application of CFD on environmentally sensitive architectural design at high density cities: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate (2013),
[Link] 10.1016/[Link].2013.12.001
41
©copyright, all rights reserved
 The process of mathematically predicting physical fluid flow by
Computational Fluid Dynamics solving the governing equations using computational power
通過使用計算、解析控制方程來預測物理流體流動的過程
計算流體力學
With collection of wind data, designed building plan and surrounding topographic information, computation model can be established
使用收集的風力數據、建築物設計平面圖和周圍地形資訊建立計算模型

Computational domain size 計算域大小 Modelling area with project located at the centre 模型區域，項目位於中心

Domain and model size of the model shall be adjusted according to the site area and the height of the tallest building on site (H)
域和模型的大小應根據地盤面積和項目最高建築物的高度(H)進行調整:
Surrounding area (with detailed geographical features and existing building): at least 2H
NBv2.0
周邊區域(包括詳細的地理特徵和現有建築): 至少為2H
新建建築
Terrain area (with geographical features): at least 10H or 1000m × 1000m, whichever is larger
2.0版
地形區(包括地理特徵): 至少為10H 或 1000公尺×1000公尺，以較大者為準
Source: Yuan, C., Ng, E. Practical application of CFD on environmentally sensitive architectural design at high density cities: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate (2013),
[Link] 10.1016/[Link].2013.12.001
42
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Evaluate the architectural building design and its effect on ventilation in surrounding area
performances comparing the overall simulation result, or velocity of specify test point
Computational Fluid Dynamics 通過比較整體或指定測試點的模擬結果，可評估建築設計及其對區域通風性能的影響

計算流體力學 (Cont'd)

Mesh 網
To decrease the computing cost, number of grid will
be assigned according to the significance of the
region of the model 為了降低計算成本，網格數量
將根據模型區域的重要性分配
• Finest grids will be set for the assessed area
評估區域中設置網格最為精細
Source: Yuan, C., Ng, E. Practical application of CFD on environmentally sensitive architectural
design at high density cities: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate
(2013), [Link] 10.1016/[Link].2013.12.001
43
©copyright, all rights reserved
 By placing the scaled physical model of buildings and terrain
Wind Tunnel Test with different shape and roughness in the wind tunnel,
風洞試驗 the velocity profile and turbulence of wind can be measured
with artificial air flow simulated for various wind direction
Topographic model 地形模型: 將具不同形狀和粗糙度的建築物和地形縮尺實體模型放置於風洞試驗段
Study the topographic effects, e.g. velocity, by the 內，並以人工氣流模擬從各方向吹來的風，以測量風速剖面和湍流
approaching wind with terrain within about 5km radius
of the building site 量度因地形變化而轉變的風速
Proximity model 景物模擬:
Include all existing buildings and geographical features located
within a 500m radius of the building site, to study the wind
loads and wind pressures acted on the building under the
approaching wind profiles investigated by the topographic
model study 於模型設置所有現有建築物和地理特徵，以地形
模型中得出的結果，測量作用於建築物的風荷載和風壓

Project building

Fan

Anemometer at test points Source: Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2019, BD
測試點的風速計 Turntable [Link]
【樓行學】 之 風洞測試, BD: [Link]
44
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Effect of Soft Landscape on Microclimate
花卉樹木種植區對微氣候的影響
Greenery has a cooling and shading effect to reduce air temperature
綠化具有降溫、遮蔭的作用，可降低空氣溫度
→ should be close to pedestrian level for effective improvement of
microclimate 應靠近行人水平，以改善微氣候
Water Feature 水景 Vertical Greenery 垂直綠化

PET of Zero Carbon Building 零碳天地生理等效溫度

Grass Paver 嵌草磚

Source: Case Sharing 3, Zero Carbon

Building (ZCB), HKGBC
[Link]
agement/guidebooks/urban-
microclimate-study/[Link]
45
©copyright, all rights reserved
Effect of Soft Landscape on Microclimate
花卉樹木種植區對微氣候的影響 (Cont'd)
不透水表面 半透水表面 半開放表面
Trees are the most effective in heat absorbance. 30% of
greenery coverage of a site by trees will help to reduce 1°C for
the ambient temperature
樹木在吸熱方面是最有效的。當樹木覆蓋率達30%將有助於
環境溫度降低1°C

樓板上的

1.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 綠化空間

地面綠化空間

典型屋面 垂直綠化 綠化屋面

Source: BIOTOPE AREA FACTOR, Centre d'écologie urbaine de Montréal

[Link]
46
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Cool Materials
冷卻物料
Cool roofs use solar-reflective surfaces to maintain lower roof temperatures and decrease air
conditioning needs. It is able to maintain a temperature differential of 6-8 degree Celsius
between ambient and indoor air temperature due to high thermal emittance and solar
reflectance.
屋頂的冷卻物料可反射更多的太陽輻射以保持較低的屋頂溫度並減少室內空調需求。因
其高熱發射率和太陽反射率，它能夠為環境和室內空氣溫度保持攝氏6-8度的溫差。

Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) 太陽能反射指數: An SRI value is calculated using the
Constructed surface’s ability to stay cool in the Sun roof surface’s Solar Reflectance (SR)
建築表面在陽光下保持涼爽的能力 and Thermal Emittance (TE)
太陽能反射指數是使用屋頂表面
的太陽反射率和熱發射率計算的
標準白色材料的 標準黑色材料的
特性 特性 SR and TE are measured values that
range from 0 to 1, with 1 being the
most reflective or emissive. Higher
the SRI, more effective the cool roof
is
太陽反射率和熱發射率是介於0到
1之間的測量值，其中1表示反射
率或發射率最高。太陽能反射指
1.00 數越高，越能有效冷卻屋頂 Source: Net Zero Energy Building, [Link]
Understanding the solar reflectance index: a calculated value [Link]
47
©copyright, all rights reserved
Cool Materials
冷卻物料 (Cont'd)
Albedo 太陽輻射反照率
A measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and
measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to
1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation
光從表面反射的度量(介於 0 和 1 之間)，全黑的表面太陽輻射反照率為0，而全白的表面太
陽輻射反照率為1

High Albedo materials hence having a low surface temperature by high fraction of incident
radiation reflected 是以高太陽輻射反照率材料具有較低的表面溫度

Source: Word of the Week: Albedo, [Link]

48
©copyright, all rights reserved
Pervious Hard Landscape Three main types of pervious paving
三種常見的透水路面

透水景觀 現澆多孔鋪路物料

• Allows for vital water and air to penetrate to the rooting zones of trees/plants
for healthy growth允許水和空氣滲透到樹木/植物的根部範圍，促進植物健
康生長
• Eliminates standing water/ponding from the pavement 消除路面上的積水 多孔瀝青 多孔混凝土
• Reduces excessive run-off during heavy rainfall 減少暴雨期間的過度徑流 嵌草磚

• Reduces the stress to a city’s

drainage system
減輕城市排水系統的壓力
• Relieves the heat island effect 多孔鋪路磚
by reducing surface
temperature
通過降低表面溫度來緩解
熱島效應

Source: Permeable Pavers, HKIS

[Link]
49
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Stormwater Management through Infiltration
通過滲透進行雨水管理
Stormwater management
雨水管理
“Sponge City” is a modern stormwater management approach
to help solve drainage problems, fully utilise land resources and
promote sustainable development
「海綿城市」是現代雨水管理模式，有助解決排水問題、
充分利用土地資源並促進可持續發展

Stormwater Management through Temporary Storage

通過臨時存儲進行雨水管理
• Provision of stormwater management facilities such as
detention tanks, sunken plaza/ wet ponds/ reservoirs,
bioretention facilities, rainwater storage cisterns/ modules,
etc. 提供雨水管理設施，如調蓄池、下沉式廣場/濕池塘
/蓄水池、生物滯留設施、雨水蓄水池/模組等

Source: Sponge City: Adapting to Climate Change, DSD

[Link]
50
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Stormwater management
雨水管理 (Cont'd) Surfaces/ substrates 表面/基底
Runoff coefficients
徑流係數
Stormwater detention storage volume on site required to cater the total volume of Water bodies 水域 1
runoff for one hour 為應對一小時徑流總量所需的地塊雨水滯留量:
Flat roof/ road/ hardscape with
impervious construction 具有不透 0.85
V = 10 x H x ∑ᵩ x A / 10000 水構造的平屋頂/道路/硬景觀
V：Stormwater storage volume on site required 地塊所需的雨水儲存量 (m3) Flat roof covered with pebbles
0.65
H：Rainfall intensity 每次的降雨強度 (根據分數要求 30/40mm for credit requirement) 用鵝卵石覆蓋的平屋頂
φ：Runoff coefficients of various surfaces/ substrates 各種表面 /基底的徑流係數 Green roof 屋頂綠化 0.35
A：Areas of various surfaces/ substrates 各種表面/基底的面積 (m2) Earth-covered basement
覆土地下室 0.35
(soil depth 土層深度 < 500mm)
Pervious paving and construction
0.25
透水鋪裝和構造
At-grade softscape
0.15
地面軟景觀
Earth-covered basement
覆土地下室 0.15
(soil depth 土層深度 > 500mm)

Source: USEPA 2007

51
©copyright, all rights reserved
Thermal Sensation Index (TSI)
熱感受指數
TSI is an empirical model developed by studies conducted in the context of Japan. It considers five climatic factors— air
temperature, horizontal solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity and surrounding ground surface temperature — at a given
location and time. TSI is subdivided into a scale of seven levels, where level 1 is cold, and level 7 is hot. TSI between 3 and 5 is
deemed thermally acceptable, where no major discomfort is expected.
TSI是在日本背景下進行的研究開發的實證模型。它考慮了五個氣候因素：空氣溫度、水平太陽輻射量、風速、相對濕度和
周圍地表溫度。TSI細分為七個級別，其中1級最冷，7級最熱。3 到 5級之間的TSI的熱感受被介定為可被人體接受的，預計
不會引起嚴重的不適。

TSI can be established using the following formula TSI可使用以下公式確定:

TSI = 1.7 + 0.118 × Ta + 0.0019 × SR - 0.322 × WS - 0.0073 × RH + 0.0054 × ST

Where 其中,
Ta = air temperature 氣溫 (°C) 寒冷 過於寒冷
SR = horizontal solar radiation 水平太陽輻射量 (W/m2)
稍微寒冷
WS = wind speed 風速 (m/s) 可接受的涼爽 熱感受可接受範圍
RH = relatively humidity 相對濕度 (%)
中等
ST = surrounding ground surface temperature
可接受的温暖
周圍地表溫度 (°C)
稍微炎熱 過於炎熱

炎熱 Source: HKGBC Guidebook on Urban Microclimate Study

[Link]
52
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET)
生理等效溫度
PET is another widely used index for assessing the thermal environment. It is applicable to express the overall physiological effect of all
thermal parameters (air temperature, air humidity, wind velocity, mean radiant temperature) on the human body in both outdoor and
indoor place. It is defined as the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor setting (without wind and solar radiation), the heat budget
of the human body is balanced with the same core and skin temperature as under the complex outdoor conditions to be assessed
PET是另一個廣泛使用的評估熱環境的指標。PET適用於表達室外和室內空間的熱參數(空氣溫度、空氣濕度、風速、平均輻射
溫度)對人體的整體生理影響。以人體皮膚溫度和體核溫度在典型的室內環境(沒有風和太陽輻射)下的熱平衡作基準，定義設計
空間的合適空氣溫度以重現基準環境熱平衡

In Hong Kong, the thermal perceptions classifications for sub-tropical region is used, where a PET between 22°C and 34°C is considered
comfortable. In a high-rise high-density context, PET under “light air” urban ventilation conditions (0.5<v<1.5m/s) can be obtained by
the following formula 香港在PET熱感知分類中屬於亞熱帶地區，其中PET在22°C至34°C之間被定義舒適。有鑑於香港高層建築的
高密度環境(城市通風條件: 0.5<v<1.5m/s)，PET應通過以下公式獲得:

PET=1.2Ta – 2.2v + 0.52(Tmrt – Ta)

Where 其中,
Ta =air temperature 氣溫(°C)
v =wind speed 風速(m/s)
Tmrt = mean radiant temperature 平均輻射溫度 (°C),
assumed 0-3°C under shade 假設在陰涼處0-3°C,
10°C under cloudy sky 陰天10°C and
40-60°C under direct sun 陽光直射下40-60°C
Source: Deb, C., & Alur, R. (2010). The Significance of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) in Outdoor Thermal Comfort Studies
HKGBC Guidebook on Urban Microclimate Study [Link]
53
©copyright, all rights reserved
Noise Control for Building Equipment
建築設備噪音管制
Noise Sensitive Receiver (NSR), refers to premises that
is used for purposes sensitive to noise and requires
protection. Examples of noise sensitive receivers are
domestic premises, hotels and hostels, educational
institutions and hospitals and clinics
「噪音敏感受體」一詞是指可能受噪音影響的用途
而需要保護的地方。例子有住用處所、酒店、旅舍、
教育院校、醫院及診所

A day is divided into three time periods as indicated

below
一天被分為三個時段，如下表所示：

Day 日間 7:00am to 至 7:00pm

Evening 晚間 7:00pm to 至 11:00pm

Night 夜間 11:00pm to 至 7:00am

Source: Good Practices on Ventilation System Noise Control, EPD
[Link]
Noise Criteria, EPD [Link]
54
©copyright, all rights reserved
Area Sensitivity Rating Influencing Factors (IF) refers to
地區對噪音感應程度的級別 industrial areas, major roads or areas
that are situated within the boundary
A rating of the area in which the NSR is located. The ASR can be either A, B or C, of the Hong Kong International Airport.
representing different Acceptable Noise Levels (ANLs) in dB(A). Their presence in the vicinity of a NSR
是給「噪音敏感受體」坐落的地區的一個評估級別，這個級別可以是A、B或C， may dominate the ambient or
代表著不同的可接受的噪音聲級。 background noise there in such a way
that it is impractical to stipulate too
Degree to which NSR is affected
by IF 影響因素對噪音敏感受體 Not Indirectly Directly low a noise limit for either planning or
的影響程度 affected affected affected control purpose.
Type of Area Containing NSR 不受影響 間接受影響 直接受影響
噪音敏感受體所在地區的種類
「影響因素」一詞指任何工業區，
主要道路或香港國際機場範圍內的
Rural area, including country parks or village type
developments A B B
地區。在 「噪音敏感受體」附近存
郊區，包括郊野公園或鄉村式的發展 在「影響因素」，對該地區的噪音
環境造成較大影響。
Low density residential area consisting of low-rise
or isolated high-rise developments
A B C
由矮層樓宇或零星高樓大廈組成，密度低的住
宅區

Urban area 市區 B C C

Area other than those above

B B C
上列以外的其他地區
Source: Noise Criteria, EPD
[Link]
55
©copyright, all rights reserved
Equipment noise
建築設備噪音
Sound pressure level 聲壓級 (SPL, Lp)
A sound pressure is the pressure deviation from
atmospheric pressure caused by a sound wave, in pascals.
The sound pressure level (SPL) is a logarithmic measure of
the ratio of a sound pressure over a reference sound
pressure (corresponding to the hearing threshold of a
young, healthy ear), quoted as a dB. If these two pressures
are the same, we have an SPL of 0 dB.
聲壓是指由聲波引起的與大氣壓力的壓力偏差，以帕
斯卡為單位。聲壓級則是將聲壓與參考聲壓（對應於
年輕健康耳朵的聽力閾值）作對比的對數度量，以dB
為單位。如果這兩個壓力相同，則聲壓級為 0 dB。
Sound pressure
Sound pressure level depends on distance, the position of level is measured
10 m from the
the source and the environment while can be physically unit
measure using a sound level meter. 聲壓級在設備的
聲壓級取決於距離、聲源位置和環境，是可以使用聲 10米外測量

級計進行測量的。
Source: Schneider Electric
[Link]
56
©copyright, all rights reserved
Equipment noise
建築設備噪音 (Cont'd)
Sound power level 聲功率級 (SWL, Lw)
A sound power level (SWL) is theoretical and not directly
measurable. A sound power is in Watts (W), a sound power
level is in dB, a logarithmic ratio of the sound power over a
reference sound power.
聲功率級是理論上的數值，不能以測量的方式取得。聲
功率以瓦特為單位，聲功率級則以dB為單位，為聲功率
與參考聲功率的對數比。

It is not dependent on distance, position or environment. A

noise source will have the same sound power irrespective of
where it is placed.
它不取決於距離、聲源位置和環境。聲源無論放置在何
處，都具有相同的聲功率。

Source: Sound Intensity, Bruel&Kjaer

[Link]
57
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Equal sound level at distance r
Equipment noise Q
距離 r 的相等聲級
r (dB)

建築設備噪音 (Cont'd) 1 √(1/4π) = 0.2821 m 11

Conversion between SPL and SWL 聲壓級和聲功率級之間的轉換 2 √(1/2π) = 0.3989 m 8

4 √(1/π) = 0.5642 m 5

8 √(2/π) = 0.7979 m 2

r - distance in metres 距離(米)

For若 Q =1:
Q - radiation pattern of the source 聲源的散射模式 LW = Lp + [20 × log10 (r)] + 11 dB

Centered at the edge formed by the At the corner formed by the junction of
Free Space Centered in Large Flat Surface
junction of two large flat surface three large flat surface
聲源附近沒任何平面 聲源位於平面上
聲源位於兩個平面之間 聲源位於三個平面之間

Directivity Factor
方向性因數 Q=1 Q=2 Q=4 Q=8
Source: tontechnik-rechner-sengpielaudio [Link]
58
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Acceptable Noise Levels (ANL) 可接受的噪音聲級
Predicted Noise Level (PNL)
預計的噪音聲級
With SPL or SWL of noise source, consideration of distance
attenuation and other correction factors (e.g. barrier effect
and façade correction), PNL at NSR is resulted to compare
with the Acceptable Noise Levels (ANL)/ BEAM Plus
requirement
通過考慮噪音源的聲壓級或聲功率級、距離衰減和其他
校正因素（例如屏障效應和外牆校正），則可得出位於
噪音敏感受體的預計的噪音聲級，並將其與對應的可接
受的噪音聲級/綠建環評的要求進行比較

Distance attenuation 距離衰減:

- (20 log D + 8) dB
where D = slant distance from point source to NSR
其中 D = 從點源到噪音敏感受體的傾斜距離

Alteration of Noise Paths by a Noise Barrier

通過隔音屏障改變的噪音路徑
Source: Guidelines On Design of Noise Barriers, EPD
[Link]
html
59
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Measured Noise Level (MNL)
量度所得的噪音聲級
Calibration 校正
Prior to & following each measurement
在每次測量之前和之後：
• Calibration level from before and after the noise measurement agree
to within 1.0 dB 噪音測量前後的校準級別在 1.0 dB 以內

Measurement 量度
Assessment point shall normally be at a position 1 m from the exterior of
the building façade of the sensitive receivers and 1.2m above the ground
評估點一般該在易受噪音影響的建築物外牆1米外、離地面 1.2 米處
• Correction of +3dB(A) shall be made to the free field measurements
若監測站為自由場測量，結果應+3dB(A) 作校正

Noise Units and Descriptors 噪音的量度單位

• A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Leq)
measured over any 30-minute period
以A加權等效連續聲級(任何30分鐘時段的量度)

Source: Characteristics of Sound and the Decibel Scale

[Link]
60
©copyright, all rights reserved
 Practical Solutions for Noise Pollution
噪音污染的解決方法
• Locate the equipment away from the nearby and future NSRs
通風系統應遠離鄰近或已知日後會成為噪音敏感受體
• Orientate the duct openings/air inlets/air outlets away from NSRs Use noise barrier to block the
通風管道口/進氣口/出風口的方向應設於遠離噪音敏感受體 noise propagation path to the
• Choose equipment of low noise brands or models nearby NSRs
選擇較寧靜的牌子或型號 使用隔音屏阻擋噪音傳播至附近
• Conduct regular maintenance, such as lubricating moving parts, 噪音敏感受體
tightening loosen parts (bolts/nuts, driving belts, panels, etc.),
replacing worn-out components (bearings) and inspecting equipment Install complete enclosure for
alignment
noisy machine and silencers for air
定期維修，例如在活動部分添加潤滑油、扭緊鬆脫的零件(例如螺
exhaust 嘈吵的機器應安裝
栓/螺絲帽、傳動帶和儀錶板)、更換損壞的組件(例如軸承)及調準
完全隔音罩及在通風管道
設備組件等
出入口安裝消聲器 Orientate the exhaust
• Erect noise barrier, partial and completed enclosures to block the noise
propagation path to the NSRs outlet away from noise
設置隔音屏、局部隔音罩及完全隔音罩，以阻擋噪音傳播至噪音敏 sensitive receivers to
感受體 minimize air flow noise
• Install silencers at air inlets and outlets 為減低氣流噪音，排氣口
在進氣口和出風口安裝消聲器 的方向應設置在遠離噪音
敏感受體
• Adjust the operation mode, such as reducing fan speed and switching
off non-essential equipment at night
調校運作模式，例如在晚上減低風速和關上非必要的設備
Source: Pollution Problems & Practical Solutions, EPD
[Link]
61
©copyright, all rights reserved
Thank You 謝謝

Tel: +852 3610 5700

E-mail: enquiry@[Link]
Website: [Link]